针灸、微波配合盆底肌锻炼治疗脑卒中后尿失禁106例分析

目的:分析脑卒中后尿失禁患者尿动力学异常情况以及针灸、微波配合盆底肌锻炼治疗脑卒中后尿失禁的效果。方法:选择2004-07/2006-05在华中科技大学同济医学院附属中西医结合医院神经内科住院脑卒中后尿失禁患者106例,随机分为治疗组59例与对照组47例,对照组给予脑卒中常规治疗,治疗组在脑卒中常规治疗的基础上,给予针刺、艾灸以及微波配合盆底肌锻炼等综合治疗。分别于治疗前及治疗30d后行尿动力学检查,分析膀胱尿道功能。结果:106例患者均进入结果分析。①两组患者最常见的尿动力学异常为逼尿肌反射亢进、尿道外括约肌无抑制性松弛,治疗组占37%(22/59),对照组占41%(19/47),两组比较差异无显著性(P>0.05)。②脑卒中性质和病灶部位对患者尿动力学结果无显著影响(P>0.05)。③治疗组经综合治疗后尿动力学检查结果较治疗前明显改善[膀胱最大收缩压:(5.16±2.04),(6.65±2.43)kPa;膀胱最大容积:(363.50±194.14),(317.11±159.72)mL;尿道闭合压:(8.53±3.23),(5.23±2.17)kPa;膀胱充盈初始量:(174.73±105.32),(188.30±84.95)mL,P<0.05]。④治疗组显效率和有效率明显高于对照组(显效率:26%,53%;有效率:80%,71%,P<0.05)。结论:脑卒中后尿失禁患者尿动力学改变以逼尿肌反射亢进和尿道外括约肌无抑制性松弛为主;针刺、艾灸、微波配合盆底肌锻炼治疗脑卒中后尿失禁效果显著。     

针灸、微波配合盆底肌锻炼治疗脑卒中后尿失禁106例分析

目的：分析脑卒中后尿失禁患者尿动力学异常情况以及针灸、微波配合盆底肌锻炼治疗脑卒中后尿失禁的效果。方法：选择2004—07／2006—05在华中科技大学同济医学院附属中西医结合医院神经内科住院脑卒中后尿失禁患者106例，随机分为治疗组59例与对照组47例，对照组给予脑卒中常规治疗，治疗组在脑卒中常规治疗的基础上，给予针刺、艾灸以及微波配合盆底肌锻炼等综合治疗。分别于治疗前及治疗30d后行尿动力学检查，分析膀胱尿道功能。结果：106例患者均进入结果分析。①两组患者最常见的尿动力学异常为逼尿肌反射亢进、尿道外括约肌无抑制性松弛，治疗组占37％（22／59），对照组占41％（19／47），两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。②脑卒中性质和病灶部位对患者尿动力学结果无显著影响（P〉0．05）。③治疗组经综合治疗后尿动力学检查结果较治疗前明显改善[膀胱最大收缩压：（5．16&;#177;2．04），（6．65&;#177;2．43）kPa；膀胱最大容积：（363．50&;#177;194．14），（317．11&;#177;159．72）mL；尿道闭合压：（8．53&;#177;3．23），（5．23&;#177;2．17）kPa；膀胱充盈初始量：（174．73&;#177;105．32），（188．30&;#177;84．95）mL，P〈0．05]。④治疗组显效率和有效率明显高于对照组（显效率：26％，53％；有效率：80％，71％，P〈0．05）。结论：脑卒中后尿失禁患者尿动力学改变以逼尿肌反射亢进和尿道外括约肌无抑制性松弛为主；针刺、艾灸、微波配合盆底肌锻炼治疗脑卒中后尿失禁效果显著。     

脑电生物反馈联合认知干预及间歇导尿治疗脑卒中后排尿障碍的疗效观察

目的观察脑电生物反馈联合认知干预及间歇性导尿治疗脑卒中后排尿障碍的疗效及对患者尿流动力学的影响。 方法共选取脑卒中后排尿障碍患者98例,采用随机数字表法将其分为治疗组及对照组。2组患者均给予常规治疗,治疗组在此基础上辅以脑电生物反馈、认知干预及间歇导尿治疗。分别于治疗前及治疗2周后对2组患者尿流动力学指标进行检查,观察其膀胱、尿道功能变化情况。 结果本研究入选患者尿流动力学异常主要以逼尿肌反射亢进及尿道外括约肌无抑制性松弛为主;2组患者分别经治疗后,其膀胱最大尿流速、膀胱最大容积、尿道闭合压、功能性尿道长度、逼尿肌漏点压、残余尿量等均较治疗前降低,膀胱顺应性则较治疗前提高,并且上述指标均以治疗组的改善幅度相对较显著,与对照组间差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论脑卒中后排尿障碍患者其尿流动力学异常主要以逼尿肌反射亢进及尿道外括约肌无抑制性松弛为主;在常规治疗基础上辅以脑电生物反馈、认知干预及间歇导尿治疗,能进一步改善脑卒中后排尿障碍患者各项尿流动力学指标,促进排尿功能恢复。     

脑血管意外后排尿障碍患者影像尿动力学分析

目的分析脑血管意外对下尿路功能的影响。方法回顾性分析19例脑血管意外后排尿障碍患者、19例同期胸椎脊髓损伤患者的影像尿动力学检查结果,比较两组患者膀胱逼尿肌和尿道外括约肌功能障碍的特点。结果脑血管意外排尿障碍患者以逼尿肌反射亢进为主,膀胱顺应性下降,尿道外括约肌多为松弛状态,逼尿肌反射亢进患者病灶集中于基底节和额叶;胸椎脊髓损伤患者影像尿动力检查与之有差异。结论脑血管意外后排尿障碍患者影像尿动力学改变以逼尿肌反射亢进和尿道外括约肌松弛为主,与胸椎脊髓损伤后导致的神经源性膀胱影像尿动力学检查差异明显。     

脊髓损伤后膀胱尿动力学检查及分类

尿动力学检查已成为脊髓损伤后膀胱尿道功能障碍的常规检查技术,列举脊髓完全损伤后膀胱典型的尿动力学表现及不同部位、程度和时期的脊髓损伤所致的非典型的逼尿肌、括约肌功能障碍与其相应的尿动力学表现。目前 ,依据尿动力学检查对膀胱尿道功能障碍的分类方案较多 ,以Krane分类方案 (逼尿肌反射亢进与逼尿肌无反射 )应用为主。通过尿动力学检查可对膀胱尿道功能障碍进行分类外 ,还可为临床的诊断、治疗及疗效评价提供更多的客观指标。     

生物电反馈加超声波治疗脑卒中后急迫性尿失禁93例

为了探讨急迫性尿失禁的最佳治疗方法,应用生物电反馈加超声波对93例脑卒中后急迫性尿失禁患者(治疗组)进行治疗观察,同时与93例同期应用定时排尿刺激法的急迫性尿失禁患者(对照组)比较疗效。结果治疗组总痊愈率89%,明显高于对照组36%,说明生物电刺激配合超声波骶神经调理对脑卒中后急迫性尿失禁的康复效果是肯定的。     

盆底肌肉生物电刺激结合针刺治疗BPH患者TURP术后逼尿肌无力的效果观察

目的探讨盆底肌肉生物电刺激结合针刺治疗前列腺增生症(BPH)患者经尿道前列腺电切(TURP)术后逼尿肌无力的临床疗效。方法将100例并发TURP术后逼尿肌无力的BPH患者随机分为研究组和对照组,每组50例。对照组患者采用盆底肌肉生物电刺激治疗,研究组患者在此基础上结合针刺治疗。比较两组患者的临床治疗效果、逼尿肌肌力和尿动力学参数。结果研究组治疗有效率为88.0%,显著高于对照组的68.0%(P0.05)。研究组患者治疗后的逼尿肌肌力和尿动力学参数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论盆底肌肉生物电刺激结合针刺治疗BPH患者TURP术后逼尿肌无力的治疗效果好,可以有效提高患者的逼尿肌肌力,明显改善尿动力学参数,具有临床应用价值。     

生物电反馈加超声波治疗脑卒中后急迫性尿失禁93例

为了探讨急迫性尿失禁的最佳治疗方法，应用生物电反馈加超声波对93例脑卒中后急迫性尿失禁患(治疗组)进行治疗观察。同时与93例同期应用定时排尿刺激法的急迫性尿失禁患(对照组)比较疗效。结果治疗组总痊愈率89％，明显高于对照组36％，说明生物电刺激配合超声波骶神经调理对脑卒中后急迫性尿失禁的康复效果是肯定的。     

肉毒毒素注射尿道外括约肌对逼尿肌 尿道外括约肌失协调患者逼尿肌厚度的影响

目的 观察肉毒毒素A（BTX-A）注射尿道外括约肌对脊髓损伤后逼尿肌-尿道外括约肌收缩失协调（DSD）患者逼尿肌厚度及膀胱功能的影响。 方法 选取脊髓损伤后DSD成年患者21例,所有患者均在会阴超声引导下向尿道外括约肌注射BTX-A（100U）。于治疗前、治疗后4周、8周时进行尿动力学检查和下尿道超声评估,测定患者逼尿肌厚度、逼尿肌漏尿点压、残余尿量及最大膀胱容量。 结果 治疗后4周时入选患者残余尿量显著下降（P<0.05）,而逼尿肌厚度、逼尿肌漏尿点压及最大膀胱容量均无明显改变（P>0.05）。治疗后8周时入选患者逼尿肌厚度为（0.93±0.17）mm,较治疗前下降了17.2%（P<0.05）;逼尿肌漏尿点压、残余尿量及最大膀胱容量亦较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）。 结论 在超声引导下向尿道外括约肌注射BTX-A可显著降低脊髓损伤后DSD患者逼尿肌厚度,改善膀胱功能,该疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

脊髓损伤患者泌尿系结石形成高危因素分析:128例报道

目的探讨影响脊髓损伤患者泌尿系结石形成的高危因素及其防治措施。方法回顾性分析128例脊髓损伤后泌尿系结石患者的临床资料及治疗方法。结果 128例患者中,膀胱造瘘32例,留置尿管定期更换34例,间歇导尿12例,叩击排尿19例,腹压排尿11例,间断尿失禁应用外部集尿器20例。128例患者中120例存在泌尿系感染,11例血钙升高。影像尿动力学提示逼尿肌无反射39例,逼尿肌过度活动63例,逼尿肌-尿道外括约肌协同失调41例,逼尿肌-膀胱颈协同失调11例,尿道外括约肌过度活动27例,尿道括约肌功能不全11例。部分患者同时存在数种上述病理生理状况。结论膀胱管理方式对脊髓损伤后泌尿系结石的形成有重要影响,脊髓损伤后下尿路感染、逼尿肌-尿道外括约肌协同失调等下尿路功能障碍、长期留置尿管和膀胱造瘘是泌尿系结石形成的高危因素。钙代谢异常可能是诱发泌尿系结石形成的高危因素之一。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.