老年原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律与尿钠、尿钾排泄的关系

观察老年原发性高血压患者24 h血压动态变化情况,探讨昼夜节律异常与尿钠、尿钾排泄的变化规律。选取2016年10月至2017年10月重庆市第十三人民医院心内科住院的老年原发性高血压患者59例。根据患者24 h动态血压监测的血压波动情况,分为昼夜节律正常组（杓型组）31例和血压昼夜节律消失组（非杓型组）28例,收集患者24 h尿液并分析24 h尿钠和尿钾水平。非杓型组的24 h收缩压、24 h舒张压、夜间收缩压、夜间舒张压及夜间尿钠排泄量均高于杓型组（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,同时非杓型组24 h尿钾低于杓型组（P＜0.05）。血压昼夜节律消失的老年原发性高血压患者的尿钠、尿钾排泄呈现明显异常。     

血压昼夜节律与心脏损害的相关性探讨

目的探讨高血压病患者 2 4小时动态血压监测中血压昼夜节律改变与心脏形态及功能损害的关系。方法将 2 6 7例高血压病患者 2 4小时动态血压监测中夜间血压均值较白昼血压均值下降≥ 10 %者确定为杓型组 ,共计 15 5例 ;夜间血压均值较白昼血压均值下降 <10 %者为非杓型者 ,共计 112例。比较两组病例的 2 4小时平均收缩压和舒张压、夜间收缩压和舒张压、LA、AO、IVSD、LVEDd、LVPWd、LVMI、LVEF、CO、CI、E/A。结果非杓型组 2 4小时平均收缩压和舒张压、夜间收缩压和舒张压高于杓型组 ,非杓型组患者左心室肥厚明显 ,LVMI高于杓型组 ,非杓型组患者E/A比值较杓型组患者低。以上数据经统计学处理有显著意义。结论高血压病患者在出现血压昼夜节律异常 (非杓型高血压 )时将明显增加对心脏的损害程度 ,造成左室肥厚和左室舒张功能的受损。     

厄贝沙坦对非杓型高血压患者的临床疗效分析

目的分析厄贝沙坦对非杓型高血压患者临床疗效。方法选取符合诊断的杓型和非杓型原发型高血压患者各35例,分别予厄贝沙坦150~300mg 1日1次口服,观察患者血压下降及其昼夜变化情况,并检测治疗前后血醛固酮指标。结果两组患者用药后血压(舒张压、收缩压)均有下降,两组患者夜间舒张压及收缩压下降水平相比较有统计学差异,并且非杓型组患者血压出现昼夜节律,血醛固酮水平昼夜差异明显。结论厄贝沙坦对非杓型高血压患者降压效果明显,并能影响患者血压昼夜节律,使其向杓型血压发展。     

缬沙坦干预非杓型高血压者恢复杓型血压昼夜节律后对血醛固酮水平的影响

目的：了解非杓型高血压患者进行药物干预以恢复其杓型血压昼夜节律，并观察节律改变后对血浆醛固酮水平的影响。方法：对杓型和非杓型两组原发性高血压患者分别给予缬沙坦160mg／d，观察对血压昼夜节律的影响，并监测用药前后血浆醛固酮水平的变化。结果：对杓型和非杓型高血压患者应用缬沙坦治疗前后收缩压及舒张压均有不同程度的下降，非杓型组夜间收缩压及舒张厍的下降值与杓型相比有统计学差异，出现了明显的昼夜节律，血浆醛固酮水平出现了统计学差异。结论：缬沙坦对非杓型高血压患者有良好的降压作用，并能恢复非杓型高血压患者的昼夜节律，向杓型血压变化。     

不同时间给药对非杓型高血压的影响

目的 探讨不同时间服用氨氯地平对非杓型高血压患者血压昼夜节律的影响.方法 经动态血压监测,选取非杓型高血压患者84例,随机分为两组:晨起服药组(n=42)和睡前服药组(n=42),分别于7:00～9:00和20:00～22:00服用氨氯地平5 mg,连续治疗12周.给药前后分别进行动态血压监测,观察晨起服药组和睡前服药对非杓型高血压患者昼夜血压节律的影响.结果 晨起服药组与睡前服药组在治疗后24 h平均收缩压及舒张压均明显降低(P<0.05),与晨起服药组相比睡前服药组夜间收缩压和舒张压明显下降(P<0.05),睡前服药组对非杓型高血压的血压模式明显改善,两组有效率分别为16.7%和47.6%(P<0.01).结论 对非杓型高血压患者采取睡前服用氨氯地平不但可以有效降低血压,还可以改善异常的血压昼夜节律,从而更好地保护靶器官.     

血压昼夜节律与心率变异对脑卒中患者的影响

目的:探讨高血压脑卒中患者血压昼夜节律与自主神经功能的关系及对预后的影响。方法:随机选择脑卒中患者109例,随访77例,并全部做24 h动态心电和动态血压同步监测,按昼间均值﹣夜间均值/昼间均值≥10%者定为杓型血压,<10%者定为非杓型血压。结果:杓型血压患者昼夜交感神经活性占优势,又以日间为主[低频/高频(LF/HF)昼>夜,P<0.05)],而夜间LF明显高于日间,并与夜间血压均值和负荷呈正相关[收缩压(SBP)r=0.28,P<0.05,舒张压(DBP)r=0.42,P<0.01)]。日间LF与日间舒张压负荷(r=0.28)舒张压均值(r=0.42)正相关(P<0.05),说明夜间迷走神经受损,交感神经活性增高,血压增高,血压负荷也增高(昼=夜),非杓型血压患者日间交感神经受损,夜间交感神经、迷走神经双重受损,又以夜间迷走神经严重受损,昼间与夜间交感神经活性呈均衡状态为特征(LF/HF昼=夜,P>0.05)导致夜间血压持续增高,负荷加重(昼<夜)。随访结果显示非杓型血压组病死率是杓型血压组的4.5倍。结论:高血压脑卒中患者血压昼夜节律与自主神经功能有关,非杓型血压是交感神经功能过度激活、迷走神经功能严重受损的表现,预后差。     

老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律与颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度的关系探讨(附90例分析)

目的 探讨老年原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律与颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(IMT)的关系.方法 90例老年原发性高血压患者均进行24小时动态血压、颈动脉超声检查.根据24小时动态血压监测结果将全部病例分为两组,夜间血压下降率≥10%为杓型组,＜10%为非杓型组.结果 非杓型组夜间收缩压(SBP)、夜间舒张压(DBP)比杓型组明显增高,非杓型组IMT明显大于杓型组,IMT与夜间SBP呈正相关.结论 老年人高血压昼夜节律异常可导致IMT增加.     

老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律与颈动脉内膜一中膜厚度的关系探讨（附90例分析）

目的探讨老年原发性高血压患者血压昼夜节律与颈动脉内膜一中膜厚度（IMT）的关系。方法90例老年原发性高血压患者均进行24小时动态血压、颈动脉超声检查。根据24小时动态血压监测结果将全部病例分为两组，夜间血压下降率≥10％为杓型组，〈10％为非杓型组。结果非杓型组夜间收缩压（SBP）、夜间舒张压（DBP）比杓型组明显增高，非杓型组IMT明显大于杓型组，IMT与夜间SBP呈正相关。结论老年人高血压昼夜节律异常可导致IMT增加。     

血压昼夜节律变化对脑卒中发病时间的影响

目的 :了解血压昼夜节律变化规律对脑卒中发病时间的影响。方法 :详细记录脑卒中患者 2 4h动态血压 ,记录收缩压、舒张压、平均压夜间下降幅度 ,统计脑卒中患者的发病时间分析两者的相关性。结果 :脑卒中患者的血压昼夜节律变化与发病时间明显相关。结论 :血压昼夜节律变化减弱或消失是导致脑卒中清晨发病的关键因素     

原发性高血压患者213例动态血压监测分析

目的 分析原发性高血压患者24 h动态血压监测（ABPM）变化规律及临床意义。方法 2011年1月至2013年9月对213例原发性高血压患者进行24 h ABPM,观察其24 h平均收缩压（24 h MSP）、24 h平均舒张压（24 h MDP）、白昼平均收缩压（dMSP）、白昼平均舒张压（dMDP）、夜间平均收缩压（nMSP）、夜间平均舒张压（nMDP）、夜间血压下降率。结果 213例原发性高血压患者中100例为杓型血压,78例为非杓型血压,35例为反杓型血压。随年龄增长反杓型血压发生率明显升高,其中老年组（≥60岁）患者反杓型血压发生率较中青年组（＜60岁）高,而老年组患者杓型血压发生率较中青年组患者低,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。不同年龄段女性患者反杓型血压发生率较男性高,但二者比较,差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 原发性高血压患者平时血压波动情况通过24 h ABPM能更加真实地反映出来。随着年龄的增长,原发性高血压患者24 h动态血压昼夜节律异常发生率不断增高,提示增龄可明确影响到原发性高血压患者的血压节律变化,应尽早进行干预治疗。     

Role of glutathione in reduction of arsenate and of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in disposition of arsenite in rats

Arsenate (AsV), the environmentally prevalent form of arsenic, is converted sequentially in the body to arsenite (AsIII), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAsV), monomethylarsonous acid (MMAsIII), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAsV) and some trimethylated metabolites. Although the biliary excretion of arsenic in rats is known to be glutathione (GSH)-dependent, involving transport of arsenic-GSH conjugates, the role of GSH in the reduction of AsV to the more toxic AsIII in vivo has not been defined. Therefore, we studied how the fate of AsV is influenced by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which depletes GSH in tissues. Control and BSO-treated rats were given AsV (50 micromol/kg, i.v.) and arsenic metabolites in bile, urine, blood and tissues were analysed by HPLC-HG-AFS. BSO increased retention of AsV in blood and tissues and decreased appearance of AsIII in blood, bile (by 96%) and urine (by 63%). The biliary excretion of MMAsIII was also nearly abolished, the appearance of MMAsIII and MMAsV in the blood was delayed and the renal concentrations of these monomethylated arsenicals were decreased by BSO. Interestingly, appearance of DMAsV in blood and urine remained unchanged and the concentrations of this metabolite in the kidneys and muscle were even increased in response to BSO. To test the role of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in arsenic disposition, the effect of the of the GGT inhibitor acivicin was investigated in rats injected with AsIII (50 micromol/kg, i.v.). Acivicin lowered the hepatic and renal GGT activities and increased the biliary as well as urinary excretion of GSH, but failed to alter the disposition (i.e. blood and tissue concentrations, biliary and urinary excretion) of AsIII and its metabolites. In conclusion, shortage of GSH decreases not only the hepatobiliary transport of arsenic, but also reduction of AsV and the formation of monomethylated arsenic, while not hindering the production of dimethylated arsenic. While GSH plays an important role in the disposition and toxicity of arsenic, GGT, which hydrolyses GSH and GSH conjugates, apparently does not influence the fate of the GSH-reactive trivalent arsenicals in rats.     

微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用研究进展

本文综述了微透析取样技术在中药体内分析中的应用,介绍微透析取样技术的原理、组成、探针类型、特点,重点阐述了微透析取样技术在测定脑、血液、皮肤等组织器官中中药有效成分浓度的应用实例。表明微透析取样技术在中药药效研究中具有广阔的前景。     

应用PASS系统对我院2008年住院医嘱的分析

目的监测分析2008年我院住院患者用药情况。方法将PASS系统嵌入医生工作站、临床药学工作站等子系统,构建合理用药计算机网络系统,对住院医嘱进行及时监测,将监测结果向医生反馈,并对其进行统计、分析。结果2008年共监测医嘱3 620 241条,不合理医嘱908条,占0.02%。不合理医嘱中,配伍禁忌(381条)占41.96%,用法用量(381条)占41.96%,药物相互作用(108条)占11.89%,儿童用药(38条)占4.19%。经与医生沟通后,更改不合理医嘱856条,占94.27%。结论PASS系统可有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药,通过与医生交流,大大减少药物不良事件的发生,值得临床推广应用,也为临床药师开展工作带来了极大的便利。但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善。     

Role of desacetylation in the detoxification of cephalothin in renal cells in culture

The toxicity of three cephalosporin antibiotics to rabbit kidney cells in culture was compared to their known nephrotoxic potential in vivo (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). While cephalothin is considered to be a relatively nonnephrotoxic cephalosporin when administered to many species including humans and rabbits, in several in vitro systems involving rabbit renal tissue, cephalothin was comparatively more toxic than anticipated based on in vivo data. Cephalothin is extensively desacetylated in rabbits to a less microbiologically active metabolite, desacetylcephalothin. When a microsomal S9 fraction from rabbit kidney was added to the in vitro assay in cultured rabbit renal cells, cephalothin was desacetylated and its toxicity to kidney cells was reduced. The addition of S9 in vitro provided a toxicity ranking of the cephalosporins that correlated with their known in vivo nephrotoxic potentials (cephaloridine greater than cefazolin greater than cephalothin). The in vitro detoxification of cephalothin by S9 was blocked by the coadministration of the esterase inhibitor, aminocarb. Desacetylcephalothin was relatively nontoxic to rabbit renal tissue in vitro. These results suggest that the desacetylation of cephalothin in vivo represents a previously unrecognized mechanism of detoxification of this cephalosporin antibiotic. Furthermore, this mechanism of detoxification may be applicable to other acetylated cephalosporins.     

2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药用药调查

目的:分析讨论某院抗真菌药使用的合理性,为临床安全有效地使用抗真菌药提供参考。方法:回顾性统计分析某院2009年住院患者抗真菌药用药信息。结果:2009年某院住院患者抗真菌药DDDs排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、制霉菌素和伊曲康唑;使用金额排名前3名分别为:氟康唑、米卡芬净及卡泊芬净;更换一种抗真菌药进行治疗的患者数为176人,在全部患者中占13.4%。结论:应进一步强化用药指征的意识,提高标本送检率,同时改善某些抗真菌用药不合理更换的现象,以避免耐药性发生,从而更好更长远地体现抗真菌药的治疗价值。     

应用PASS系统分析我院2010年住院医嘱

目的:了解我院2010年住院患者的合理用药情况,探讨如何利用合理用药监测系统( PASS)提高合理用药水平.方法:利用PASS对我院2010年15 966例住院患者的1 184 997条用药医嘱进行监测,以黑色警示医嘱为依据,收集不合理用药信息,并对监测结果进行统计、分析.结果:不合理用药医嘱50 261条,发生率为4.24％.绝对禁止黑色医嘱5441条,主要为药物相互作用(66.54％)、注射液体外配伍(17.86％)、用法用量(15.46％)、儿童警告(1.14％).结论:应用PASS系统能有效监测医嘱中的不合理用药情况,有利于提高临床合理用药水平,但PASS系统尚存在局限性,有待进一步完善.     

Kinetics of in vitro metabolism of methoxyphenamine in rats

1. Methoxyphenamine (MP) was metabolized in vitro by rat liver preparations to O-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (O-desmethyl-MP), N-desmethylmethoxyphenamine (N-desmethyl-MP) and 5-hydroxymethoxyphenamine (5-hydroxy-MP). These metabolic pathways were inhibited by SKF 525-A and carbon monoxide, which indicates that these reactions were mediated at least partly by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 system. 2. Strain differences in the metabolism of this drug in vitro were observed in female Lewis and Dark Agouti (DA) rats, which are proposed models for human debrisoquine phenotypes. Methoxyphenamine O-demethylase and 5-hydroxylase activity in DA rats were lower than those in Lewis rats. 3. The metabolic transformation of methoxyphenamine in vitro to O-desmethyl-MP was inhibited competitively by debrisoquine and sparteine. This indicates that the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme mediating the metabolism of MP to O-desmethyl-MP is similar to that mediating metabolism of debrisoquine and sparteine. However, no inhibition was observed with methenytoin.     

Changes in levels of dependency and predictors of mortality in elderly people in institutional care in Dunedin

The 1983 study of dependency of subjects in institutional care in Dunedin was repeated two years later. A significant increase in levels of dependency in residential homes, particularly in the Religious and Welfare sector was found. In 1983 there were 29 high dependency residents and 73 medium dependency residents in residential homes. In 1985 these numbers had increased to 55 and 86 respectively. There was no change in the number of low dependency residents. In 1983, 6 high dependency residents had been admitted to residential home care in the year prior to the study. In 1985 the number of high dependency residents recently admitted had increased to 23. There had also been a significant increase in the dependency of patients in Religious and Welfare continuing care hospitals. Of the 933 subjects in institutional care in 1983 who were able to be followed, 354 (37.9%) died in the following 2 years. Mortality rate was higher for those in hospital care (48.1%) than for those in residential home care (29.6%). Mortality rates were higher in more dependent subjects and this was evident for each measure of dependency.     

Study of potential in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity in hepatocytes of quinolone antibiotics

The genotoxicity of quinolone antibiotics has been evaluated in hepatocytes following in vitro and in vivo exposure. Unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) was induced in vitro in rat hepatocytes by norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, and ciprofloxacin but not by nalidixic acid. In vivo UDS was not observed in hepatocytes isolated 4 to 24 hr after exposure of adult male F344 rats to either a single dose (30 to 190 mg/kg) or repeated doses (40 mg/kg) of ciprofloxacin. Using the 32P-postlabeling technique, no modified bases were detected in hepatocytes exposed in vitro to ciprofloxacin. In summary, UDS was induced in hepatocytes by in vitro exposure to high concentrations of norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, or ciprofloxacin. There was no evidence of in vitro DNA adduct formation by ciprofloxacin or in vivo DNA damage under the conditions tested. These findings suggest that ciprofloxacin is not DNA reactive, but it induces in vitro UDS as a consequence of some indirect action.