Dental injuries among Norwegian soccer players

The incidence and type of dental injuries among Norwegian soccer players were assessed according to the files of the Norwegian Soccer Association. In 1979-83 a total of 7319 injuries were reported. Approximately 20% (1267) were dental injuries. In every fifth case the expenses for necessary dental treatment exceeded the maximum compensation from the insurance company. The majority of the injuries occurred among male players (96.5%). Also the relative frequency of dental injuries was higher in men than in women. The prevalence of dental injuries was highest in the top division, and decreased gradually down through the divisions. Goalkeepers seemed to be more susceptible to injuries than did the other players. Uncomplicated crown fracture of maxillary front teeth was common and accounted for 45% of all dental injuries.     

Dental injuries of permanent teeth treated in private practice in Athens

Abstract Although there are several epidernmogical studies on dental trauma internationally, there arc not many studies dial record, analyses and Follow different kinds of dental trauma treated in a private office, and that evaluate how parameters such as type of dental trauma, as well as time lapse until treatment might influence the final outcome and the prognosis of the teeth. The sample consisted of 242 patients, 6 17 years of age, with injured teeth treated within a period off) years. All the cases were treated by the first author and were followed for at least 5 years. The treatment modalities used were based upon the clinical examination and the history of the case and included direct and indirect pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, pulpotorny, pulpectomy and splinting. The type of trauma was classified based on WHO classification partially modified. Seventy six percent of the teeth suffered only hard tissue injuries and 22% had only periodontal ligament PDL) trauma. Of the total number of teeth class 1 represented 3%, class II 59%, class III 20% and class IV 2%. of the PDL. injuries 14% of the teeth suffered concussion. 69% luxation and 17% exarlicalation. The highest incidence of dental trauma was observed at linage of 10. Sixty eight percent of the patients sought treatment 3 days or more alter the trauma had occurred (delayed treatment. while only 32% within the first 3 days (immediate treatment). Tin-main reasons for delayed treatment were neglect (50%) and 1111-awareness (37%). Of die teeth with delayer! treatment 43% became necrotic, while only 28% of the teeth that were treated on lime needed pulpcclomy. Luxations caused more pulp necrosis (46%) than Class I (0%) Class II (7%) or Class III (34%) type of trauma. the data from this study suggested that a) most of the dental injuries on permanent teeth were class II or III type, by a high percentage (68%) of the patients sought treatment more than 3 days after the injury (delayed treatment), c) delayed treatment caused more necrotic teeth, d) the public should be informed of the importance of immediate treatment in an effort to improve the prognosis of the pulp, e) dentists should be informed of the appropriate treatment of denial injuries since 10.3% of the cases were mistreated.     

Dental squash injuries – a survey among players and coaches in Switzerland, Germany and France

Abstract –  Squash belongs to sporting activities with medium risk of causing dental trauma. Because of high velocity, close body contact and the use of rackets the injury potential in squash has increased. The aim of this work was to conduct a comparative study between Switzerland, Germany and France on a number of issues: the frequency of dental and facial injuries in squash, athletes' habits of wearing mouthguards, as well as the general level of information about emergency measures after a dental trauma and the resulting consequences. Using a standardized questionnaire a total of 653 individuals, 600 squash players and their 53 coaches, were interviewed. In each of the three countries 200 players belonging to four different divisions (juniors, amateurs, semi-professionals and professionals) were surveyed. Of these 653 interviewees 133 (20.4%) have already observed a dental injury; 27 (4.5%) have experienced a dental trauma themselves. Less than half of all interviewed players and coaches (47.6%) were aware of the possibility of replanting avulsed teeth. Just 5.1% were familiar with the tooth rescue kit. Only one individual wore a mouthguard. The results show that the area of squash requires more information about prevention through sports associations, coaches and dentists.     

Dental emergencies presenting to a dental teaching hospital due to complications from traumatic dental injuries

Abstract  – In Jordan, only two surveys of dental trauma have been carried out. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and pattern of dental emergencies resulting from traumatic injuries, as well as treatment provided to children presenting with these dental emergencies. Over a 1-year period, 620 children presented to our pediatric dental clinics with dental emergencies; 195 (31%) of these emergencies were a consequence of dental trauma to 287 teeth and were included in the study. The average time between the trauma and the dental emergency was 5 months. Pain or sensitivity was the most frequent presenting symptom (31.3%) followed by swelling or sinus tract (17.4%). The age of these patients ranged from 15 months to 14 years, with an average age of 9.3 years. Males accounted for 75.4% of the children in the samples, whereas females accounted for only 24.6%. The main cause of dental trauma was falling during play (58.5%); the least common cause was motor vehicle accidents, accounting for only 1.5% of all injuries. Most of the dental injuries occurred at home (41.5%), around noon time. The most commonly involved teeth were permanent maxillary central incisors accounting for 79.5% of all teeth involved by dental trauma. The most frequently encountered type of trauma in this sample was crown fracture seen in 76.6% of the teeth . Soft tissue injuries were estimated to occur in 16.9% of the children. The treatment received by the children in the sample ranged from no active treatment (6.2%) to elaborate dental procedures such as pulp therapy (41.3%) and prosthetic replacement of missing teeth (5.1%).     

Dental injuries among schoolchildren aged from 6 to 15, in Rennes (France)

Abstract A representative sample of 2020 schoolchildren, aged 6 to 15 years, was randomly selected from 85 state and private schools in Rennes and distributed in 10 groups, according to their age. Type and prevalence of dental injuries were determined in each group, using Ellis & Davey's classification, giving rise to a subset of 345 subjects. Simple enamel fracture was the predominant injury (59.4%), occuring most often on maxillary central incisors. Most time (77.1%), the trauma affected only one tooth. Mean prevalence of dental injuries was 13.6% from 2020 subjects. Boys showed a higher prevalence than girls (respectively 17% and 10.2%), but this difference was only significant for age-groups 12 and 13 (p<0.001) and for the whole group of 6–15 (p<0.001).     

Dental injuries in inline skating – level of information and prevention

Abstract –  Inline skating belongs like ice hockey, rugby, and boxing to sporting activities with high-risk of suffering tooth accidents. Because of high velocity and loss of balance, especially on uneven ground, the injury potential in inline skating is higher. The objective of this work was to conduct a comparative study between Switzerland and Germany. The questions focussed on the frequency of tooth accidents, their prevention by mouthguard and the level of information about emergency measures after dental trauma and the resulting consequences for athletes. Using a standardized questionnaire totally 612 individuals, 324 men and 288 women, in two countries belonging to three different divisions (fun, fitness and speed) were surveyed. Fifty-six (9.2%) of these 612 interviewees have already experienced a tooth injury while inline skating. More than half of all interviewed players (68.3%) were aware of the possibility of replanting avulsed teeth. Only 32.4% were familiar with the tooth rescue kit. Just 65.4% knew mouthguard and only 1.9% of those athletes ( n  = 12) wore a mouthguard while inline skating. The results show that the area of inline skating requires more information about preventing dental trauma through sports associations and dentists.     

Traumatic injuries to permanent incisors

Abstract The prevalence of traumatic injuries to permanent incisors and their distribution according to type and some clinical factors, were analysed in a total population of 2798 patients, aged 6–21 years, examined over a 5-year period in the Dental Clinic of the University of Verona, Italy. The material consisted of case histories and radiograms taken during the examination of injured teeth. The number of injured patients was 178 (131 males and 47 females), the number of injured incisors was 326. The prevalence of injuries was 7.3%. A very large number of dental injuries occured to children aged between 6 and 13 years. The ratio of boys to girls was 2.7:1. Most frequent causes of injuries were falls and traffic accidents. Most injuries involved two teeth. About 80% of the teeth were maxillary central incisors. The most common type of injury was non complicated crown fracture. In 87 cases (48%) there was an associated injury to soft tissue. Alveolar fractures occurred in 22 cases (12%). Traumas involving periodontal ligament constituted nearly 40% of the total. This study noted the following points: 1) preventive education programs should be instituted in the region, directed at parents and school teachers, to inform them about the problems of dental trauma and to obtain cooperative attitude to treatment and good motivation in controls; 2) the necessity to unify the diagnostic and therapeutic protocol to provide reliable information in clinical investigations, to permit valid comparison with other studies and to improve the long-term prognosis of many cases.     

Dental injuries and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and traumatic dental injuries in children. A total of 194 children aged 7–15 years participated in this study. Fifty‐seven traumatic injuries to permanent teeth were observed in 33 children. Although a statistically significant difference was not found (p= .848), the rate of incidence was higher in the group with ADHD (17.5%) than in the control group (16.5%). The maxillary right central incisors accounted for nearly half of all injured teeth, while the maxillary central incisors represented the most frequently injured teeth. Enamel fracture was the most common type of dental injury observed. The incidence of enamel fracture was higher in the control group (66.7%) than in the subjects with ADHD (43.3%). There was a significant association between the occurrence of traumatic dental injury and the presence of an overjet greater than 3 mm (p= .020).     

Traumatic dental injuries and Alpine skiing

Abstract – The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence and type of traumatic dental injuries after maxillofacial injuries as a result of Alpine skiing. During an 8‐year period (from January 1991 to December 1998) 7600 patients with facial injuries were registered at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Innsbruck, Austria. Of 784 patients with skiing‐related facial injuries (524 males, 260 females) 326 (41.6%) sustained injuries to 639 teeth. The age groups predominantly affected were between 7 and 32 years. Luxation injuries occurred in 338 (53%) teeth, fractures accounted for 270 tooth injuries (42%), and only 35 (5%) were lost at the place of the accident. Of skiers with traumatic dental injuries 58% had concomitant soft tissue injuries, while 23.3% had associated facial bone fractures. The most common causes of injury were falls in 42% (329 patients) and collisions with other persons in 24.1% (189 patients). Being hit by one's own sports equipment (11%) was the third most common cause. Collisions with obstacles accounted for 9% and lift accidents for 5.6% of injuries. The probability of suffering dentoalveolar trauma during skiing varied depending on the injury mechanism. There was a 2–fold risk for dentoalveolar trauma when colliding with objects, a 3.5‐fold risk when hit by one's own equipment and a 8.5‐fold risk during lift accidents. Dental injuries occurred in about 2% of all injured skiers. Dental health professionals should be aware of the high incidence and the distribution of dental trauma and facial injuries caused by skiing.     

Traumatic injuries to anterior teeth in Italian schoolchildren: prevalence and risk factors

Abstract In the present study, the prevalence of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth in 824, 6- to I 1-year-old, schoolchildren from Rome (Italy) and the relationship between injuries and predisposing factors were evaluated. Prevalence value of the study-population was 20.26%. This value is higher than those reported in surveys performed in Italian emergency dental services, but it is similar to those of retrospective studies from other countries. The highest prevalence was found among 9-year-old boys (33.69%); the M/F ratio was 1.64. The percentage of injuries with unknown cause (21.46%) was higher than that of other studies. This may be because most of injuries were slight (64.39% of injuries were enamel fractures) and it is likely that children and their parents were not worried about them, when they happened, so that they did not seek urgent dental care - this helps to explain the prevalence values of this and other retrospective studies, which are higher than those from emergency services - and, when interviewed, they did not remember the circumstances of the traumatic event. Using the Mantcl-Haenszel's Odds Ratios stratified for age and sex, injuries were related to individual predisposing factors (overjet larger than 3 mm: OR=2.57, p = 0.0001, short upper lip: OR=2.23, p=0.0001 and upper medial incisor protrusion: OR=3.95. p = n.s.), but not to children's trauma predisposing behaviour (OR=0.92, p = n.s.). Serious injuries, however, happened lo children without predisposing factors and were caused by strong impacts, suggesting that individual risk factors may not affect these type of injuries.     

Dental injuries in association with mandibular condyle fractures

Abstract A total of 356 patients with mandibular condyle fractures were studied regarding associated dental injuries. One third of the patients had injured teeth, on average, 3.7 teeth had been injured per accident. Dental traumas were distributed equally between the anterior (incisors and canines) and posterior teeth (premolars and molars) in both jaws. In unilateral condylar fracture cases maxillary dental injuries involved more often premolars and/or molars of the fracture side than those of the non-fracture side. The mean number of dental traumas in the mandible was higher in cases of simultaneous mandibular body fracture than without, whereas the presence of mandibular body fracture did not affect number of associated dental injuries in the maxilla. The dental injuries were mostly to hard tissue (78%), which were commonest in men, 20 to 29 years of age, and in victims of violence or fall accidents. Severe dental injuries in association with mandibular condyle fractures were more common in accidents due to traffic and miscellaneous causes than in those due to violence. Severe dental injuries were more often encountered when simultaneous mandibular body fracture was present than when it was not and more so in bilateral than unilateral condylar fracture cases. The most important factor correlating with the severity of dental injuries was the presence of bilateral condylar fracture.     

Traumatic dental injuries at the Accident and Emergency Department of Singapore General Hospital

Abstract The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the occurrence and the type of after office-hours traumatic dental injuries managed by the Dental Unit of the Accident and Emergency Department at the Singapore General Hospital. During a 2-year period (from August 1990 to July 1992), 461 trauma patients (314 males, 147 females) sustained injuries to 968 teeth. The distribution in different races of Chinese: Malay: Indian: others was 7.3: 1.3: 0.9: 0.5. The predominant age groups were 2–3 years, 3–4 years and 17–18 years; 71.3% of the teeth sustained luxation type injuries, the remaining 28.7% had fractures, 45.3% of the cohort had concomitant soft tissues injuries, while 13.7% had associated facial bone fractures. Teenager traumas were more common during school vacations. It is concluded that thorough standardized documentation is imperative to obtain baseline information on dental trauma. This could facilitate future preventive measures, education and research.