BRIEF和PLIBEL方法在评价航空搬运工人肌肉骨骼疾患中的应用

目的探讨民航搬运作业工人工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)的危险部位及工效学因素。方法应用BRIEF和PLIBEL方法,对北方某大型国际机场货运公司249名健康男性搬运工人的作业姿势、力量、持续时间和动作频率以及17个相关工效学问题进行现场调查与观测。结果机场搬运作业以手腕部WMSDs发生风险为最高,其次为背、肩和手肘部。不同作业发生风险的部位略有差异,行李分拣作业依次为手腕、背和肩部,工效学因素主要来自用力使用不便抓握的工具、无支撑站姿伴背部前屈与扭转、重复或持续性负荷提举和搬运等作业;舱外搬运作业依次为手腕、背、肩和右手肘,工效学因素主要来自用力使用不便抓握的工具、无支撑站姿伴背部前屈、重复或持续性负荷提举和搬运、受限空间等作业;舱口和舱内搬运作业依次为手腕和背部,工效学因素同舱外搬运作业类似。结论手腕、背、肩和手肘部为民航搬运作业WMSDs的主要危险部位,不同作业类别危险部位略有不同,工效学危险因素主要来自不良作业姿势、作业空间受限、工具重负荷以及劳动组织不合理等,机场搬运作业工人应加强对上述工效学危险因素的管理与控制,以预防WMSDs。     

基于BRIEF、PLIBEL和RULA方法的制鞋工人工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患工效学危险评估

目的 对制鞋生产中存在的工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)工效学危害因素进行识别和危险评估。方法 选择18家制鞋企业53个重点岗位884名工人作为研究对象,采用美国工效学基本因素检查表(BRIEF)和瑞典工效学因素识别表(PLIBEL)两种方法识别作业人员作业过程中WMSDs罹患部位及不良工效学危害因素,并采用快速上肢评估(RULA)法进行WMSDs危险等级评估。结果 BRIEF识别结果显示,作业工种/岗位普遍存在手/腕部、肘部、颈部、肩部和背部的WMSDs危害因素,52个工种/岗位(98.11%)存在颈部和右腕部WMSDs危害因素;PLIBEL识别发现,存在≥6个WMSDs危害因素的工种/岗位有18个(33.96%)、有5个危害因素的14个(26.42%)、4个危害因素的有16个(30.19%)、3个危害因素的有5个(9.43%);RULA评估制鞋业生产工人WMSDs危险等级为Ⅱ～Ⅳ级,其中,Ⅱ级工种/岗位14个(26.42%)、Ⅲ级37个(69.81%)、Ⅳ级2个(3.78%),其主要得分源为不良姿势。结论 制鞋作业普遍存在中高风险的不良工效学危害因素,集中在颈部、手/腕部、肩部和...     

BRIEF和QEC在制鞋作业工人肌肉骨骼疾患研究中的应用

目的探讨制鞋作业工人职业性肌肉骨骼疾患(work-related musculoskeletal disorders,WMSDs)相关工效学因素。方法应用美国工效学基本因素检查表(baseline risk identification of ergonomic factors,BRIEF)观测某制鞋生产企业工作人员的作业姿势、力量、持续时间和动作频率等工效学负荷,采用英国快速暴露检查表(quick exposure check,QEC)对制鞋作业工人发生WMSDs的风险进行工效学评估。结果制鞋作业工人WMSDs工效学负荷发生风险主要是颈部、手腕和肩部。不同工作岗位、身体不同部位的工效学负荷风险等级存在差异。多个岗位同时存在多部位的高风险工效学负荷。刷胶、贴底、上钉、削皮、针车等是颈部和手腕的WMSDs高风险作业。结论制鞋作业工人WMSDs发生风险以颈部最高,同时伴有手腕、肩部等多部位。人员集中分布于刷胶、贴底、上钉、削皮、针车等岗位。工效学危险因素主要来自不良作业姿势、持续过长和频繁重复性操作。在预防和控制WMSDs发生方面,应加强对上述工效学危险因素的管理与控制。     

BRIEF和PLIBEL方法在评价空中交通管制员骨骼肌肉疾患中的应用

应用BRIEF和PLIBEL方法,对某空管局489名健康空中交通管制员的作业姿势、力量、持续时间和动作频率以及17个相关工效学问题进行现场调查与观察。结果显示,空中交通管制员以颈部工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)发生风险最高,其次为背、肩、手腕和右拇指,工效学因素主要来自长期无支撑坐姿颈部、背部前屈、重复性高频率拇指按压动作。不同作业发生风险略有差异,区域空中交通管制员和进近空中交通管制员WMSDs发生风险较高;塔台空中交通管制员活动范围略大,由精力集中导致的僵硬动作少,WMSDs发生风险较低。空中交通管制员和用人单位应加强对上述工效学危险因素的管理与控制,以预防WMSDs。     

汽车装配工人肌肉骨骼疾患的不良工效学因素

目的探讨汽车装配工人工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)的发生情况及相关不良工效学因素。方法应用经适当修订的《美国危险区域检查表》和《北欧肌肉骨骼疾患调查问卷》形成综合调查问卷,对某汽车制造公司总装车间498名男性装配工人进行问卷调查。采用Logistic回归分析WMSDs发生的不良工效学因素。结果总人群中WMSDs的年发生率为84%,其中肩部(50.6%)最为严重,其次为颈部(49.7%)、下背部(43.4%)、手腕和小腿(均为38.4%)。Logistic回归分析显示,影响颈部的不良工效学因素有颈前曲45°和单手捏紧4.5 kg以上伴腕部不良姿势;影响肩部的因素有跪姿作业、每天搬举的物体超过34 kg和背前曲30°;影响下背部的因素有跪姿作业、搬举的物体超过4.5kg,且每分钟超过2次和背前曲45°;影响腕部的因素有单手捏紧4.5 kg以上伴腕部不良姿势。结论汽车装配工人WMSDs高发,可能与其接触的不良工效学因素有关。     

制鞋业生产工人肌肉骨骼疾患的流行病学调查

目的通过调查制鞋业生产人员工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)发病情况,探讨可能的相关影响因素。方法选择285名制鞋业生产人员进行肌肉骨骼疾患与相关因素的流行病学调查,应用多因素Logistic回归分析方法探讨其主要影响因素。结果制鞋业生产人员WMSDs患病率为49.8%,患病率居前三位的部位为颈部、肩部和下背(腰部),且该患病率有随工龄增加而上升的趋势(P0.05)。Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,颈部和下背(腰部)WMSDs的影响因素涉及工效学负荷、心理状态和劳动组织等方面。结论制鞋业生产人员WMSDs发生可能与工效学负荷、心理状态、工作组织等有关。     

工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患与人体工效学负荷研究进展

工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)是常见的慢性非传染性疾病。WMSDs已成为影响工人健康、降低工人生命质量和造成经济损失的重要因素,可见于多个行业、工种。本文对WMSDs流行现状及人体工效学负荷相关研究进行综述,以期找到职业人群保护的可行方法。     

某造船厂工人多部位工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患现况及其影响因素分析

目的 分析某造船厂工人多部位工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患（WMSDs）患病情况及其影响因素。方法 采用横断面调查设计，以整群抽样法选择某造船厂496名工人作为研究对象；采用电子版《北欧肌肉骨骼疾患调查问卷（修改版）》（NMQ）调查其WMSDs发生情况，采用多因素Logistic回归分析多部位WMSDs影响因素。结果 496名研究对象WMSDs总发生率为59.3%，其中多部位WMSDs发生率为37.3%，单一部位WMSDs发生率为22.0%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，30～<50岁组罹患多部位WMSDs风险高于<30岁组（P<0.05）。经常以不舒服姿势工作、每天重复同样工作、手腕经常向上/下弯曲、长时间保持屈膝姿势或下肢及足踝反复做同一动作的工人罹患多部位WMSDs风险较高（P<0.05）；休息时间充足者WMSDs风险降低（P<0.05）。结论 造船厂工人多部位WMSDs较单一部位更为常见，且发病率较高，多部位WMSDs与不良工效学因素密切相关，应加强工效学干预，降低WMSDs患病风险。     

某公立口腔医院医生工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患影响因素分析

采用整群抽样方法,选择《北欧肌肉骨骼疾患问卷(修改版)》对某公立口腔医院157名医生工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(work-related musculoskeletal disorders,WMSDs)进行流行病学调查。结果显示,口腔医生任一部位WMSDs发生率70.7%(111/157),各部位发生率从高到低依次为颈部(65.6%)、肩部(55.4%)、上背部(39.5%)、下背/腰部(30.6%)、手/腕部(16.6%)。Logistic回归分析显示,工作姿势不舒服是发生颈、肩、上背部WMSDs的危险因素;每分钟多次重复操作是颈、上背部 WMSDs的危险因素; 颈部大幅前倾是肩和背部WMSDs的危险因素;手腕长期处于弯曲状态是肩和腕部WMSDs的危险因素;经常加班是上背部WMSDs的危险因素。与同事轮流完成工作是背部WMSDs的保护因素;体育锻炼是颈部、下背/腰部、手/腕部的保护因素。建议采取针对性的措施,降低口腔医生罹患WMSDs的风险。     

OWAS方`法在评价汽车4S店售后维修工人肌肉骨骼疾患中的应用

目的探讨汽车4S店售后维修工人不良工作姿势对肌肉骨骼疾患的影响。方法采用整群抽样方法,选择重庆市23家汽车4S店的171名售后维修工人作为研究对象,应用工作姿势分析系统(OWAS)方法对其不良工作姿势、负荷、姿势出现的百分比等进行现场调查和观测。结果不良工作姿势集中在腿部,其次为背部。腿部以站立为主,其次为双腿屈曲站立;背部以前弯为主,其次为弯曲且扭转。研究对象需改善的行动等级占比达到84.2%,工种和身高对行动等级有影响。结论汽车4S店绝大部分售后维修工人需改善不良工作姿势,部分工作姿势为严重危害行动等级,需立即采取相关改善措施。     

广州市某造船厂工人颈部工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患影响因素分析

目的 调查广州市某造船厂工人工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(work-related musculoskeletal disorders,WMSDs)患病情况,探讨影响颈部WMSDs的主要因素.方法 以广州市某造船厂工作人员为研究对象,采用《北欧肌肉骨骼疾患问卷(修改版)》调查其WMSDs患病情况,运用多因素logistic回归...     

采油工人健康状况和工作有关肌肉骨骼疾患的现况调查

目的调查采油工人健康状况和工作有关肌肉骨骼疾患(work-related musculoskeletal disorders,WMSDs)的患病情况。方法采用自填式调查表方法,对某采油厂工人的健康状况和WMSDs患病情况进行调查和分析。结果采油工人健康状况较好,因病就诊和缺勤较少见,常见疾患为肌肉骨骼疾患、高血压(病)和胃病,吸烟和锻炼与自评健康状况明显相关(P<0.05)。采油工人WMSDs的高发部位前3位是腰、颈和肩部,女性工人的颈肩疾患显著高于男性,髋(臀)和膝WMSDs年患病率随着年龄增长而增加,不同工种之间的膝WMSDs年患病率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采油工人健康状况较好,WMSDs对工人的危害较为常见,应深入探讨工人的健康影响因素,加强工人安全防护和疾病预防措施。     

An ergonomic education and evaluation program for apprentice carpenters

Eighteen new apprentice carpenters received sixteen hours of ergonomics awareness education as a part of their regular apprenticeship training during 1994 and 1995. An equal number of apprentices received no training but served as controls. The training took place in the Southwest Ohio District Council of Carpenters's Joint Apprenticeship and Training School. The curriculum was designed to be “learner-centered.” Instruction included short lectures presented by a journeyman carpenter and emphasized participatory activities in the school's carpentry shop. Ongoing program evaluation assessed trainees' reactions to the content and structure of the curriculum and its influence on their behavior. Trainees and controls completed brief quizzes on ergonomic knowledge. Hands-on exercises enabled trainees to apply recently acquired ergonomic knowledge in the school's carpentry shop. Trainees scored significantly higher on one-half of the post-session quizzes and the comprehensive test. Trainees preferred participatory teaching methods, especially those using redesigned tools (93%) and evaluating ergonomic risks (86%); and they supported continued safety and health education during apprentice training. The authors conclude that apprenticeship programs should provide regular “learner-centered” occupational safety and health education that includes ergonomics, and these programs should be integrated with their shop-based manual arts instruction. Am. J. Ind. Med. 32:641–646, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Agriculture and musculoskeletal disorders in low- and middle-income countries

Objectives: To systematically explore and summarize the risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among the agricultural workers in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). In addition, to identify and analyze the methodological flaws in the reviewed studies.

Methods: A comprehensive electronic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Medline, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Science Direct, Embase, Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases. Three-phased screening process was undertaken to eliminate irrelevant publications. Assessment of methodological quality was done using a standardized assessment tool.

Results: Eighteen cross-sectional studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Based on the median score of 38%, nine publications were classified as having higher methodological quality. Eight countries were represented in this review, mainly the South East Asia countries. Majority of the participants were rice farmers. Most common risk factors associated with WMSDs were physical factors (n = 10), followed by individual (n = 6) and psychosocial (n = 5) risk factors. A majority of the studies investigated the risk factors for spinal region. Several methodological weaknesses were noticed in the studies concerning outcome definition, assessment of potential confounders, generalizability, selection bias, information bias, and statistical analysis. Extensive heterogeneity across the studies prevented statistical pooling.

Conclusions: The common anatomical region evaluated was the spine and the most reported risk factors were physical risk factors. Future researches in the LMIC should focus on conducting longitudinal studies that could infer temporality. Researchers should give more attention in defining the study population, evaluating the exposure and outcome in an unbiased way, and in executing reliable statistical analysis.     

快速上肢评估在造船作业中应用的信效度研究

目的探讨中文修订版《快速上肢评估(rapid upper limb assessment,RULA)检查表》应用的信效度。方法应用中文修订版《RULA检查表》,对某大型造船厂具有工种代表性的241名工人的作业活动进行观测评分,并采用重测信度、评价者间信度、Cronbach'α系数、折半信度和结构效度等方法对评分结果进行信效度评定。结果RULA得分的重测信度和评价者间信度的组内相关系数(ICC)分别为0.724和0.791,Cronbach'α系数为0.704,折半信度系数为0.699。因子分析提取的9个公因子,累计方差贡献率为72.064%。结论 RULA在造船作业中应用具有较好的信效度,可用于评估造船工人不良作业姿势对肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。     

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Design as a Prevention Strategy. A Review

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are of serious concern to many organizations, including industry, insurance, and health care. They are also of immediate concern to the workers and their families who are adversely affected by these disorders. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are a substantial source of economic drain to these organizations. Sources of this drain include economic losses incurred from lost or decreased productivity as well as medical treatment and indemnity costs. Therefore, it is within the best interest of these organizations to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders from occurring, before they manifest into serious issues of medical, social, and economic concern. The purpose of this paper is to review the concept of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and discuss the basis of their prevention as a primary means of occupational injury and illness management. The principal contributory role of ergonomics/human factors is presented as a viable means of prevention and an important contributor to the comprehensive management of these disorders.     

汽车装配工人工作相关肌肉骨骼损伤危险暴露水平及发病调查研究

[目的]评估汽车装配作业工人工作相关肌肉骨骼损伤（work-related musculoskeletal disorders,WMSDs）危险暴露水平,探讨WMSDs暴露危险与损伤之间的关系。[方法]采用英国快速暴露检查表（QEC）和北欧标准化肌肉骨骼症状调查问卷（NMQ）对1465名北方某汽车制造厂装配作业工人一般情况、暴露水平、WMSDs发生等情况进行流行病学调查。[结果]多数工人颈、背和肩（臂）3个部位的WMSDs处于高或极高暴露水平,不同工段作业工人风险暴露水平有差异。颈、背、肩（臂）和手（腕）4个部位WMSDs的发生率范围为4．98％～9．69％,WMSDs的发生率有随暴露水平的增加而增加的趋势。[结论]汽车装配作业工人存在WMSDs发生的暴露风险,不同身体部位和不同工段其暴露风险各有不同,颈、背、肩（臂）和手（腕）4个部位存在暴露水平-反应关系。     

Effect of MSDs and scope of ergonomic interventions among rubber processing workers: a systematic review

Background:The rubber processing workers experience various types of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) due to awkward postures, repetitive movements, and manual loads etc. Research on MSDs and ergonomic interventions in this area is limited. Therefore, the present systematic review aims to (i) identify various operations done by rubber processing workers and their associated MSDs, (ii) explore the ergonomic intervention and post-intervention study and its impact among the workers, (iii) identify the research gaps in MSDs and ergonomic interventions through bibliometric analysis.Methods:Comprehensive electronic searches were conducted in Web of Science, ScienceDirect and PubMed for the search term “Ergonomics” or “Musculoskeletal disorder” and “Rubber” for the article published before 2020. Eleven papers were identified for the review of MSDs and ergonomic interventions; data were extracted to summarize sample size, data collection methods, analyzing tools, various operations, MSDs, and ergonomic interventions.Results:The reviewed article is classified according to various operations such as rubber tapping, latex collection, rubber sheeting and sheet pressing. The review reveals that most of the workers experience lower back pain, which involved a traditional way of operating. Every author is trying to recommend some interventions, but post-intervention studies are limited.Conclusions:Due to the limited post-intervention study, there is a scope of ergonomic interventions in every operation. So, the implementation of a proper ergonomic tool with adequate awareness improves the MSDs among the rubber processing workers. The review will help to identify the various intervention gaps in different operations associated with rubber farming.     

Evaluation of symptom surveys for occupational musculoskeletal disorders

Symptom surveys have been used extensively as part of workplace ergonomic screening programs and epidemiologic assessments of musculoskeletal disorders in groups of workers. This paper examines the reliability and validity of two musculoskeletal symptom surveys, the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and a survey used in conjunction with epidemiologic assessments by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Journal articles assessing the validity and reliability of the NMQ were reviewed. A retrospective assessment combining two NIOSH cohorts with a total of 852 workers assessed the reliability and validity of that survey. Reliability was assessed through test-retest methods and interitem correlations between similar questions. Validity was assessed by comparison with results from physical examination assessments of workers and self-reports of workers seeking medical care. Both reliability and validity were found to be acceptable for the purposes of workplace ergonomics programs. Implications for use of these surveys for prevention and treatment outcomes research are discussed. (This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.) © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.