运动想象训练联合任务导向性功能训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的 探讨运动想象训练联合任务导向性功能训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将87例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为观察组（44例）及对照组（43例）。2组患者均给予常规康复干预(包括上、下肢肌力训练、良肢位摆放、平衡训练、转移训练及日常生活活动能力训练等),对照组患者在此基础上辅以任务导向性功能训练,观察组则辅以运动想象训练及任务导向性功能训练,2组患者均连续干预8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）下肢部分、Berg平衡量表（BBS）、Tinetti步态评估量表（TGA）及改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）对2组患者下肢功能、平衡能力、步态及日常生活活动（ADL）能力进行评定。 结果 干预后2组患者下肢FMA、BBS、TGA及MBI评分均较干预前显著提高（P<0.05）,并且观察组下肢FMA、BBS、TGA及MBI评分［分别为（23.3±4.1）分、（44.3±6.5）分、（7.9±2.1）分和（63.1±10.3）分）］亦显著优于同期对照组水平（P<0.05）。 结论 运动想象训练联合任务导向性功能训练可进一步改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、平衡能力及步态,有助于提高患者ADL能力。     

前庭电刺激联合闭链功能训练对脑卒中患者下肢运动和平衡功能的影响

目的：观察前庭电刺激联合闭链功能训练对脑卒中患者下肢运动和平衡功能的疗效。方法：选取50例脑卒中恢复期偏瘫患者,按照随机对照表法分为对照组和观察组各25例。对照组患者进行下肢功能训练,以闭链康复训练为主,观察组在闭链功能训练过程中同步进行前庭电刺激。治疗前及治疗2周后,利用步态分析系统对患者的步态周期、支撑相、摆动相和步速进行测量,分别采用下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA-LE）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）分别评估患者的下肢运动能力、平衡功能及日常生活能力。结果：治疗2周后,对照组患者步态周期、支撑相时间均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）,观察组步态周期、支撑相较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05）,步速较治疗前显著提高（P＜0.05）,观察组步态周期、支撑相时间、步速变化优于对照组（P＜0.05）。治疗后2组患者FMA-LE、MBI和BBS评分均较治疗前显著提高（P＜0.05）,观察组FMA-LE、BBS、MBI评分均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：前庭功能训练联合下肢闭链训练可改善脑卒中患者的平衡功能和步行能力,值得临床推广。     

功能性移动训练改善脑卒中患者运动能力及日常生活能力的临床研究

目的：观察功能性移动训练配合运动想象疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动能力及日常生活能力的影响。方法：78例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为对照组和观察组各39例。对照组患者进行常规的康复治疗，并辅以运动想象疗法；观察组在对照组基础上增加基于现实环境的功能性移动训练。分别于治疗治疗前和训练6周后，采用简式Berg平衡量表评估（BBS）、Fugl Meyer运动功能评分（FMA）、功能性步态测试（FGA）及改良Barthel指数（BI）测试对患者的运动能力及日常生活能力进行评估。结果：治疗6周后，2组患者BBS、FGA、FMA及BI评分均较治疗前明显提高（均P<0.05），且观察组各项评分均明显高于对照组（均P<0.05）。结论：功能性移动训练配合运动想象疗法能有效提高脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动能力，从而改善日常生活能力，促进患者生活质量。     

镜像治疗联合运动想象治疗对脑梗死早期患者下肢运动及平衡功能的影响

目的 探讨镜像治疗联合运动想象治疗对脑梗死早期患者下肢运动及平衡功能、日常生活活动能力的影响。 方法 选取2016年11月～2018年3月在温州医科大学附属第一医院康复医学科住院治疗的脑梗死患者40例,利用随机数字表法将其分为联合治疗组和运动想象组,每组20例。在常规治疗基础上,运动想象组采用运动想象治疗进行膝关节伸展和踝关节背屈运动,联合治疗组采用下肢镜像治疗及运动想象治疗,2组患者每次训练30 min,每日1次,每周5 d,共8周。治疗前、治疗4周后及8周后,采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表下肢部分、Berg平衡量表（BBS）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）进行疗效评估。 结果 治疗前,2组患者FMA、BBS、MBI评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与组内治疗前比较,联合治疗组治疗4周后FMA-LE、BBS、MBI平地行走评分增高（P<0.05）。运动想象组治疗4周后仅床椅转移、平地行走评分增高（P<0.05）。治疗8周后,联合治疗组FMA-LE、BBS、MBI进食、穿衣、修饰、洗澡、小便、床椅转移、上下楼梯、平地行走评分较组内治疗前改善（P<0.05）。运动想象组治疗8周后FMA-LE、BBS、MBI床椅转移、上下楼梯、平地行走评分较组内治疗前改善（P<0.05）。与运动想象组治疗后同时间点比较,联合治疗组治疗4周后MBI平地行走评分［（10.80±2.83）分］较高（P<0.05）,治疗8周后FMA-LE［（24.50±6.17）分］、BBS［（37.85±9.03）分］、MBI床椅转移［（13.5±1.53）分］、上下楼梯［（9.30±1.59）分］、平地行走评分［（12.90±2.23）分］较高（P<0.05）。 结论 早期运动想象治疗能有效提高脑梗死早期患者的下肢运动功能、平衡能力及日常生活能力,在此基础上联合镜像训练能进一步改善患者的下肢运动表现和平衡功能。     

音乐运动疗法对帕金森病患者步态及运动功能的影响

目的 观察音乐运动疗法对帕金森病(PD)患者步态及运动功能的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将67例PD患者分为观察组（34例）及对照组（33例）。2组患者均给予常规抗PD药物治疗及护理,对照组辅以常规运动治疗,观察组则给予音乐运动治疗,2组患者均每天治疗1次,每周治疗5 d。于治疗前、治疗8周后评估对比2组患者步态时空参数、PD综合量表(UPDRS-Ⅲ)、Berg平衡量表（BBS）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）量表评分。 结果 治疗前2组患者步态时空参数、UPDRS-Ⅲ、BBS及MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。治疗后发现观察组步长［（47.31±7.66）cm］、步频［（117.32±18.04）步/分钟］、步幅［（77.63±15.43）cm］、摆动相时间［（42.79±7.41）%］、双支撑相时间［（8.24±2.06）%］、总支撑相时间［（54.19±8.13）%］、步长变异系数（6.08±3.14）、步速变异系数（4.29±1.84）、UPDRS-Ⅲ评分［（27.74±5.96）分］、BBS评分［（31.79±6.31）分］及MBI评分［（53.78±7.58）分］均较训练前及对照组显著改善(P＜0.05)。 结论 音乐运动治疗能进一步改善PD患者步态,提高其运动功能及平衡能力,对改善患者生活质量具有重要意义。     

基于近红外脑功能成像技术指导下运动想象训练在脑卒中后上肢运动功能康复中的应用

目的:观察运用近红外脑功能成像(fNIRS)技术筛选出想象策略的运动想象训练对脑卒中后上肢功能障碍的疗效,并探讨其作用机制。方法:将28例脑卒中患者随机分为对照组与研究组各14例。2组均给予常规康复治疗,研究组运用fNIRS技术筛选出有效的想象策略进行运动想象训练,对照组不固定想象内容进行运动想象训练。治疗前后采用上肢运动功能评定量表(FMA-UE)、上肢动作研究量表(ARAT)及改良Barthel指数评定量表(MBI)进行评定。结果:治疗4周后,2组患者的FMA-UE、ARAT及MBI评分均较治疗前显著提高(P<0.01),且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:运用fNIRS技术筛选出的想象策略进行运动想象训练,可以更好地改善脑卒中患者的上肢运动功能及日常生活能力,其机制可能与提高运动相关脑区兴奋性有关。     

FES康复踏车联合太极运动想象疗法对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能、本体感觉以及ADL的影响

目的:观察FES康复踏车联合太极运动想象疗法对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能、本体感觉以及日常生活能力(ADL)的影响。方法:采用随机单盲单中心的研究方法,选取成都市第二人民医院住院的88例脑卒中患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组2组各44例。对照组患者进行常规药物治疗和基本康复治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上采用FES康复踏车联合太极运动想象疗法治疗,每次20 min,每天1次,每周治疗5天,共治疗6周。比较2组患者治疗前后下肢肌群(股四头肌、股二头肌、腓肠肌、胫骨前肌)的肌电积分值(iEMG)、Fugl-Meyer评定量表(FMA)下肢评分、Berg平衡量表(BBS)评分、改良的Barthel指数评定量表(MBI)评分,比较2组患者治疗后偏瘫侧本体感觉各分区PROM偏差度。结果:治疗前,2组患者股四头肌、股二头肌、腓肠肌、胫骨前肌i EMG值组间比较差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05);治疗后,观察组股四头肌、股二头肌、腓肠肌iEMG值和对照组股四头肌iEMG值均明显大于治疗前(均P0.05),观察组股四头肌、股二头肌以及腓肠肌iEMG值均大于对照组(均P0.05)、胫骨前肌iEMG值与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,观察组患者偏瘫侧本体感觉PROM偏差度3个区间均明显小于对照组(均P0.05)。治疗后2组患者FMA下肢评分、BBS评分、MBI指数均较治疗前明显升高(均P0.05),且观察组各评分均明显高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论:FES康复踏车联合太极运动想象疗法,可以有效改善患者下肢运动、平衡功能,提高患者下肢肌力、本体感觉以及ADL,最终达到优化整合各种康复干预方法,可以更早、更高效的介入康复治疗,值得临床进一步研习和推广应用。     

运动想象治疗脑卒中患者手部运动功能的功能磁共振研究

目的：探讨运动想象（MI）治疗对脑卒中后脑功能重塑的影响。方法：将16例脑卒中患者随机分为运动想象组（MI）6例、执行运动（EM）组5例、对照组（CG）5例。3组在常规康复治疗基础上,MI组、EM组分别进行运动想象、实际动作治疗,每次30min,每周5次,为期4周。治疗前、后进行运动功能评价,并使用功能磁共振（fMRI）观察患手对指实际动作、想象时偏瘫对侧感觉运动区的激活情况,定量分析治疗前后cSMC区的激活强度t、LI变化。结果：治疗4周后,MI组及EM组FMA、STEF评分较前均有明显提高（均P＜0.05）,且MI组上述评分均更高于其它2组（均P＜0.05）。治疗后,3组MBI评分均有提高,但组内及组间差异无统计学意义。运动想象与运动执行的激活部位相似：治疗前运动想象激活区主要位于双侧SMC区、双侧SMA区,治疗后,各组双侧SMC区激活强度有增大趋势,MI组对侧SMC区激活显著（P＜0.05）,且对侧偏侧化优势较CG组显著（P＜0.05）。结论：运动想象治疗能够明显改善脑卒中后患者手功能,其机制可能与运动想象促进脑功能重塑有关。     

移动式平板训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者的运动功能及日常生活活动能力的影响

目的：观察移动式平板训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者本体感觉障碍的运动能力及日常生活活动能力的影响。方法：脑卒中偏瘫患者30例随机分为观察组和对照组各15例,2组患者均给予常规药物治疗及康复训练,观察组加用移动式平板训练进行本体感觉训练,对照组加用神经肌肉本体感觉促进疗法（PNF）进行治疗。治疗前后采用Tecnobody本体感觉评估系统（ATE及Time值）、Fugl-Meyer下肢运动功能评定量表（FMA）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）、改良Barthel指数评定表（MBI）评估2组患者的本体感觉、下肢运动功能、平衡能力及日常生活活动能力。 结果：治疗8周后,2组ATE值及Time值均较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）,且观察组更低于对照组（P<0.05）;2组FMA、BBS、MBI评分均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.05）,且观察组FMA评分较对照组明显提高（P<0.05）,但BBS、MBI评分2组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论：移动式平板训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者本体感觉及下肢运动功能的疗效优于PNF疗法;对于平衡能力及日常生活活动能力的改善,两者未见明显区别。     

间歇充气加压联合靳三针对脑梗死偏瘫患者运动功能的影响观察

目的 探究间歇充气加压联合靳三针对脑梗死偏瘫患者运动功能的影响。方法 选择收治的脑梗死偏瘫患者60例作为研究对象,按随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各30例。对照组采用间歇充气加压治疗,观察组在对照组基础上联合靳三针疗法,持续治疗3个月。比较两组疗效、Fugl-Meyer量表评分（FMA）、改良Barthel指数评分（MBI）、Brunnstrom下肢分期、Berg平衡量表（BBS）和跌倒效能量表（MFES）评分差异。结果 治疗后,观察组疗效高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组FMA评分、MBI评分、Brunnstrom分期、BBS评分、MFES评分均有所提高,且观察组均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 间歇充气加压联合靳三针在脑梗死偏瘫患者的治疗中效果显著,能改善肢体活动功能障碍,提高患者的运动功能水平。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.