减重步行训练对早期脑梗死偏瘫患者运动功能和ADL的影响

目的：探讨脑梗死偏瘫患者早期开展减重步行训练（BWSTT）对下肢运动功能和ADL的影响。方法：60例脑梗死偏瘫患者,随机分为观察组和对照组各30例,均按脑梗死常规治疗和康复治疗,观察组患者肌力〉2级时同时进行BWSTT。治疗前后采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）和Barthel指数（ADL）评分评定患者下肢运动功能和ADL能力。结果：治疗4周后,2组FMA及ADL评分与治疗前比较均有提高（P〈0.05）,且观察组较对照组提高更显著（P〈0.05）。结论：早期脑梗死偏瘫患者在康复治疗过程中同步进行BWSTT能更大程度提高下肢运动功能及ADL能力。     

MOTOmed训练系统对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的研究常规康复治疗联合MOTOmed训练系统对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。 方法将65例急性脑梗死偏瘫患者随机分为MOTOmed训练组（给予常规康复治疗及MOTOmed训练）及常规治疗组（给予常规康复治疗）。于治疗前及治疗2,4,8周时进行疗效评定,包括采用Fugl-Meyer量表评定下肢运动功能,采用功能性步行量表（FAC）评定步行功能,采用Barthel指数评定日常生活活动（ADL）能力。 结果2组患者Fugl-Meyer、FAC及Barthel指数评分治疗前组间差异均无统计学意义（均P&rt;0.05）,治疗2,4,8周时上述各项指标均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,且以MOTOmed训练组的改善幅度较显著,与对照组各观察时间点比较,组间差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论MOTOmed训练结合常规康复治疗能进一步提高脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动功能。     

水中运动训练与减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响

目的 观察水中运动训练与减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者步行能力的影响.方法 脑卒中患者76例,分为水中运动训练组40例和减重步行训练组36例.水中运动训练组进行水中偏瘫体操训练、扶杠步行训练和水中跑步机训练等治疗;减重步行训练组进行平衡训练和减重步行训练.2组治疗前、后分别应用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分量表(FMA)评定综合运动功能,采用功能性步行量表评定步行能力.结果 2组治疗后FMA评分、步行能力均较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.05),水中运动组训练疗效优于减重步行训练组(P＜0.05).结论 水中运动训练及减重步行训练均能改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能和步行能力,水中运动训练疗效更佳.     

减重步行训练对缺血性脑卒中后抑郁患者疗效及生活质量的影响

目的 观察减重步行训练对缺血性脑卒中后抑郁障碍患者疗效及生活质量的影响。方法 共选取60例缺血性脑卒中后抑郁患者，将其随机分为训练组和对照组（每组30例）。对照组每天给予神经内科药物治疗及常规康复锻炼，训练组在此基础上辅以减重步行训练。2组患者治疗前、后分别采用改良爱丁堡-斯堪的那维亚评分标准（MESSS）评定其神经功能缺损程度，采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）进行抑郁程度评分，采用Fugl-Meyer评分（FMA）及Barthel指数（BI）评定其步行、平衡能力及ADL水平。结果 2组患者分别经4周治疗后，其MESSS、HAMD、FMA及BI评分等均较治疗前有明显改善；治疗后2组间比较，训练组各项指标改善程度均明显优于对照组，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 对缺血性脑卒中后抑郁症患者尽早实施减重步行训练，町以显著改善患者的抑郁症状、步行、平衡及ADL功能，使其生活质量进一步提高。     

减重步行训练对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动能力的影响

目的:比较减重步行训练配合常规康复治疗与常规康复治疗对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动能力的影响.方法:选择脑梗死偏瘫患者63例,将其随机分为治疗组及对照组:减重步行训练结合常规康复治疗组为治疗组(32例),常规康复治疗组为对照组(31例).经过6周训练,每周训练5次,训练前后进行如下评定:(1)功能性步行量表(FAC);(2)下肢运动功能评定量表(Fugl Meyer量表);(3)日常生活活动能力Barthel指数;(4)Berg平衡量表.结果:治疗后步行能力FAC及日常生活活动能力组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001),下肢运动能力及平衡能力组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论:减重训练配合常规康复治疗比常规康复治疗对脑梗死偏瘫患者下肢运动能力有更好的恢复效果     

减重步行训练及肌张力对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能恢复的影响

目的 观察减重步行训练对脑卒中患者下肢功能的改善作用,并分析股四头肌张力对减重步行训练疗效的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将36例脑卒中恢复期患者分为减重训练组及常规治疗组,每组18例。常规治疗组患者给予常规康复训练,减重训练组患者同时辅以减重步行训练。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMMS）、Berg平衡功能量表(BBS)、Holden步行能力分级对患者下肢运动功能、平衡功能及步行能力进行评定。同时本研究根据患者股四头肌改良Ashworth痉挛分级结果,将减重训练组患者划分为轻度痉挛亚组和重度痉挛亚组,进一步对比各疗效指标结果差异。 结果 治疗前2组患者下肢FMMS评分、Berg评分及步行能力Holden分级组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后2组患者上述各项疗效指标结果（包括下肢FMMS评分、Berg评分及Holden分级）均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）;进一步比较发现,治疗后减重训练组患者下肢FMMS评分、Holden分级均较常规治疗组明显改善（P<0.05）;治疗后2组患者Berg评分组间差异仍无统计学意义（P>0.05）。轻度痉挛亚组患者治疗前、后下肢FMMS评分改善值（△下肢FMMS评分）、步行能力改善值（△Holden分级）均显著优于重度痉挛亚组（P<0.05）;轻度痉挛亚组患者治疗前、后Berg评分改善值（△Berg评分）与重度痉挛亚组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 减重步行训练能显著改善脑卒中患者下肢运动功能、平衡功能及步行能力,较高的肌张力可能对减重步行训练疗效具有不利影响。     

足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能的临床研究

目的：观察足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者下肢功能的影响.方法：将36例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为对照组和研究组各18例.2组均接受常规下肢功能康复训练,研究组另外增加足下垂助行仪联合减重跑台训练,每周6d.治疗前后分别采用Fugl Meyer下肢运动功能量表（FMA-L）评定下肢运动功能、Berg平衡量表（BBS）评定平衡功能,足印法测量步速、左、右足步幅差.结果：治疗8周后,2组患者的FMA及BBS评分均较治疗前明显提高（P＜0.05）,且研究组各项评分更高于对照组（P＜0.05）.治疗后,2组患者的步速均较治疗前明显提高,左、右足步幅差明显减小（P＜0.05）,研究组较对照组改善更为明显（P＜0.05）.结论：足下垂助行仪联合减重步行训练可明显改善早期脑卒中偏瘫患者的下肢功能,改善日常生活活动能力.     

减重步行训练对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的观察减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能的影响。 方法将69例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为治疗组（39例）和对照组（30例）。2组患者均给予常规康复训练，治疗组在此基础上增加减重步行训练。分别于治疗前和治疗6周后采用Fugl-Meyer评分、功能性步行分级法（FAC）及Barthel指数评分对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果2组患者治疗前，其Fugl-Meyer评分、FAC分级及Barthel指数评分组间差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；经相应治疗后，2组患者上述各项指标均较治疗前显著改善（P<0.05），并且治疗组患者上述指标的改善幅度明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论减重步行训练结合常规康复治疗可显著改善脑卒中偏瘫患者步行、下肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力。     

脑卒中偏瘫后遗症期患者应用减重步行训练的临床研究

目的探讨减重步行训练对脑卒中偏瘫后遗症期患者下肢功能、步行能力和日常生活能力的影响。方法选择病程在1年以上,偏瘫肢体Brunnstrom分级≥Ⅲ级的脑卒中患者28例,随机分为治疗组14例和对照组14例。对照组采用常规康复治疗,治疗组除采取常规康复治疗外,另给予减重步行训练。治疗前和治疗8周后采用Ashworth痉挛量表（ASS）、功能性步行分级（FAC）、简式Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)及独立功能评定(FIM)进行评定。结果两组治疗后,各项评分较治疗前改善(P<0.05)。两组治疗后FIM、FMA评分比较有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),FAC评分有显著性差异(P<0.05),ASS评分无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论脑卒中偏瘫后遗症期患者应用减重步行训练,能提高下肢运动功能、步行能力及日常生活能力。     

凝视稳定训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能和下肢运动功能的影响

目的：观察凝视稳定训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能和下肢运动功能的疗效。方法：将58例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为观察组和对照组各29例。对照组给予常规康复训练,观察组在此基础上加用凝视稳定训练。治疗前和治疗6周后分别采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）评定静态和动态平衡功能,动态步态指数（DGI）评定动态平衡功能,Balance-B平衡评定与训练系统评定静态平衡功能和跌倒风险,Fugl-Meyer运动评分量表中下肢部分（FMA-LE）评定下肢运动功能,Holden步行功能分级（FAC）评定步行功能,改良Barthel指数（MBI）评定日常生活活动（ADL）能力。结果：治疗6周后,2组患者BBS、DGI、FMA-LE、FAC和MBI均较治疗前显著提高（P<0.01）,且观察组均更高于对照组（P<0.01,0.05）;2组患者X轴和Y轴重心偏移、X轴和Y轴重心移动平均速度、重心移动总轨迹长和跌倒风险系数均较治疗前显著下降（P<0.01）,且观察组均更低于对照组（P<0.01,0.05）。结论：凝视稳定训练能有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者静态和动态平衡功能,降低跌倒风险,提高下肢运动功能、步行功能和ADL能力。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.