强化躯干训练配合蹲起训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡及步行能力的影响

目的观察强化躯干训练配合蹲起训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡及步行能力的影响。方法将60例偏瘫患者随机分为躯干强化训练组（观察组）与常规康复治疗组（对照组），每组30例。2组均接受常规药物与康复治疗，观察组同时给予强化躯干训练配合蹲起训练。患者平衡功能的评定采用平衡障碍严重程度分级和Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评定量表，步行能力的评定采用Holden功能步行分级。结果治疗后，观察组患者的平衡功能和步行能力均明显优于对照组，二者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论躯干强化训练配合蹲起训练可明显改善脑卒中偏瘫患者的平衡功能和步行能力。     

躯干控制能力训练对偏瘫患者平衡和下肢功能的影响

目的：探讨躯干控制能力训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡和下肢功能的影响。方法：96例偏瘫患者随机分成治疗组和对照组各48例。两组采用常规康复治疗方法。治疗组同时强调躯干控制能力训练，治疗后两组患者分别采用躯干控制能力（Shekih）评分、FMA平衡功能评分和下肢FMA评分进行比较，比较两组治疗效果。结果：两组治疗前后比较和组间比较差异均有显著性意义（P〈0．05）；两组变化均数比较治疗组优于对照组（P〈0．001）。躯干控制能力分别与平衡功能和下肢功能呈正相关，相关系数值分别是0．783和0．746（P〈0．01）。结论：躯干控制能力训练对偏瘫患者平衡和下肢功能有良好的促进作用。     

早期强化躯干与骨盆控制能力训练对脑卒中患者运动功能的影响

目的观察早期强化躯干与骨盆控制能力训练对脑卒中患者运动功能的影响。方法将56例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组和对照组，各28例。两组患者均接受常规药物治疗并配合常规康复训练，45min／次，2次／d，治疗组患者在此基础上增加强化躯干与骨盆控制能力训练，20min／次，2次／d。治疗前后分别对两组患者采用Fugl—Meyer运动功能评定（FMA）、Barthel指数（BI）、功能性步行分级（FAC）等评定。结果治疗2个月后，两组患者的FMA、BI、FAC和偏瘫步态分析评定均较治疗前提高（P〈0．05～0．01），但治疗组疗效优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论早期强化躯干与骨盆控制能力训练结合常规康复治疗对提高脑卒中患者的运动功能有明显疗效。     

偏瘫患者躯干控制能力训练对平衡及下肢功能的影响

目的探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者躯干控制能力训练对其平衡功能和下肢功能的影响。方法将80例偏瘫患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组40例。治疗组在采用常规康复治疗的同时进行躯干控制能力训练,对照组采用常规康复治疗方法。治疗后2组患者分别采用躯干控制能力（Sheikh）评分、FMA平衡功能评分和下肢FMA评分进行比较。结果2组治疗前后比较和组间比较差异均有显著意义（p〈0.05）;2组变化均数比较,治疗组优于对照组（p〈0．001）。躯干控制能力分别与平衡功能和下肢功能成正相关。结论躯干控制能力训练对偏瘫患者平衡和下肢功能有良好的促进作用。     

骨盆运动训练对偏瘫患者平衡及运动功能的影响

目的：观察强化骨盆运动训练对脑出血偏瘫患者平衡功能、下肢运动功能的影响。方法：脑出血偏瘫恢复期患者72例,随机分成观察组和对照组各36例。2组均进行常规康复训练,观察组增加骨盆运动训练。结果：治疗2周后,2组平衡功能评分均较治疗前明显提高（P〈0．01）,2组间比较差异无统计学意义;治疗4周后观察组平衡功能评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,2组下肢运动功能评分均明显高于治疗前（P〈0．01）,且观察组高于对照组（P〈0．05）;治疗8周后,观察组下肢运动功能评分显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）,2组功能性步行分级均较治疗前明显提高（P〈0．01）,且观察组功能性步行分级≥3级的患者较对照组明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论：强化骨盆运动训练在改善脑出血偏瘫患者平衡功能和下肢运动功能方面具有较好的疗效。     

核心力量训练对脑卒中患者运动功能和平衡的影响

80例偏瘫患者随机分成治疗组和对照组各40例,两组患者采用常规康复治疗方法,治疗组增加核心力量训练。治疗前后两组患者采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、躯干控制能力(Sheikh)评定量表、Berg平衡功能量表(BBS)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)、功能性步行分级(FAC)进行评定,比较两组治疗效果。两组患者治疗后运动功能、躯干控制能力、平衡功能、日常生活能力、步行能力评分与治疗前比较有显著改善(P0.01),且治疗组优于对照组(P0.05),核心力量训练分别与运动功能、躯干控制能力、平衡功能、日常生活能力、步行能力呈正相关(P0.05)。核心力量训练对提高偏瘫患者运动功能和平衡有良好的促进作用。     

弹力带在偏瘫患者步态矫正训练中的临床应用

目的：探讨运用弹力带训练方式对偏瘫患者异常步态改善的临床疗效。方法：选择符合治疗条件的48例偏瘫患者随机分为观察组和对照组各24例,均进行以Bobath技术、运动再学习为主的治疗,观察组加以弹力带抗阻、环绕式扭曲法进行步态矫正训练。训练前后分别对患侧下肢股四头肌、小腿三头肌肌张力进行改良Ashworth评分及下肢FMA评分,躯干骨盆控制能力、患腿负重能力及步行能力进行评定和比较分析。结果：连续训练6周后,观察组患者股四头肌、小腿三头肌Ashworth评分明显低于对照组,下肢FMA评分和患肢负重能力较对照组明显提高（均P〈0．05）;躯干骨盆控制能力和步行速度也明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：偏瘫患者康复过程中加用弹力带抗阻、环绕式扭曲法训练可显著矫正异常步态,提高步行能力。     

四肢联动功能训练对脑卒中患者躯干控制能力及平衡功能的影响

目的观察四肢联动功能训练对脑卒中患者躯干控制能力及平衡功能的影响。 方法选取脑卒中后偏瘫患者56例,采用随机数字表法将其随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组患者28例。2组患者均接受常规康复治疗,治疗组患者在常规治疗方案的基础上增加四肢联动功能训练。于治疗前、治疗3周和6周后采用躯干控制测试(TCT)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、Holden步行功能分级(FAC)和改良的Barthel指数（MBI）分别评估2组患者的躯干控制能力、平衡功能、步行功能和日常生活活动（ADL）能力。 结果治疗3周和6周后,2组患者的TCT、BBS、MBI、FAC评分较组内治疗前均显著改善,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且治疗3周后,治疗组的TCT评分为（37.09±10.99）分,显著优于对照组治疗3周后的（26.83±10.78）分,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;而治疗6周后,治疗组的TCT、BBS、MBI、FAC评分均显著优于对照组治疗6周后,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论四肢联动功能训练联合常规康复训练可显著改善脑卒中后偏瘫患者躯干控制能力、平衡功能、步行能力和ADL能力。     

减重步行训练对脑卒中早期偏瘫患者步行能力恢复的影响

目的探讨减重步行训练对脑卒中早期患者步行能力恢复的影响。方法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分成2组，减重组30例，行减重步行训练加常规康复治疗；对照组30例，仅行常规康复训练。用Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、改良Ashworth法肌张力评级和Holder步行功能分级进行训练前、后评定。结果经过4周治疗后。2组患者Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分、肌张力评级和步行功能分级较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01），但减重组Fugl—Meyer下肢运动功能评分、肌张力评级、步行功能分级改善均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论减重步行训练加常规康复治疗对脑卒中早期患者步行功能恢复具有明显促进作用。     

核心肌训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能的影响

目的 观察核心肌训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者平衡功能的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为观察组和对照组，每组30例。观察组患者予常规康复治疗结合核心肌训练，对照组患者予常规康复治疗结合躯干控制训练。2组患者均于治疗前和治疗8周后（治疗后）分别采用躯干控制能力评定Sheikh评分（TCT）、Berg平衡功能量表（BBS)、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能量表(FM-B)进行平衡功能评定。 结果 治疗后，2组患者TCT、BBS和FM-B评分较组内治疗前均有明显改善，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；且治疗后观察组TCT、BBS和FM-B评分分别为（93.55±3.45）分、（50.21±3.83）分和（11.51±2.18）分，与对照组治疗后比较，差异亦均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 在常规康复治疗基础上对脑卒中偏瘫患者进行核心肌训练可显著改善脑卒中后偏瘫患者的平衡能力。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.