特发性面神经麻痹的神经电生理研究

目的 探讨特发性面神经麻痹患电生理变化与预后的关系。方法 以48例特发性面神经麻痹患进行患侧与健侧面神经传导速度及肌电图检查。结果 神经传导速度检测是面神经运动潜伏期延长，M波波幅降低，与则相比差异显（P＜0．05）；肌电图检测显示串侧面肌运动单位电位时限延长，多相波增多，募集电位减弱，并有自发电位出现。结论 特发性面神经麻痹患神经电生理变化与预后有关，患健侧M波波幅比值＞50％面瘫恢复较好，＜30％面瘫恢复较差。     

瞬目反射和面神经电图在Bell’s麻痹中的应用

目的探讨Bell’s麻痹患者行瞬目反射（blink reflex，BR）、面神经电图（electroneurogram，ENG）检测的意义。方法36例Bell’s麻痹患者在发病1周内行BR和ENG测定。结果患侧R1、R2及R2’缺如者23例，其余13例患侧较健侧R1、R2及R2’波潜伏期延长，异常率100％；患侧面神经运动传导潜伏期延长、波幅降低，与健侧比较差异有显著性（P＜0．05），早期异常率为63．9％。结论BR测定是诊断Bell’s麻痹的敏感指标，同时结合ENG可全面、客观地评价面神经损害的程度和预后。     

面神经分支运动传导检测评估颊支和颞支运动传导功能恢复的差异

目的：运用面神经运动传导检查比较面神经颊支和颞支运动传导功能恢复的异同。 方法：2001—09／2003—07来源于成都中医药大学附属医院、四川大学华西医院、绵阳市中医院、四川省人民医院等4个临床研究中心的贝尔麻痹患者480例，经过4周治疗，愿意接受并完成面神经颊支和颞支运动传导检查的患者分别有205、246例。其中，采用西药常规治疗的有69、83例，采用西药常规治疗加针灸治疗的有66、80例，采用针灸治疗的有70、83例。分别进行治疗前后以及患健侧面神经颊支和面神经颞支运动传导检查比较。结果：①患侧治疗后面神经颊支动作电位潜伏期明显缩短[（2．95&;#177;0．68），（3．08&;#177;0．69）ms，P〈0．05]，治疗后动作电位波幅未见明显改善（P〉0．05）。②治疗后面神经颞支动作电位波幅明显增高[（518．85&;#177;496．57），（391．47&;#177;468．69）μV，P〈0．01]，潜伏期无明显改善（P〉0．05）。 结论：贝尔麻痹患者患侧治疗后面经神经颊支动作电位潜伏期改善明显，动作电位波幅未见明显改善；治疗后面神经颞支动作电位波幅改善明显，而潜伏期无明显改善。面神经运动传导动作电位波幅是反映神经轴索变性的客观指标，贝尔麻痹治疗后面神经颊支轴索恢复不如颞支好，与临床表现一致。     

定量感觉检测对2型糖尿病周围神经损伤的临床观察

目的了解定量感觉检测在糖尿病周围神经病变早期的临床应用价值。方法用QST对96例2型糖尿病患者(观察组)与96例正常人(对照组)的肢体进行定量温度觉检查(QTT)、定量振动觉检查(QVT),用肌电图/诱发电位仪给予神经传导测定。结果观察组的QTT、QVT、运动神经传导速度(MCV)、感觉神经传导速度(SCV)异常率均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。观察组中的QTT、QVT异常率明显高于MCV、SCV,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。有症状的观察组的QTT、QVT、MCV、SCV异常率高于无症状组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 QST可为2型糖尿病致周围神经病变的早期筛查提供理论依据。     

神经电生理监测技术在糖尿病周围神经病变患者中的应用价值研究

目的:分析神经电生理监测技术对糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)的诊断价值。方法:选择DPN患者170例,均采取神经电生理监测技术进行检查,记录并搜集相关数据并采用SPSS23.0软件处理。结果:170例患者中定量温度觉检查(QTT)和交感皮肤反应(SSR)异常率分别为88.23%和76.47%;有症状组QTT、SSR、神经传导速度(NCV)异常率高于无症状组(P0.05);短病程组SSR、NCV异常率低于长病程组(P0.05);QTT中温觉阈值(WDT)和热痛阈值(HPT)异常率分别为89.41%、81.76%;有症状组HPT、WDT异常率高于无症状组(P0.05);长病程组HPT、WDT异常率高于短病程组(P0.05);上肢HPT、WDT异常率低于下肢异常率(P0.05)。结论:神经电生理技术中QTT检测周围神经病变异常率最高,与患者的症状、病程无关。DPN患者下肢神经温度觉损害程度较上肢神经损害严重。     

神经电生理技术在糖尿病周围神经病诊断中的联合应用

目的探讨联合神经电生理技术在糖尿病周围神经病（DPN）中诊断的应用价值。 方法对85例确诊糖尿病患者分别进行定量温度觉阈值（QTT）、交感皮肤反应（SSR）及神经传导速度（NCV）检测,其中QTT检测指标包括冷觉阈值（CST）、热觉阈值（WST）、冷痛觉阈值（CPT）和热痛觉阈值（HPT）。待各项神经电生理检查结束后,对其结果进行统计学分析。 结果入选糖尿病患者QTT、SSR及NCV异常率分别为84.71%、56.47%和31.76%,经统计学比较,发现入选患者QTT异常率显著高于SSR及NCV异常率（均P<0.05）。无DPN症状组和有DPN症状组其QTT异常率（分别为78.85%和93.94%）组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,SSR异常率（分别为48.08%和69.70%）、NCV异常率（分别为19.23%和51.52%）组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。短病程组和长病程组QTT异常率（分别为77.77%和89.80%）组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,SSR异常率（分别为44.44%和65.31%）、NCV异常率（分别为19.44%和40.82%）组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论与SSR及NCV检测比较,QTT检测糖尿病患者的异常率最高,其异常率结果与患者临床症状及病程无明显相关性,SSR及NCV异常率与临床症状、病程均具有相关性;联合采用QTT、SSR及NCV检测DPN具有更高的敏感性。     

瞬目反射、双侧面神经传导速度、肌电图联合检测对面神经炎的诊断价值及预后判断

目的 观察面神经患瞬目反射（BR），双侧面神经传导速度（NCV），额肌和口轮匝肌肌电图（EMG）表现，评价3项联合检测对面神经炎患面神经损害诊断，定位诊断及判断预后的价值。方法 对33例面神经炎患的BR，双侧面神经NCV，额肌和口轮匝肌EMG结果进行分析。结果 （1）BR异常33例，阳性率为100％。（2）MCV异常27例，阳性率为82％。（3）EMG异常26例，阳性率为78％。结论 BR可反映面神经全程传导功能，能早期诊断神经损害，并能定位诊断中枢段或周围段损害，结合NCV定位诊断面神经近端或远端段损害，可帮助判断预后；EMG异常与病程相关，可直接反映神经损害程度。三结合使用对面神经炎的早期诊断，定位诊断和判断预后具有重要价值。     

神经-肌电图检测对周围性面神经麻痹的临床意义

目的:评价神经-肌电图在周围性面神经麻痹损伤程度、预后评估中的应用价值。方法:选取100例确诊为周围性面神经麻痹患者,于病程第5～7天行神经-肌电图检查,记录患侧面神经各支诱发电位的传导速度、波幅以及所支配肌肉的肌电图情况,并与自身健侧作对照。结果:周围性面神经麻痹患者健、患侧面神经传导速度、波幅比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:神经-肌电图检查对周围性面神经麻痹的损伤程度、预后评估有重要价值。     

特发性面神经麻痹的神经电生理研究

目的探讨特发性面神经麻痹患者神经电生理变化与预后的关系。方法对48例特发性面神经麻痹患者进行患侧与健侧面神经传导速度及肌电图检查。结果神经传导速度检测显示患侧面神经运动潜伏期延长,M波波幅降低,与健侧相比差异显著(P<0.05);肌电图检侧显示患侧面肌运动单位电位时限延长、多相波增多,募集电位减弱,并有自发电位出现。结论特发性面神经麻痹患者神经电生理变化与预后有关,患健侧M波波幅比值>50%面瘫恢复较好,<30%面瘫恢复较差。     

三七通舒治疗急性特发性面神经麻痹的疗效分析

目的探讨三七通舒对急性特发性面神经麻痹的疗效。方法将86例特发性面神经麻痹急性期（发病7天内）患者分为两组,对照组42例采用激素、B族维生素、抗病毒治疗以及针灸理疗等基础治疗,三七通舒组44例采用基础治疗±三七通舒治疗,疗程28天。采用House—Brackmann面神经功能分级评定及临床疗效指标判定。治疗前后行面神经电图（ENoG）检查。结果治疗前两组H—B面神经功能分级、患侧EnoG的潜伏期及振幅均具有可比性。治疗28天后,两组H—B评分比较差异有统计学意义（治疗组2．33±1．21vs对照组3．08±1．35,P〈0．05）;面神经电图显示治疗组患侧潜伏期（2．46±0．34）及振幅（189±67）均较对照组潜伏期（3．37±0．49）及振幅（131±52）有改善,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;临床疗效指标比较显示两组总有效率分别为：治疗组95．45％,对照组80．95％,治疗组明显优于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论三七通舒胶囊联合激素、B族维生素、抗病毒、针灸及理疗等综合治疗对急性特赞性面神经麻痹有效。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.