左侧颞叶癫痫患者脑皮质计算功能重组的fMRI研究

目的采用任务相关功能性磁共振成像技术（fMRI）观察左侧颞叶癫痫（TLE）患者与健康人完成计算任务时脑区激活差异。 方法选取右利手、左侧TLE患者16例作为TLE组,另选取相匹配健康受试者16例作为对照组。2组受试者均进行简单加法、简单减法及退位减法计算任务,同时进行脑部fMRI检查。采用神经影像学统计参数图（SPM-5）软件进行数据处理和分析,并比较2组间脑区激活差异。 结果计算任务中,TLE组的计算正确率为76.30%,显著低于对照组的96.80%（P<0.05）;而TLE患者组的计算反应时间为（2589±213.20）ms,与对照组的（1765±134.90）ms比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组激活强度高于左侧颞叶癫痫组的脑区有左侧中央旁小叶、左侧中央后回、双侧顶下小叶、左侧角回、双侧缘上回、左侧额中回、左额上回、双侧后扣带回、双侧岛叶、双侧颞上下回、右侧海马、海马旁回、双侧丘脑和小脑。左侧颞叶癫痫组激活强度高于对照组的脑区有双侧顶上小叶、双侧前扣带回和右侧额中下回。 结论左侧TLE患者计算相关的脑功能区具有半球内及半球间重组,额顶叶可在计算功能的代偿中发挥一定的作用;任务相关fMRI技术可为无创评价TLE患者计算认知功能提供重要证据。     

未用药精神分裂症患者在面孔识别任务的fMRI研究

目的应用功能磁共振成像研究（fMRI）对比未用药精神分裂症组和对照组在进行面孔识别工作记忆时（中性面孔作为记忆内容）脑激活区的差异。方法本研究对10名符合ICD-10、DSM-Ⅳ精神分裂症偏执型未用药患者（病例组）和10名年龄、性别和教育程度相匹配的健康人进行面孔识别功能成像,所有研究对象均为右利手,经常规MR检查除外脑部外伤等器质性疾患,应用磁共振BOLD成像技术比较两组在进行面孔识别任务时各脑区激活程度的差异。结果在面孔识别任务时病例组较对照组脑部激活降低的区域：两侧梭状回、两侧枕中回、两侧扣带回、两侧额中回和额下回、两侧小脑、左额上回、左顶上叶、右顶下叶和左侧丘脑。结论梭状回是分裂症患者面孔识别认知功能受损的主要部位,同时,两侧额叶（VLFPC、DLFPC）、扣带回、小脑和左丘脑等激活程度降低也说明分裂症患者这些脑区信息加工过程受损。     

脑卒中后运动性失语发生机制的功能磁共振成像研究

目的利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像（BOLD-fMRI）技术研究脑卒中后运动性失语患者语言任务下脑区的激活特征,探讨运动性失语的发生机制。 方法选择符合条件的运动性失语患者9例设为病例组,接受汉语标准失语症检查及图片命名任务状态下BOLD-fMRI检查。采用SPM8软件对fMRI数据进行图像预处理及统计分析,并与年龄相近的健康成人组作对比,分析两组间激活脑区的差异。 结果健康成人组激活脑区一致性较好,均为视觉、语言、认知相关脑区,包括双侧额下回、颞上回、岛叶、基底核;左侧额上回、额中回、中央前回、丘脑、颞中回（P＜0.005）。脑卒中后运动性失语患者的激活脑区差异较大,可见如下特点：①所有患者左侧或/和右侧视觉处理有关皮质区（额中回、颞中回、舌回、梭状回等）均有激活;②左侧半球激活体积较对照组健康人明显较少（P＜0.01）;③左侧额下回（Broca′s区)、左侧额中回、右侧额下回（Broca镜像区）等与语言相关的脑区仅有部分激活,且激活较对照组健康人减弱;④右侧颞上回、双侧顶上小叶、左侧颞下回等脑区较对照组健康人激活增强（P<0.05）。 结论语言表达过程可能与多个相关脑区组成的网络有关,右侧半球参与了正常语言的产生过程。脑卒中后失语是由于病变通过直接破坏语言功能区或远隔效应所致,左侧半球多个脑区及右侧额下回（Broca镜像区）激活减弱,右侧半球部分脑区激活相对增强。右侧额下回在失语后不同的时期中所起的作用可能不同。     

癫痫患者语义加工的功能磁共振成像研究

目的分析颞叶癫痫（TLE）患者语义处理相关功能区的分布。方法左侧TLE患者、右侧TLE患者和健康对照各6例，均为右利手。对所有受试者进行逆序词任务功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）检查，以按键记录受试者反应，使用统计参数图2（SPM2）对fMRI图像进行个体水平的统计分析和组分析。结果右侧TLE患者主要激活左侧的额下回、额中回、颞上回、颞中回以及双侧扣带回、梭状回、基底节区、小脑（右著）等区域，与对照组的差异无显著性意义；左侧TLE患者与对照组相比语言激活区出现不典型化表现，右侧额下回、中央前回和左侧楔叶、楔前叶出现更多激活。结论左侧TLE患者的语义处理相关功能区不典型分布，出现激活区对侧镜像转移。     

暴力人群面部表情的功能磁共振变化

目的应用脑功能磁共振探讨暴力人群对愉快和悲伤面部表情认知障碍的脑功能机制。方法 2009年3月8月,应用宾夕法尼亚大学三维彩色愉快和悲伤情绪面部表情图片作为情绪刺激,对男性暴力行为组（n=20）和与之相匹配的正常男性（n=21）,进行功能磁共振扫描,并采用SPM2对数据进行分析。结果愉快情绪图片刺激下,正常组比暴力组激活增加的脑区有左额中回、左前扣带回、左楔前叶、左颞中回、右中央后回和右侧小脑。悲伤情绪图片刺激下,正常组比暴力组激活增加的脑区有左额中回、左后扣带回、左楔前叶、右小脑、左颞中回及颞上回。结论暴力行为者对愉快和悲伤情绪的脑激活减低,主要表现在前额叶-颞叶-边缘脑区。     

偏执型精神分裂症Stroop实验的fMRI研究

目的研究偏执型精神分裂症完成注意力Stroop实验时的fMRI特点,探讨其脑功能机制。方法偏执型精神分裂症14例,正常对照组16例,按年龄、性别、文化层次进行配对。刺激采用Stroop任务,运用刺激-休息-刺激的模式。分别将两组数据标准化、合并和平均,对两组平均后的脑激活图像的激活区域及激活数目进行比较。结果①偏执型精神分裂症完成有色字和无色字干扰的Stroop实验反应时间长于对照组(P<0.05);完成有色字干扰Stroop实验错误率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);②偏执型精神分裂症在有色字干扰Stroop实验下左侧额中回、右侧前扣带皮质脑区激活计数小于对照组(P<0.05),颞叶、右侧额上回脑区激活计数高于对照组(P<0.05);③偏执型精神分裂症在两种Stroop实验时脑区激活计数无显著性差异(P>0.05),对照组在有色字干扰Stroop实验时右侧额下回、左侧额中回脑区激活计数显著多于无色字干扰的脑区激活计数(P<0.05)。结论Stroop实验激活了左右两侧额中回、额下回以及前扣带皮质;偏执型精神分裂症存在选择性注意障碍,这些障碍可能与左侧额中回、右侧前扣带回皮质以及颞叶脑区功能障碍有关。     

健康青少年视觉注意作业的功能性磁共振成像初步研究

目的：应用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）探讨视觉注意作业时健康青少年脑功能定位。方法：使用美国GE 1.5T Signa Horizon LX超导型磁共振仪，对19名健康青少年进行视觉注意作业的fMRI检查，采用梯度回波-平面回波成像序列采集数据，经工作站处理后获功能图像。同时进行氢谱分析。结果：健康青少年视觉注意作业测验激活脑区的范围较广泛，不同脑区的激活计数不同，9岁—12岁和13岁—15岁两个年龄段比较，结果无显著性差异（P>0.05）。本研究健康青少年双侧苍白球1H MRS结果（峰下面积比值）：左侧，NAA/Cr3.24±1.27、cho/Cr0.71±0.15、ml/Cr0.66±0.17、a-Glx/Cr0.84±0.18；右侧，NAA/Cr3.17±1.12、cho/Cr0.66±0.19、ml/Cr0.60±0.16、a-Glx/Cr0.71±0.28。经Fisher精确检验法，健康青少年双侧额上回、双侧额中回和左侧额下回的激活脑区计数与理想激活脑区计数的差异均无显著性，其余脑区激活计数的差异均有显著性。结论：本组健康青少年脑区激活计数及氢谱分析可供临床参考。视觉注意作业主要涉及记忆信息的提取速度和注意能量，双侧额叶可能参与其过程。     

针刺健康志愿者合谷和外关的脑功能磁共振成像初步研究

目的利用血氧水平依赖性功能磁共振成像（BLOD-fMRI）技术观察针刺健康志愿者合谷及外关时大脑皮质功能激活区的分布情况,并初步探讨针刺的神经作用机制。 方法纳入20例健康志愿者作为研究对象,行针刺左侧合谷和外关组块模式的BOLD-fMRI检查,运用SPM8等软件处理后,观察脑功能激活区分布情况,重点观察运动相关脑功能区激活情况。 结果针刺健康志愿者左侧正激活脑区中左额中回、额下回有明显激活区,左岛叶有大量激活区,此外在左小脑、左中央前回、左中央后回、左顶下小叶、左额内侧回、左楔叶、左前扣带回、左屏状核亦见少量激活区分布。右侧正激活脑区主要分布在右额中回和右额内侧回;此外右顶下小叶、右中央前回有部分激活区,右颞中回、右颞上回、右岛叶、右额下回、右中央后回有少量激活区分布。负激活区主要位于两侧边缘叶海马回、海马旁回及扣带回,左颞极颞上回、颞中回及右额中回亦见少量负激活区分布。 结论针刺健康志愿者合谷和外关除引起对侧初级运动区部分激活外,双侧次级运动区可见明显激活,同侧小脑亦可见部分激活,可能是其作为运动功能障碍疾病治疗取穴的神经病理学基础。BOLD-fMRI成像技术可直观显示生理状态下针刺的神经效应,亦可为研究病理状态下针刺的神经效应提供基础及对照。     

高胆红素血症肝硬化患者静息态功能MRI脑功能变化

目的 采用静息态功能MRI局部一致性（ReHo）的方法,探讨血氨正常高间接胆红素肝硬化患者脑功能的改变。方法 分别对53例血氨正常高间接胆红素肝硬化患者（肝硬化组）及60名健康志愿者（正常对照组）行静息态fMRI,采用ReHo方法分析,比较并获得2组ReHo值的差异性脑区。将2组差异性脑区的ReHo值与间接胆红素浓度进行相关分析。结果 与正常对照组相比较,肝硬化组ReHo值增高的脑区包括左背外侧额上回、左眶部额上回、左顶下缘角回、左中央前回、右尾状核、右豆状壳核、右岛叶、右嗅皮质（P均<0.001）,ReHo值降低的脑区包括左枕上回、左枕中回、左楔叶、左岛盖部额下回、右中央旁小叶、右楔前叶、右枕中回、双侧舌回及双侧小脑（P均<0.001）。肝硬化患者右岛叶和右豆状壳核的平均ReHo值与间接胆红素浓度呈正相关（r=0.32,P=0.021）。结论 血氨正常高间接胆红素肝硬化患者静息态脑功能存在增强和减弱,间接胆红素浓度与部分脑区功能相关,高间接胆红素对成人脑功能也有一定的影响。     

中英文语言活动区功能磁共振成像研究

目的 初步探讨母语为中文者，说中文（L1）及英文（L2）时激活的语言相关功能区并比较其异同。方法 对22例正常志愿者——“晚双语”（13-15岁开始学英语）中国人，于说中文及英文两种状态下分别进行血氧水平依赖性增强效应磁共振脑功能成像检查，研究哪些语言相关脑功能区被激活，并比较两种状态下的脑激活区。结果 说中文及英文时分别激活了不完全相同的脑区。说中文时激活的主要脑区包括：两侧运动区，左右侧额下回，左右侧颞上回，左侧岛叶及左右侧小脑半球。比较显示中文任务可激活右侧颞上回，而英文任务未激活这些区域。结论 中英文“晚双语”者，两种语言激活的脑区不完全相同。说中文时激活的脑区要比说英文时较广泛。这主要在右侧大脑半球的右额下回及右颞上回。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.