新生儿颈内静脉穿刺置管术的应用解剖

目的为新生儿颈内静脉穿刺置管术提供解剖学基础.方法对15具30侧新生儿尸体标本的颈内静脉及相关结构进行解剖观测.结果颈内静脉外径左(5.6±1.7)mm,右(6.5±1.0)mm.颈内静脉与头臂静脉夹角左(114±8)°,右(145±9)°,颈总动脉与胸锁乳突肌前缘交点位于胸锁乳突肌前缘的近中点处,其交点平面以下颈内静脉长度为(2.7±0.5)cm,左、右头臂静脉和上腔静脉长度分别为2.4、1.4和1.8cm.结论新生儿颈内静脉下段口径粗大,与颈总动脉伴行毗邻清楚,变异较小.穿刺易在颈总动脉与胸锁乳突肌前缘交点稍外侧进针,插管长度左侧为7.0cm,右侧为6.0cm.     

双侧头臂静脉变异一例

<正>在解剖一具成年男性镜面人标本时,发现其左、右两侧头臂静脉变异较大,左头臂静脉缺如,右头臂静脉直接汇入左心房。为积累解剖学数据,现报道如下。本例标本上腔静脉及奇静脉与正常解解剖标本分布相反,均位于左侧胸腔。上腔静脉(外径30.90 mm)在正中线左侧29.48 mm处,自右心房起始至左颈内静脉与左锁骨下静脉分支处长度为81.84 mm。奇静脉(外径25.56mm)位于正中线位置。左、右两侧头臂静脉与正常解剖标     

上腔静脉及其主要属支的观测

在69具成人(男49女20)防腐尸体上,对锁骨下静脉、头臂静脉及上腔静脉的长度、外径以及两侧头臂静脉间夹角作了测量,同时观察了颈内静脉、锁骨下静脉的瓣膜,结果如下:1.颈内静脉:长度(自二腹肌下缘至静脉角)左侧为97.4±13.4(61.0-129.0)mm,右侧为98.9±15.1(59.0-133.0)mm;下1/3段外径:左侧为7.8±2.8(3.0-16.0)mm,右侧为8.3±2.6(3.0-13.0)mm;瓣膜:左侧下1/3段有双瓣4例,     

小儿颈外静脉穿刺的解剖学研究

目的 :为临床儿科静脉穿刺抽血提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 30例 (6 0侧 )甲醛固定的小儿尸体上解剖并观测了颈外静脉的深度、外径、长度及毗邻关系 ,并与大隐静脉、肘正中静脉进行了对比。结果 :双侧颈外静脉上段的平均深度为 3.6 1± 0 .46 m m,左侧外径为 3.34± 0 .78m m,右侧外径为 3.86± 0 .6 4mm,左侧长度为 35 .6 7± 3.30 mm,右侧长度为 41.6 2± 4.19mm。结论 :小儿浅静脉穿刺抽血应当首选颈外静脉上段 ,次选大隐静脉 ,肘正中静脉基本上不适用于穿刺。     

左肾静脉解剖学观察及临床意义

目的:研究左肾静脉的局部解剖关系为临床提供解剖学基础。方法:在72具成人尸体标本,解剖、测量和研究左肾静脉与腹主动脉、肠系膜上动脉和下腔静脉关系。结果:左肾静脉起始处外径(15.6±2.1)mm(12.0～19.0 mm),长度(6.8±1.1)cm(4.3～9.9 cm),注入下腔静脉高度为(11.6±1.9)cm(7.9～15.5 cm),左肾静脉经过腹主动脉和肠系膜上动脉夹角处,距肠系膜上动脉根部为(0.4±0.3)cm(0～1.2 cm),腹主动脉和肠系膜上动脉夹角为(41.6°±9.1°)(20°～60°)。结论:走行于腹主动脉和肠系膜上动脉根之间的左肾静脉易受压,严重时可出现血尿、直立性蛋白尿和男性精索静脉曲张等症状。     

经股静脉行肝内门-体静脉分流插管术的回归方程及临床意义

目的　为临床经股静脉肝内门 体静脉分流插管术提供解剖学依据。方法　在 4 5具成人尸体上观测了双侧股静脉穿刺点至肝中静脉的长度 ,与胸骨颈静脉切迹到耻骨联合上缘的距离作相关回归分析。结果　从左侧股静脉穿刺点至肝中静脉的长度为 (3 9 83± 3 87)cm ,直线回归方程为 ^y =3 0 9± 0 71x;P <0 0 2 5 ;从右侧股静脉穿刺点至肝中静脉的长度为(3 8 4 9± 3 60 )cm ,直线回归方程为 ^y =3 0 3± 0 67x ;P <0 0 1;左、右侧股静脉与髂外、髂总静脉的夹角分别为 163 2 2°± 5 5 7°和 166 0 0°± 5 10° ,左、右侧髂外、髂总静脉与下腔静脉的夹角分别为 14 6 4 4°± 9 0 7°和 15 8 0 0°± 5 2 3°。结论　经右侧股静脉插管较左侧更为有利 ,可根据方程计算出从股静脉穿刺点到肝中静脉的长度     

双上腔静脉变异一例

笔者在解剖1具老年女性尸体时,在左头臂静脉与冠状窦之间见有一静脉,现报道如下. 1 右上腔静脉 右上腔静脉由左、右头臂静脉在右第1肋与胸骨结合处后方汇合而成,其外径为21.21 mm(奇静脉汇人处为25.54 mm),长度为71.57 mm.于右侧第3胸肋关节后方注入右心房.     

双上腔静脉一例

由于胚胎早期状态持续存在,左、右头臂静脉可分别直接注入右心房,其通道称为左、右上腔静脉。双上腔静脉之间连以小支,这种类型较为多见,但二者之间连以左头臂静脉却鲜为提及,现报告一例,供临床参考。成年男尸,身长1.70m。一、右上腔静脉及其属支(见附图)1.右锁骨下静脉和颈内静脉在胸锁关节后方以75°夹角相汇合形成右头臂静脉,前者外     

左肾静脉主要属支的影像学应用解剖

目的:为与左睾丸静脉和左肾上腺静脉相关的临床影像学诊断和治疗提供解剖学资料。方法:成年男尸70具,分别测量左睾丸静脉和左肾上腺静脉的开口至下腔静脉(左缘)和左肾门的距离,以及左肾上腺静脉与左睾丸静脉两开口之间的水平距离,并进行统计学相关性分析。结果:①左睾丸静脉开口距下腔静脉35.6±9.1mm,距左肾门26.1±10.1mm。②左肾上腺静脉开口距下腔静脉29.6±11.8mm,距左肾门31.5±13.6mm。③62.7％的左肾上腺静脉开口于左睾丸静脉内侧,两者相距13.3±7.2mm;23.7％开口于左睾丸静脉外侧,相距8.8±6.6mm;两者相对的占13.6％。结论:两静脉开口距下腔静脉的距离与肾静脉长度呈直线正相关关系;肾静脉越长,两开口距下腔静脉距离越远、距肾门距离相对越近,但两开口之间的距离与肾静脉长度无关。本文还就调查中出现的变异情况提醒临床工作者注意。     

肝左静脉的解剖学类型及其临床意义

目的 :为肝移植和肝部分切除术提供解剖学资料。方法 :在 40例成人尸体肝膈面沿肝左肝静脉切除肝实质 ,显露肝左静脉 ;对肝左静脉及其属支进行了观测。结果 :肝左静脉长度 ( 3 0 .3± 1 .1 )mm ;主干直径 ( 1 1 .3±0 .2 6)mm ;主要属支直径为 ( 6.0± 0 .5 2 )mm ;肝左静脉主干在膈面距离下腔静脉汇入口 1 0、2 0、3 0mm处的深度分别是 ( 1 1 .5± 0 .49)、( 1 6± 0 .5 9)和 ( 1 9.1± 0 .64)mm ;肝左静脉在膈面与肝镰状韧带呈 ( 3 0 .2 9± 1 2 .3 3 )°角 ;肝左、中静脉共干的出现率仅为 3 0 % ;肝左静脉按其属支多少分为 6型。结论 :肝左静脉在肝实质内的位置和属支数目不恒定 ,以 3～ 4支最多。所观测的资料 ,对肝外科手术具有重要意义。     

A case of persistent left superior vena cava with a horseshoe kidney]

A case of persistent left superior vena cava with a horseshoe kidney was found in a Japanese male cadaver (72 years old) during a dissection for students in 1989. The main findings were as follows. The right superior vena cava (21.2 mm average diameter) was normal and opened into the right atrium. The left superior vena cava (8.4 mm average diameter) was smaller than the right one and ran in the coronary sinus to reach the right atrium. There was a small transverse anastomosis (8.9 mm average diameter), which corresponded to the normal left brachiocephalic vein, between the right and left superior vena cava. The azygos vein system showed a symmetrical condition and the right and left azygos veins opened into the superior vena cava on each side. This was the 57th case of persistent left superior vena cava reported in the anatomical literature in Japan. It corresponded to Type 3 of the classification by Fujimoto et al. (1971), and might be the first report of Type 3 in Japan. The horseshoe kidney was a typical one, in which the right and left kidneys were fused by an isthmus (bridge) consisting of renal tissues at their lower poles. The positions of both kidneys were lower than those of normal ones, the bilateral renal hili opened ventrally, the ureters ran on the anterior surface of the isthmus, the longitudinal axes of both kidneys crossed each other under the isthmus, and there were some additional renal arteries and veins. Neither the persistent left superior vena cava nor the horseshoe kidney alone are very rare anomalies, but a case such as the present, in which both anomalies coexist in the same body, is very rare.     

Anomalous venous system in the human heart

In a 2002 cadaveric dissection course, a complex manner of rare variation was found in the abnormal venous system of the heart of an 88-year-old Japanese man who died of acute pneumonia. The superior vena cava and the left and right brachiocephalic veins were normal. In this case, a complex venous system existed as follows. (1) A left superior vena cava was persistent. (2) The innominate vein was present. It went upward between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk, passed through the ventral side of the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, and then anastomosed with the left superior vena cava. The oblique vein of the left atrium, as a fibrous bundle, was connected to the junction of the left superior vena cava and the innominate vein in the pericardium. (3) The great cardiac vein was divided into two branches. One was located at the right side of the left coronary artery, forming the origin of the innominate vein. The other extended to the coronary sinus as a normal great cardiac vein. (4) The orifice of the coronary sinus on the right atrium was obliterated. (5) The abnormal orifice existed between the left atrium and the coronary sinus. The formation process and functional significance of such venous variations are discussed.     

3D reconstruction of the vessels that enter the right atrium of the mouse heart at Theiler Stage 20

Computer-generated 3D reconstructions of a serially sectioned mouse embryo at Theiler Stage (TS) 20 (E 12-12.5 d.p.c.) were studied. This study investigated the vessels that enter the right atrium of the heart and the drainage of the ductus venosus. It was principally undertaken to allow a comparison to be made between the situation in the mouse and at a comparable stage of human development. Later stages of prenatal development were also studied in the mouse by the analysis of serially sectioned embryos at TS 21-26. As no left brachiocephalic vein forms in the mouse, unlike the situation in the human, the left (cranial) superior vena cava drains via the left common cardinal vein, later to become the coronary sinus, into the floor of the right atrium. It was also noted that unlike the situation in the human, at no stage during the prenatal period does the ductus venosus enter the right atrium. Even shortly before birth, it enters the intra-hepatic part of the inferior vena cava at a considerable distance caudal to the right atrium. This study indicates that the haemodynamics of the prenatal cardiac circulation in the mouse differs significantly from that in the human.     

Double superior vena cava and anomaly of cardiovascular system with a review of the literature

In a student course of gross anatomy dissection at Kanagawa Dental College in 2008, we found an extremely rare case of the double superior vena cava that has a shunt between the right and left atria of a 81-year-old Japanese male cadaver. The left superior vena cava passed through the space between the left cardiac auricle and the left pulmonary vein and entered the coronary sulcus. Then it opened near the opening of the inferior vena cava as the coronary venous sinus to the right atrium. The upper edge of the interatrial septum was located at the site where the right superior vena cava opened to the right atrium. Accordingly, the right atrium connected with left atrium through this site. We discuss the anatomy and etiology of these anomalous structures with a brief review of the literature.     

Intracaval and intracardiac extension of invasive thymoma complicated by superior and inferior vena cava syndrome

We present a case of an aged male with invasive thymoma that extended into the right atrium and led to superior and inferior vena cava syndrome. The patient initially presented with edema of the face and bilateral lower extremities. Echocardiography revealed a mass within the right atrium. Imaging studies demonstrated an anterior mediastinal tumor that continuously occupied the bilateral brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava, and right atrium. Pathological diagnosis of the tumor biopsy was highly suspicious of thymoma. Due to the high risk of wide spread of the tumor, treatments including resection of the tumor were impossible. Several days later he died, and an autopsy was performed. The tumor was type B2 thymoma invading bilateral brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava and right atrium. Multiple tumor emboli within the pulmonary arteries were identified. Direct cause of death was deemed to be tumor strangulation at the tricuspid orifice. In addition to the superior vena cava syndrome, inferior vena cava syndrome including ectasia of the intrahepatic vessels was confirmed along with pericarditis. To our knowledge, this is the first English report of an autopsy case of intracardiac thymoma extension, and a detailed literature review of similar cases is also presented.     

Bilateral thoracic ducts with coexistent persistent left superior vena cava

A case of bilateral thoracic ducts with coexistent persistent left superior vena cava (SVC) was identified in a 77-year-old Japanese female cadaver during dissection in a gross anatomy course. The persistent left SVC began at the lower surface of the left brachiocephalic vein, descended in front of the aortic arch, and drained into the right atrium through the coronary sinus. The right SVC was normal both in size and in position. The azygos vein, receiving the hemiazygos vein, opened into the right SVC. The accessory hemiazygos vein and the left superior intercostal vein united to form a common trunk, which drained into the left SVC. The left and right thoracic ducts began at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra, ran upwards parallel and anterior to the vertebral column, and terminated at the venous angles of their corresponding sides. There was an anastomotic branch between them. The present case was considered to be very rare, since the persistent left SVC and bilateral thoracic ducts coexisted. The embryologic basis and clinical importance of this case are discussed.     

Role of proximal electrode position in transvenous ventricular defibrillation

Transvenous defibrillation lead systems have been demonstrated to reduce operative morbidity and mortality associated with implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators. To determine the best position for the proximal electrode in transvenous systems, defibrillation thresholds were compared for three positions in a single-pathway, two-lead system. Two defibrillation lead electrodes were transvenously inserted into seven dogs. The distal electrode was positioned in the right ventricular apex. The proximal electrode was randomized to one of three positions: (1) the superior (cranial) vena cava (SVC) at he junction of the right atrium, (2) the left innominate vein at the junction of the SVC, or (3) the external jugular vein. Biphasic defibrillation thresholds for converting electrically induced ventricular fibrillation were determined for the three positions of the proximal electrode in each dog. The innominate vein position resulted in the lowest defibrillation threshold (555±123 V) as compared to the SVC (640±126 V;p=0.0612) and the jugular vein (709±117 V;p=0.0013). Lead impedance gradually increased with increasing dostamce between the two shocking electrodes: 58.4±11.4 Ω for SVC, 76.2±13.8 Ω for innominate vein, and 94.9±10.2 Ω for jugular vein proximal lead electrode position (p<0.05 for all pairwise comparisons). In two-electrode transvenous defibrillation lead systems, positioning the proximal electrode in the left innominate vein produced the lowest defibrillation threshold.     

Left inferior vena cava with regressed right inferior vena cava

A left inferior vena cava was found in the cadaver of an 88-year-old Japanese man during a student dissection course at Kumamoto University School of Medicine. The right common iliac vein ascended obliquely toward the left behind the right common iliac artery and united with the left common iliac vein to form the inferior vena cava in front of the fifth lumbar vertebral body behind the left common iliac artery. The inferior vena cava ascended on the left side to the aorta, and after the left renal vein joined to it at the level of the third lumbar vertebral body, it turned obliquely to the right and crossed superficially to the aorta. At the right side of the aorta, the common stem of the third lumbar vein and the posterior renal vein was joined to the oblique part. The inferior vena cava then ascended, receiving the right renal vein as it would normally. The inferior vena cava is thought to develop symmetrically but this left inferior vena cava shows a persistence of the left channel of the infrarenal part, which normally disappears. Although the common stem of the veins that joined to the oblique part on the right side did not continue to the right common iliac vein, gross anatomical findings suggested it to be the remnant of the right inferior vena cava.     

Successful Hemodialysis Through Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava: a Case Report

Persistent left superior vena cava is an extremely rare venous anomaly affecting 0.5% to 2% of the general population. Persistent left superior vena cava with absent right superior vena cava, also termed as “isolated persistent left superior vena cava.” Persistent left superior vena cava, without associated cardiac anomalies, is usually innocuous. Its discovery, however, has important clinical implications. It can pose clinical difficulties with central venous access, hemodialysis catheter placement, and pacemaker implantation. We hereby present a case of persistent left superior vena cava that was incidentally encountered after the placement of a hemodialysis catheter through the left internal jugular vein. This case highlights the pertinent radiologic findings and emphasizes the importance of familiarity to such an anatomic anomaly.