食管癌cfDNA与临床特征的相关性及作为放疗疗效检测标志物的潜在价值

目的：探讨食管癌游离DNA(cell free DNA,cfDNA)与临床特征的相关性及其作为放疗疗效检测标志物的潜在价值。方法：选取2018年1月至2019年12月南通大学第二附属医院收治的食管癌患者60例,为食管癌组。另选本院同期60例健康体检志愿者作为对照组。采用两步法磁珠提取血浆cfDNA,分析血浆cfDNA水平与患者临床特征的相关性,并比较患者放疗前后的血浆cfDNA水平。结果：患者年龄、性别、肿瘤位置、肿瘤分期、肿瘤家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史、肿瘤分化程度等与cfDNA水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),仅与肿瘤体积大小差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。cfDNA水平与肿瘤体积大小呈正相关(r=0.672,P=0.013)。食管癌组患者放疗后的血浆cfDNA水平显著低于放疗前,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);食管癌组患者放疗后的血浆cfDNA水平高于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：cfDNA水平与食管癌患者的肿瘤体积大小呈正相关,并随放射治疗呈动态变化,cfDNA可作为放疗疗效检测标志物。     

联合检测粪便MGMT基因甲基化和隐血在结直肠癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨粪便O6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶基因(MGMT)甲基化和粪便隐血试验(FOBT)联合检测在结直肠癌(CRC)诊断中的价值。方法用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)及FOBT对56例CRC患者和34例体检健康者进行粪便MGMT基因启动子甲基化联合检测,分析MGMT基因启动子甲基化和FOBT与CRC临床病理特征的关系。结果 CRC患者粪便MGMT基因启动子甲基化率为33.9%,体检健康者为2.9%;联合FOBT检测诊断CRC敏感性为55.4%,明显高于单独MGMT基因甲基化的33.9%(χ2=14.674,P<0.01)和单独FOBT的33.4%(χ2=14.322,P<0.01)。MGMT基因甲基化与CRC患者的肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、分化程度、Dukes分期均无相关性(P>0.05)。结论联合检测粪便MGMT基因启动子甲基化及隐血可提高CRC的诊断效率,有望成为CRC的非侵入性筛查方法。     

血浆游离DNA作为急性冠状动脉综合征诊断生物标志物的价值

目的以Alu为靶基因,探讨血浆游离DNA(cfDNA)作为急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)诊断生物标志物的价值。方法采用基于Alu基因的支链DNA(bDNA)技术定量检测140例ACS患者(ACS组)和60名健康体检者(正常对照组)血浆cfDNA水平,并对部分行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术的ACS患者进行术前和术后的动态观测。采用化学发光法检测心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌红蛋白(MYO)水平,分析cfDNA与cTnI、CK-MB、MYO的相关性,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价cfDNA诊断ACS的价值。结果 ACS组血浆cfDNA水平为2 550.3(969.9~4 866.4)ng/m L,明显高于正常对照组[118.3(81.1~221.1)ng/m L,P0.001]。10例行PCI术的ACS患者术前、术后血浆cfDNA水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但术后呈下降趋势。cfDNA与cTnI、CK-MB、MYO水平无相关性(r2=0.031、0.152、0.217,P0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示cfDNA诊断ACS的ROC曲线下面积(0.95)和敏感性(82.76%)优于cTnI(0.57和22.41%)、CK-MB(0.81和20.69%)及MYO(0.64和10.34%),4项指标的特异性均为100.00%。结论 ACS患者cfDNA水平明显升高,其临床诊断效能明显高于目前临床常用的心肌标志物,可作为诊断ACS重要的生物学指标。     

粪便SDC2基因甲基化检测联合结肠镜在早期结直肠癌筛查中的意义

目的探讨粪便SDC2基因甲基化检测联合结肠镜在早期结直肠癌(CRC)筛查中的意义。方法选择2018年1月-2019年10月在深圳市宝安区中心医院体检的1 000例体检者作为研究对象,使用试剂盒分别检测粪便SDC2基因甲基化和血浆SEPT9基因甲基化,对两者任一结果为阳性者再行结肠镜检查。比较SDC2和SEPT9基因甲基化检测的阳性率以及两者联合结肠镜对进展性腺瘤和CRC的检出率。结果在1 000例筛查对象中,粪便SDC2基因甲基化检测阳性率明显高于血浆SEPT9基因甲基化〔18.10%(181/1 000)比9.80%(98/1 000)〕,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);粪便SDC2基因甲基化检测联合结肠镜对进展性腺瘤和CRC的检出率均明显高于血浆SEPT9基因甲基化检测联合结肠镜筛查〔进展性腺瘤检出率:2.50%(25/1 000)比1.00%(10/1 000),CRC检出率:1.50%(15/1 000)比0.50%(5/1 000)〕,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论粪便SDC2基因甲基化检测是一种简单无创的CRC筛查新技术,患者接受程度更高,能够避免大规模肠镜筛查带来的弊端,联合结肠镜检测可作为CRC早期筛查的首选策略。     

血浆Septin9基因甲基化检测性能评价及对结直肠癌患者的筛查价值

摘要：目的：评价血浆 Septin9 基因甲基化检测试剂盒对结直肠癌(CRC)的诊断价值，并进行性能验证。 方法：收集2016年10月至2017年5月CRC手术患者的术前血浆标本32例及健康成人血浆标本10例。采用血浆 Septin9 基因甲基化检测试剂盒检测两组血浆 Septin9 基因甲基化水平，对该试剂盒诊断CRC的符合率、最低检出限和精密度进行评价，并与癌胚抗原（CEA）和粪便隐血试验（FIT）进行方法学比较。 结果：血浆 Septin9 基因甲基化试剂盒检测CRC患者的阴、阳性符合率为100%；检测限参考品阳性；精密度变异系数＜5%，符合基本性能要求。 Septin9 基因甲基化检测用于诊断CRC的敏感性为62.50%，特异性为90.00%，阳性预测值为95.20%，阴性预测值为42.90%。血浆 Septin9 基因甲基化检测对于CRC的检出率为62.50%，明显高FIT（28.13%）及CEA（28.13%）的检出率，差异均具有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。 Septin9 基因甲基化检测的曲线下面积（AUC^ROC）为0.762。 Septin9 基因甲基化检测对于Ⅰ期CRC的检出率为50.00%。 结论：该血浆 Septin9 基因甲基化试剂盒的性能指标满足预期临床用途要求，可以作为CRC血清学辅助诊断标志物。     

专用采血管对血浆中循环游离DNA保存效果的影响

目的验证专用采血管对血浆中循环游离DNA(cfDNA)保存效果的影响。方法分别用EDTAK2抗凝管和两种cfDNA保存专用采血管采集健康成人外周血,待血样室温保存到固定的时间点时,分离提取血浆中的cfDNA,定量检测不同时间点血浆中cfDNA水平的变化情况。结果采集在EDTA-K2抗凝管中的血浆cfDNA水平随着时间的推移有逐渐升高后达到稳定的趋势,而采集在两种cfDNA保存专用采血管中的血浆cfDNA水平至少7d内保持稳定。结论血液标本在EDTA-K2抗凝管中长期存放会导致血浆中cfDNA水平不稳定,这种变化可能与血液中基因组DNA的污染和cfDNA降解的动态平衡有关,专用采血管能够在至少7d内稳定血浆中cfDNA的水平,对后续cfDNA的定量检测及临床应用有重要作用。     

外周血液中循环肿瘤细胞和循环游离DNA检测在乳腺癌患者中的应用

目的 探究外周血液中循环肿瘤细胞(CTCs)和循环游离DNA(cfDNA)检测在乳腺癌患者中的应用效果.方法 收集本院2018-02-2019-02收治的94例乳腺癌患者、48例乳腺良性疾病患者及56例健康体检者外周血液标本,采用基于尺寸的高通量微流控芯片捕获CTCs、基于Alu序列的实时荧光定量PCR检测游离DNA长...     

血浆相关基因甲基化在食管癌复发中的临床价值

目的 评估血浆相关基因甲基化在食管癌复发中的临床价值。方法 收集81例食管癌(ESCC)患者及60例健康体检者血浆。采用甲基化特异性PCR技术分析了81例食管癌患者及60例健康体检者血浆中四个基因SFRP-1,WIF-1,DKK-3和RUNX3启动子区域的甲基化。结果 这四种基因在食管癌血浆甲基化频率均超过25%,其中:SFRP-1为29.6%,WIF-1 35.8%,DKK-3 37.4%,RUNX-3 35.8%; 健康体检者血浆中均未检测到相关基因的甲基化。食管癌患者血浆中SFRP-1(χ²=14.16,P<0.01),DKK-3(χ²=6.21,P<0.05)和RUNX3(χ²=11.75,P<0.01)基因甲基化明显与食管癌的复发有关,未发现WIF-1基因甲基化与食管癌复发有关(χ²=3.39,P>0.05)。结论 食管癌血浆相关基因甲基化可能与食管癌复发相关。     

结直肠癌筛查人群血浆游离DNA浓度及其对甲基化筛检技术的影响

目的 明确结直肠癌筛查人群血浆中游离DNA(cfDNA)浓度的特点,试验cfDNA定量能否提高血浆甲基化标志物筛查结直肠癌的性能。方法 一项基于人群研究从社区招募40～74岁个体。结肠镜检查前进行问卷调查和抽血,纯化血浆cfDNA进行浓度测定,然后用MethyLight检测两种甲基化标志物（SEPT9和C9ORF50）。构建加或不加cfDNA浓度因素的多因素风险预测模型,生成接收操作曲线,比较诊断性能。结果 最终纳入479例,其中进展期肿瘤58例。血浆cfDNA浓度最高的前10位个体平均（139.96±183.10）,cfDNA浓度是其余个体（7.82±4.42）的18倍。cfDNA浓度升高者特征多样,仅与腹痛、高脂血症统计学相关。加或不加血浆cfDNA浓度的风险模型预测进展期肿瘤无显著差异（AUC=0.579和0.591,P=0.466）。对样本设置cfDNA浓度阳性阈值后,甲基化检测对进展期肿瘤敏感性（19.0%,95%CI:8.9～29.1）和特异性（89.1%,95%CI:86.1～92.1）并未提高。结论 社区人群中少数看似正常的个体,由于未知原因,其血浆中cfDNA浓度较高...     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.