动态与静态空气床垫预防神经内科卧床患者压疮效果的比较

目的比较静态空气床垫与动态空气床垫对预防神经内科卧床患者压疮发生的效果。方法便利选取2012年5-8月南京军区南京总医院的神经内科患者90例,根据随机数字表法分为静态空气床垫组和动态空气床垫组各45例,两组均每2h翻身1次,预期观察14d,比较两组患者的压疮发生率、压疮严重度、Braden压疮危险评估结果及成本效益。结果两组患者观察期内压疮发生率均为0;Braden压疮危险评估结果分别为(14.45±2.07)分和(14.25±2.49)分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);静态空气床垫价格比动态空气床垫价格低350元,且无医疗耗电;静态空气床垫和动态空气床垫的平均护理时间分别为(8.87±3.03)、(9.00±3.10)d,平均每人翻身次数分别为(108±37.16)、(106±36.33)次,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论静态空气床垫与动态空气床垫比较,其预防压疮的效果相当,但成本投入少于动态空气床垫。     

简易翻身枕、翻身褥用于卧床患者预防压疮的效果研究

目的 探讨简易翻身枕、翻身褥用于卧床患者预防压疮的效果.方法 将自行研制的简易翻身枕、翻身褥用于1300例易患压疮患者,观察应用效果.结果 1300例患者出院时均皮肤完好,无压疮发生.结论 简易翻身枕、翻身褥确为一种预防压疮的有效方法,具有一定的应用价值,值得推广.     

Randomized comparison trial of the RIK and the Nimbus 3 mattresses

A randomized comparison trial was carried out at Queen's Hospital, Burton-on-Trent, to compare patient outcomes on the RIK mattress (KCI) and the Nimbus 3 mattress (Huntleigh Healthcare). One hundred and fifty-eight patients, who were assessed to be at particular risk of development of pressure ulcers using the Waterlow score (85 on RIK mattress, 83 on Nimbus), completed the trial. There were no statistically significant differences in baseline parameters at recruitment or pressure ulcer progress. Lack of difference can be as useful as evidence of superiority. Other factors such as nursing interventions required accessible equipment, and costs are important when making equipment choices. For a significant proportion of patients, a static (RIK) mattress can be as effective as an active (Nimbus 3) mattress for management of pressure ulcers.     

Evaluating two dynamic mattresses in a nursing home setting

A formal, ethically approved, prospective product evaluation was undertaken in a nursing home setting. The aim of the study was to generate patient-focused clinical outcome data in a 'real world' setting to support use of the dynamic Sidhil Plus (mattress replacement) and Solo (mattress overlay) for patients who were at an elevated risk of pressure ulcers. The primary outcome was for patients to remain free from additional pressure damage while the products were in use. Secondary outcomes of interest included patient and carer views of the product. The results reported here indicate that for this client group these 'low tech' products perform well. Of the 22 residents taking part, two developed pressure damage during the trial, however the position of the pressure damage indicated that the cause was most likely not the mattress.     

Preventing pressure ulcers: an evaluation of four operating-table mattresses.

Pressure is a major factor in the development of pressure ulcers. This research focused on assessing the pressure-reducing effects of operating-table mattresses. Five mattresses were tested: a standard operating-table mattress, a foam mattress, a gel mattress, a visco-elastic polyether mattress, and a visco-elastic polyurethane mattress. Four intraoperative postures were evaluated: supine, lateral, fossa, and the Miles-Pauchet position. Interface pressure measurements were performed on 36 healthy volunteers. The foam mattress and the gel mattress seem to have little or no pressure-reducing effect; the polyurethane mattress and the polyether mattress reduce interface pressure significantly better (p < .001); but none of the mattresses reduce pressure sufficiently to prevent the occurrence of pressure ulcers.     

Reducing pressure ulcer incidence in a long-term setting

Selection of appropriate pressure prevention equipment relies on risk assessment and clinical assessment of the resident/patient. Decisions are then made in combination with manufacturer's recommendations, such as interface pressure testing. However, risk assessments can over-predict and laboratory investigations do not necessarily provide an accurate picture of how individual patients will react to pressures from support services. There are few studies on visco-elastic mattresses and their benefits in reducing pressure ulcer incidence. Therefore, a small study was undertaken to review the efficacy of a pressure-reducing visco-elastic foam mattress. For the benefit of the study, a 20-bedded nursing home was provided with 20 visco-elastic mattresses (Pressurease) and 20 pressure-reducing cushions (Mediform Visco). The study aimed to demonstrate a reduction in pressure ulcer prevalence. The study involved 21 residents over a 6-month period. There was a 58.3% prevalence (of Stirling grade 1-2 pressure damage) at trial initiation. The results showed an 85.7% decrease of pressure ulcers within 4 weeks, and an overall decrease of 82.5% over the 6-month period. Comfort levels, scored by residents on a visual analogue scale, demonstrated the Pressurease mattress to be superior to the nursing home standard mattress.     

What is the best support surface in prevention and treatment,as of 2012, for a patient at risk and/or suffering from pressure ulcer sore? Developing French guidelines for clinical practice

IntroductionThe use of support surfaces in the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers prevention is an important part of care for a patient at risk and/or suffering from sore(s).ObjectivesDefine which support surfaces to use in prevention and treatment of at-risk and/or pressure sore patients.MethodologyA systematic review of the literature querying the several Pascal Biomed, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases from 2000 through 2010.Results (Grade A)In prevention, a structured foam mattress is more efficient than a standard hospital mattress. An alternating pressure mattress is more effective than a visco-elastic mattress limiting the occurrence heel pressure ulcers, but those that do occur are more serious. A low-air-loss bed is more efficient than a mixed pulsating air mattress in prevention of heel pressure ulcers. Some types of sheepskin can reduce sacral pressure ulcer incidence in orthopedic patients. Use of an overlay on an operating table limits the occurrence of peroperative and postoperative pressure ulcers. An air-fluidized bed improves pressure ulcer healing.DiscussionThe data in the literature are not always relevant and do not suffice to dictate a clinician's choices. We are compelled to recognize the methodological limitations of many studies, the lack of corporate interest in conducting such studies and the relatively small number of available trials. However, the effectiveness of some support surfaces reaches a sufficient level of evidence, especially when they are associated with postural, hydration and nutritional measures.ConclusionSupport surfaces are recommended in prevention and treatment of patients at risk and/or already suffering from pressure ulcer, and their use should constitute part of an overall preventive or curative strategy.     

Clinical evaluation of an electronic pressure-relieving mattress

A 12-month clinical evaluation of the Talley Quattro Deep Cell 2000 mattress manufactured by Talley Medical was undertaken on both a trauma and surgical ward at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital. An identified registered nurse coordinated the evaluation with support from tissue viability clinical nurse specialists. Data on patients, including diagnosis, Waterlow score, pressure area condition and general comments by nurses and patients, were collected. The evaluation involved 35 patients who were at high- to very-high risk of pressure sore formation. The results showed that 16 out of 40 sores healed during the evaluation period and 16 sores remained unchanged. Only one patient developed broken skin while nursed on the mattress. Seventeen patients maintained tissue integrity. Although the study was limited the results suggest that the Talley Quattro Deep Cell 2000 mattress is useful in preventing and managing pressure sores in high- to very high-risk patients.     

Pressure ulcer prevention and treatment: the Transair range.

The Transair range has been updated as a result of clinical and technical advances. The Transair 500 cushion system utilizes foam and air technology to minimize disturbance to the user. Clinical trials suggest that this cushion is of benefit in both the prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. The Transair 1001 alternating pressure air overlay and the Transair 2002 mattress replacement have both been revised to provide improved performance and both have been subjected to clinical trials. The results of these trials suggest that both have a role in the prevention and treatment of pressure sores in the individual in the high/very high risk group. This article examines these innovations in the Transair mattress and seating systems.     

两种减压床垫用于手术患者的便利性和舒适度评价

目的评价静态和动态空气床垫用于手术患者预防压疮的便利性和舒适度,为临床优选减压床垫提供依据。方法选取12所医院的1074例术后患者为研究对象,其中562例使用静态空气床垫,512例使用动态空气床垫,其他护理措施相同,观察术后0～5d医院获得性压疮发生率和分期、护士操作便利性和患者舒适度。结果两组患者压疮发生率、护士评价两种减压床垫操作便利性和患者总体舒适度差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;普通外科手术患者评价静态空气床垫的舒适度优于动态空气床垫（P〈0．01）。结论静态和动态空气床垫用于手术后患者预防压疮的便利性和舒适度接近,均可选择使用。但在缺乏电源时优选静态空气床垫,普通外科手术患者可优选静态空气床垫。     

Evaluation of patient outcomes: pressure ulcer prevention mattresses

This article reports the findings of a small evaluation audit which compares the Dyna-Form Mercury Advance Mattress to that of the Softform Premier Active Mattress (a foam mattress with dynamic underlay). A small group of patients with similar co-morbidities who were an emergency admission were recruited to an evaluation audit. Their median age and Waterlow score indicated that these patients were at high risk of pressure ulcer development. All patients were given the same nursing care on the two mattresses and all were moved, handled and repositioned 2-4 hourly. Of the patients nursed on the Dyna-Form Mercury Advance mattress, three did not develop pressure ulcers. The two who already had pressure ulcers when they were recruited appeared to have healed within four days. Of the patients nursed on the Softform Premier Active mattress, three patients did not develop ulcers and two did. Although the sample size was small, the comprehensive assessment gave interesting results, particularly on the Dyna-Form Mercury Advance. A larger study may be of benefit to demonstrate efficacy of these products further.     

应用多功能床垫降低妊娠期高血压病病人血压的研究

[目的]探讨妊娠期高血压病病人使用多功能床垫降低血压的临床价值。[方法]根据孕妇的生理体态设计多功能床垫。随机将110例产妇分为两组,实验组52例使用多功能床垫,对照组58例使用传统床垫。[结果]应用多功能床垫可降低收缩压和舒张压,同对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。[结论]妊娠期高血压病病人应用多功能床垫可及时有效的控制血压,延长孕周,减少母婴并发症。     

MEASUREMENTS OF INTERFACE PRESSURE BETWEEN BODY SITES AND THE SURFACES OF FOUR SPECIALISED AIR MATTRESSES

SUMMARY Four specialised air mattresses had interface pressure measured under six body sites prone to pressure sores in 10 subjects, supine and sitting. The mattresses were the Clinirest (SSI) and FirstStep (KCI) continuous airflow mattress overlays, and Airwave (Pegasus) and Nimbus (Huntleigh) alternating pressure air mattresses. On the mattress overlays, average supine interface pressures were 2.33 kPa (scapula), 4.15 kPa (elbow), 1.94 kPa (sacrum) and 2.79 kPa (buttock), although they were higher at the occiput (7.97 kPa) and heel (11.7 kPa). The alternating pressure air mattresses had an average minimum interface pressure close to zero for three sites, rising to 4.28 kPa under the heel. Average maximum interface pressures were 8.61 kPa (occiput), 5.21 kPa (scapula), 4.90 (elbow), 4.85 kPa (sacrum), 4.61 kPa (buttock) and 13.2 kPa (heel). No accepted scientific method exists for comparing the two types of mattress. Our data suggest a clinical benefit at the occiput and heel (supine) in using an alternating pressure air mattress and a benefit in using a continuous airflow mattress overlay at other sites.     

An Investigation of Pressure Ulcer Risk,Comfort, and Pain in Medical Imaging

Introduction

Pressure ulcers present significant trauma to patients and are expensive to manage. In medical imaging (MI), no study has been conducted to rigorously investigate interface pressure (IP) risk on MI table surfaces. IP is defined as the pressure between human body and a supporting surface. The aims of this research were to investigate whether IP risks exist on MI table surfaces and to assess pain and comfort when lying on MI table surfaces.

Guideline implementation results in a decrease of pressure ulcer incidence in critically ill patients

OBJECTIVE: To describe the short-term and long-term effects of a hospital-wide pressure ulcer prevention and treatment guideline on both the incidence and the time to the onset of pressure ulcers in critically ill patients. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Adult intensive care department of a university medical center. PATIENTS: Critically ill patients (n = 399). INTERVENTIONS: A guideline for pressure ulcer care was implemented on all intensive care units. The attention of nurses for timely transfer to a specific pressure-reducing device was an important part of this guideline. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Patient characteristics, demographics, pressure ulcer risk profile at admission, daily pressure ulcer grading, and type of mattress were determined to describe the short-term and long-term effects 3 and 12 months after the implementation. The incidence density of pressure ulcers grade II-IV decreased from 54 per 1000 patient days at baseline to 32 per 1000 days (p = .001) 12 months after the implementation. The median pressure ulcer-free time increased from 12 days to 19 days (hazard rate ratio, 0.58; p = .02). After adjustment for differences in risk factors in a Cox proportional hazard model, the number of preventive transfers to special mattresses was the strongest indicator for the decreased risk of pressure ulcers (hazard rate ratio, 0.22; p < .001). The number needed to treat to prevent one pressure ulcer during the first 9 days was six. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a guideline for pressure ulcer care resulted in a significant and sustained decrease in the development of grade II-IV pressure ulcers in critically ill patients. Timely transfer to a specific mattress (i.e., transfer before the occurrence of a pressure ulcer) was the main indicator for a decrease in pressure ulcer development.     

Braden评估表在神经内科卧床患者压疮预防中的应用

目的评价Braden评估表对神经内科卧床患者压疮的预测效果,探讨压疮分组预防措施效果。方法选取400例新人院、首次评估无压疮的神经内科卧床患者,应用Braden评估表动态评估发生压疮的危险性,将400例患者按评分分为高危、中危、低危及无危组4组各100例,并分别将高危、中危、低危组随机分为实验组和对照组各50例;对照组采取常规干预措施,高危实验组使用气垫床,中危实验组使用海绵床垫,低危实验组每4h翻身1次,其他预防措施同对照组,无危险组不采取任何干预措施。结果Braden评估表在首次和末次评分时ROC曲线下面积分别为0．771和0．828,诊断界值取17分时其对应灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值等指标均能达到较高水平。在分组干预中,高、中、低危实验组分别与对照组比较,各组压疮发生率均无显著差异。结论Braden评估表对神经内科卧床患者压疮发生有较好的预测效果,17分是较理想的诊断界值。对神经内科压疮高危者采用气垫床、中度危险者采用海绵垫,压疮发生率降低不显著。低危者可采取每4h翻身1次的方法以减少资源的消耗。     

Braden评估表在神经内科卧床患者压疮预防中的应用

目的 评价Braden评估表对神经内科卧床患者压疮的预测效果,探讨压疮分组预防措施效果.方法 选取400例新人院、首次评估无压疮的神经内科卧床患者,应用Braden评估表动态评估发生压疮的危险性,将400例患者按评分分为高危、中危、低危及无危组4组各100例,并分别将高危、中危、低危组随机分为实验组和对照组各50例;对照组采取常规干预措施,高危实验组使用气垫床,中危实验组使用海绵床垫,低危实验组每4 h翻身1次,其他预防措施同对照组,无危险组不采取任何干预措施.结果 Braden评估表在首次和末次评分时ROC曲线下面积分别为0.771和0.828,诊断界值取17分时其对应灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值等指标均能达到较高水平.在分组干预中,高、中、低危实验组分别与对照组比较,各组压疮发生率均无显著差异.结论 Braden评估表对神经内科卧床患者压疮发生有较好的预测效果,17分是较理想的诊断界值.对神经内科压疮高危者采用气挚床、中度危险者采用海绵垫,压疮发生率降低不显著.低危者可采取每4 h翻身1次的方法以减少资源的消耗.     

A Phantom-Based Method to Assess X-Ray Table Mattress Interface Pressures

BackgroundPressure redistribution performance of x-ray table mattresses can influence the development of pressure ulcers in at-risk populations. Interface pressure analysis, with human participants, is a common method to assess mattresses. This approach has limitations that relate to the lack of standardisation between and within humans.AimThis study aimed to develop and validate an anthropomorphic phantom-based method to assess x-ray table mattress interface pressures as an index of mattress performance.MethodsA three dimensional phantom simulating an adult’s head, pelvis, and heels was printed from x-ray computed tomography image data and attached to a metal frame 175 cm in length. Dry sand was added to the phantom head, pelvis, and heels to represent a range of human weights. Pressure distribution was assessed using XSensor. Phantom validation was achieved by comparing phantom mattress interface pressure characteristics, for five human equivalent weights, against 27 sets of human mattress interface pressure data.ResultsUsing the correlation coefficient R, phantom and human pressure data showed good correlation for the five phantom weights (R values: head = 0.993, pelvis = 0.997, and heels = 0.996).ConclusionA novel method to test x-ray mattresses for interface pressure was developed and validated. The method could have utility in the testing of x-ray mattresses that are in routine use and for new mattress development. Phantom interface pressure data could be provided by manufacturers to help inform procurement decisions when matching mattress characteristics to medical imaging demands and the underlying patient populations.     

Prevalence of decubitus lesions in a hospital in Lombardia

A one day prevalence survey was performed in a University Hospital, with the aim of assessing the risk of developing a pressure sore by patients systematically assessed with the Waterlow Scale. Out of the 141 at risk patients, 16 had a pressure sore (11.3%). For six of them the sore was already present at admission so that the in hospital incidence was 7% (10 patients). Most at risk patients (74.4) were still cared on a standard mattress. The advantages and limits of prevalence surveys are discussed at the end of the three articles that present a prevalence survey, an incidence survey and the study of sentinel events.     

Effects of different heel angles in sleep mode on heel interface pressure in the elderly

BackgroundThe heels are one of the most common sites of pressure ulcers, and the incidence rate in the elderly aged 70 years or older is high. Although there is literature on heel interface pressure, the heel interface pressure of the elderly in different postures has not yet been explored, which will be investigated in this study, as well as the effects of different foot positions. Their skin conditions will also be examined.MethodsTwenty-five females and twenty-six males, 70 years old or older, are evaluated while lying down, with only their naked foot in its natural position on a mattress, as well as placed on a standard or pressure-relieving mattress in different positions. The moisture, sebum content, and elasticity of the skin of the heel are tested.FindingsThe heel of most of the participants is positioned at a 60°–69° or 90°–99° angle to the support surface. The heel interface pressure is the greatest when the foot is upright. The age, weight, and body mass index have no significant impacts. The moisture and sebum content are extremely low while elasticity is normal.InterpretationThe relaxed position of the foot is in neutral external rotation and upright positions. A greater amount of pressure is experienced when the foot is upright. The pressure-relieving mattress is more effective for reducing heel pressure but may not apply to all cases. Finally, the skin of the heel is dry and lacks sebum, which implies greater risk of developing heel sores.