不同饮水砷暴露人群尿中的砷代谢物水平

目的 测定内蒙古高砷病区不同浓度饮水砷暴露人群尿中各种形态砷代谢物和总砷(total arsenic,TAs)含量.方法 于2004年10月运用横断面调查方法,随机抽取病区(A村:水砷浓度为240μg/L;B村:水砷浓度为160μg/L;C村:水砷浓度为90 μg/L,D村即对照组:水砷浓度＜5μg/L)人群尿样,采用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测尿中各形态砷代谢物和TAs含量.结果 随着饮水砷暴露浓度的增高,人群尿中无机砷(inorganic arsenic,iAs)、甲基砷(monomethylarsine,MMA)、二甲基砷(dimethylarsine,DMA)和TAs含量均增高(P＜0.05).暴露于相同水砷浓度的条件下,尿中iAs、MMA、DMA和TAs含量以及一甲基化率(primary methylation index,PMI)和二甲基化率(secondary methylation index,SMI)在不同性别间未见统计学差异(P＞0.05).各暴露组成人和儿童尿中PMI和SMI水平分别低于对照组成人和儿童(P＜0.05);240μg/L组成人尿中PMI和SMI水平显著低于90和160μg/L暴露组(P＜0.05);240μg/L组儿童尿中PMI水平低于160μg/L组儿童(P＜0.05),各暴露组儿童尿中SMI水平顺序为160μg/L组＞90μg/L组＞240μg/L组(P＜0.05);各暴露组中儿童尿中SMI水平均高于相应的成人(P＜0.05).结论 饮水中高砷暴露可能降低人群对砷的甲基化能力.相同饮水砷暴露水平,男女对砷的甲基化能力无差别,儿童二甲基化能力高于成人.低水平砷暴露可能诱导儿童对砷的二甲基化能力.     

渔村与砷暴露地区居民尿砷代谢产物检测比较

目的 测定渔村居民和饮水型砷暴露地区人群尿中各种形态砷和尿总砷(TAs)。方法 选取饮水型砷暴露地区〔口肯板村水砷浓度为0.16 mg/L;乃莫板村水砷浓度为0.09 mg/L;塔布塞村(对照组)饮用水砷浓度<0.01 mg/L〕和渔村居民。采用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测尿中各形态砷代谢物和TAs含量。结果 TAs含量渔村居民明显低于0.16 mg/L暴露组,高于对照组(P<0.05),与0.09 mg/L暴露组差异无统计学意义;渔村居民尿无机砷(iAs)含量明显低于0.09和0.16 mg/L暴露组(P<0.05);尿甲基砷(MMA)含量同尿二甲基砷(DMA)含量,各组之间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);渔村居民尿iAs百分比明显低于对照组、0.09和0.16 mg/L暴露组(P<0.05);尿MMA百分比同尿iAs百分比;各组尿DMA百分比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);渔村居民特异性的检测出尿三甲胺(TMA)。结论 人群尿总砷水平受食用海产品等因素影响,不能单独作为砷暴露指标,应使用分析性方法来区分砷复合物中无机砷和有机砷的代谢产物。     

应用基准剂量法评价砷接触人群肾功能损害风险

目的以职业砷接触人群为研究对象,采用基准剂量(BMD)方法,通过分析尿中砷含量与各种效应指标异常率之间的剂量-反应关系,探讨砷接触的基准剂量,为职业性慢性砷中毒诊断标准的修订提供可靠依据。方法选取某冶炼厂铜冶炼车间173名工人为砷暴露组,同时选取同厂区机械加工车间62名工人作为对照组;通过问卷调查,了解工人的一般健康情况、有害因素的接触史、生活方式及疾病史等,排除有肾脏疾患的工人。在标本采集前,要求所有调查对象在3 d内不得摄入任何海产品。现场收集清晨随意尿标本。采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定尿中总砷含量,用放射免疫法测定尿中β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)含量;用速率法测定尿中N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)活性。结果砷暴露组工人尿中砷含量19.42~451.60μg/L,平均值为140.33μg/L;对照组工人尿中砷含量8.90~89.00μg/L,均值35.60μg/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。砷暴露组工人尿中β2-MG含量及NAG和γ-GT活性均明显高于对照组工人,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。... 更多还原     

阜康市某炼铜企业对周围居民尿砷含量的影响

目的了解阜康市某炼铜企业生产中产生的砷对周围居民尿砷含量的影响。方法用尿中砷的新银盐分光光度法测定阜康市某炼铜企业周围居民尿砷含量。结果居民110人尿砷均值为（36．1±26．5）μg/L,95％CI为31．1-41．1μg/L,中位数为36．0μg/L。结论建议进一步开展大范围一般人群尿砷值调查。     

仙桃市居民饮用水碘砷氟含量现况调查

目的了解仙桃市居民饮用水碘、砷、氟含量现状,为碘缺乏病、饮水型地方性砷中毒、饮水型地方性氟中毒防治措施提供科学依据。方法采取普查和随机抽样相结合的方法,对全市居民饮用的出厂水、末梢水、压把井水、敞口井水和江河水进行全面抽样调查;水样采集、检测与结果判定参照国家标准或推荐方法;统计分析使用Excel 2003进行数据录入和整理,应用SPSS 17.0软件进行数据分析。结果水碘含量中位数为31.53μg/L,最大值147.93μg/L,最小值16.6μg/L;水砷含量中位数为0.002 mg/L,最大值0.08mg/L,最小值0.002 mg/L,>0.05mg/L的超标水样占1.37%;水氟含量中位数为0.10 mg/L,最大值0.98mg/L,最小值0.10 mg/L;集中式供水和分散式供水砷、氟含量中位数差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01)。结论仙桃市居民饮用水碘、氟含量均在国家规定的安全范围内,水砷含量部分超标,应加强人群碘营养水平监测和健康教育,加快农村改水工程进度和质量,定期开展水质监测,切实落实国家地方病防治规划目标。     

辽宁省一般人群全血和尿液中砷水平分布的研究

目的了解辽宁省一般人群全血和尿液中砷水平的分布,并分析其流行分布特点。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法,于2009—2010年在辽宁省东、中、西部3个城市的区县中,抽取2 105名6~60岁人群作为调查对象,进行血、尿样品采集和问卷调查。应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测样品中砷水平,分析在不同性别、年龄、地区和生活方式中砷水平分布情况。结果调查对象血砷几何均数为3.68μg/L,95%CI为3.55~3.80μg/L,男性血砷几何均数(3.90μg/L)高于女性(3.46μg/L)(P0.01)。各年龄组血砷的几何均数差异具有统计学意义(P0.01),其中46~60岁年龄组血砷最高(为5.07μg/L),17~20岁年龄组血砷最低(为2.19μg/L)。辽宁省东、中、西部地区人群血砷几何均数分别为5.06、2.67和3.15μg/L(P0.01)。调查对象尿砷几何均数为21.27μg/L,95%CI为20.37~22.25μg/L。男性尿砷几何均数(22.76μg/L)显著高于女性(19.85μg/L)(P0.01)。不同年龄组人群尿砷几何均数差异有统计学意义(P0.01),其中13~16岁年龄组尿砷最低(为14.97μg/L),31~45岁年龄组尿砷最高(为32.04μg/L);辽宁省东、中、西部地区人群尿砷几何均数分别为25.81、17.34和21.40μg/L(P0.01)。在吸烟、饮酒和摄食海鲜人群中血砷、尿砷均增高(P0.01)。辽宁省一般人群血砷水平与尿砷水平呈正相关(r=0.189,P0.01)。辽宁省一般人群血砷几何均数(3.68μg/L)高于全国一般人群(2.33μg/L)(P0.01);辽宁省尿砷几何均数(21.27μg/L)高于全国(13.72μg/L)(P0.01)。结论辽宁省一般人群血砷和尿砷水平在性别、年龄、区域和生活方式特征中均存在差异。辽宁省一般人群血砷和尿砷水平显著高于全国一般人群水平。     

低剂量饮水砷亚慢性暴露对大鼠内分泌的影响

目的探讨低剂量饮水砷亚慢性暴露对大鼠的内分泌干扰作用。方法 SD大鼠随机分为对照组、0.05、0.1、0.2、0.4 mg/L砷染毒组,每组20只,经饮水砷染毒110和194 d(雌雄各半)时采用放射免疫法和比色法测定血清胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白1(IGFBP1)、糖皮质激素受体(GR)、性激素结合蛋白(SHBG)、盐皮质激素受体(MR)和维甲酸五个指标的含量。结果染砷110 d雄鼠各指标水平与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),雌鼠0.05、0.1μg/ml组维甲酸水平低于0.2和0.4μg/ml组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。染砷194 d雄鼠各砷染毒组血清MR水平组均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);0.2μg/ml组雄鼠血清维甲酸水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);各砷染毒组雌鼠维甲酸水平均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论亚慢性低剂量砷暴露对SD大鼠具有潜在内分泌干扰作用。     

有色金属矿区非职业接触人群尿砷含量分析

目的了解贵州省赫章县长期矿山开采重金属污染地区人群尿砷含量特征。方法在开采污染最严重的妈姑镇和无矿山开采的撒拉溪镇随机选取>45岁村民作为研究对象,采集村民的尿液进行砷含量检测。结果妈姑镇男女尿砷均值分别为46.97和56.30μg/gCr,撒拉溪镇男女尿砷均值分别为36.55和45.83μg/gCr,妈姑镇人群尿砷含量高于撒拉溪镇,女性尿砷含量高于男性。妈姑镇非职业人群尿砷95%上限男女分别为99.40和141.92μg/gCr,撒拉溪镇非职业人群尿砷95%上限男女分别为65.70μg/gCr和78.06μg/gCr。结论调查地区95%村民尿砷<100μg/gCr,无慢性砷中毒。     

饮水砷暴露对儿童免疫功能的影响

目的 研究高砷饮水对儿童免疫功能的影响.方法 于2006年选择某高砷饮水地区194名9～13岁小学生作为研究对象,采集家庭饮用水样和空腹晨尿,测定水砷和尿砷含量,按照水砷含量分为对照组(P＜0.05mg/L)、暴露组(≥0.1mg/L),进行T淋巴细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA和白细胞介素2(IL-2)测定,并对家庭一般情况、饮水水源情况、儿童健康状况、父母健康及职业暴露情况等进行问卷调查.结果 对照组、暴露组儿童尿砷含量中位数分别为0.02和0.12 mg/L,尿砷与水砷含量呈统计学相关.暴露组儿童T淋巴细胞(CD3~+)、CD4~+、CD8~+亚群百分含量均值和CD4~+/CD8~+的均值低于对照组,经t检验,暴露组CD~(4+)亚群百分含量和CD4~+/CD8~+显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而两组间T淋巴细胞(CD3~+)、CD8~+亚群百分含量差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).暴露组男生T淋巴细胞CD~(4+)亚群百分含量显著低于对照组(P＜0.05),暴露组女生CD4~+亚群百分含量和CD4~+/CD8~+显著低于对照组(P<0.05).暴露组儿童血清IgG含量高于对照组(P<0.05),血清IgM含量低于对照组(P<0.05),血清IgA含量两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对照组和暴露组男生血清免疫球蛋白含量分布情况与全体学生近似,女生血清免疫球蛋白含量差异无统计学意义.两组儿童白细胞介素2含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 长期饮用砷含量在0.1 mg/L以上的高砷水对儿童的免疫功能可能造成不利影响.儿童外周血T淋巴细胞亚群是水砷暴露非常敏感的健康效应指标之一.     

柳州市正常人群尿砷的正常参考值

目的探讨柳州市无砷接触史的健康成年尿砷的正常参考值上限。方法收集装配公司、机械制造公司、制糖公司等职工及职业技校师生中无砷接触史、经健康检查正常的305份成人的一次性尿样;以某金属治炼有限公司等单位的砷化氢作业接触者作对照组;以原子荧光分光光度法测定尿砷含量。结果正常人群尿砷含量95%上限值为0.104mg/L;305名男女无砷接触史的健康成人尿砷含量基本接近,冶炼厂砷化氢作业接触者(132人)尿砷含量与正常人尿砷比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论根据调查结果,建议柳州市尿砷正常参考值上限为0.11mg/L。     

Acute arsenic intoxication from environmental arsenic exposure

Reports of acute arsenic poisoning arising from environmental exposure are rare. Two cases of acute arsenic intoxication resulting from ingestion of contaminated well water are described. These patients experienced a variety of problems: acute gastrointestinal symptoms, central and peripheral neurotoxicity, bone marrow suppression, hepatic toxicity, and mild mucous membrane and cutaneous changes. Although located adjacent to an abandoned mine, the well water had been tested for microorganisms only and was found to be "safe." Regulations for testing of water from private wells for fitness to drink are frequently nonexistent, or only mandate biologic tests for microorganisms. Well water, particularly in areas near mining activity, should be tested for metals.     

砷中毒地区外环境砷暴露水平的研究现状

地方性砷中毒是一种严重危害病区居民健康的地方病.根据砷源不同,分为饮水型职业性砷中毒、燃煤型职业性砷中毒和职业性砷中毒.饮水型地方性砷中毒主要是由于长期暴露于饮用水中的砷而引起的慢性砷中毒.饮水中的砷还可以通过农田灌溉等引起粮食、土壤等砷浓度的升高,间接危害居民健康.在以往的研究中发现,饮水型砷中毒地区饮用水砷超标,不...     

砷冶炼车间砷危害动态观察

长期吸入砷化合物可发生慢性砷中毒,发生早晚及程度与车间空气砷浓度大致呈平行关系。不脱离砷接触时尿砷可作为砷中毒诊断的重要指标,对尿砷超标者行驱砷治疗可降低砷中毒发病率。     

Urinary arsenic species, toenail arsenic, and arsenic intake estimates in a Michigan population with low levels of arsenic in drinking water

The large disparity between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and urine remains unexplained. This study aims to evaluate predictors of urinary arsenic in a population exposed to low concentrations (≤50?μg/l) of arsenic in drinking water. Urine and drinking water samples were collected from a subsample (n=343) of a population enrolled in a bladder cancer case-control study in southeastern Michigan. Total arsenic in water and arsenic species in urine were determined using ICP-MS: arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite (As[III]), arsenate (As[V]), methylarsenic acid (MMA[V]), and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA[V]). The sum of As[III], As[V], MMA[V], and DMA[V] was denoted as SumAs. Dietary information was obtained through a self-reported food intake questionnaire. Log(10)-transformed drinking water arsenic concentration at home was a significant (P<0.0001) predictor of SumAs (R(2)=0.18). Associations improved (R(2)=0.29, P<0.0001) when individuals with less than 1?μg/l of arsenic in drinking water were removed and further improved when analyses were applied to individuals who consumed amounts of home drinking water above the median volume (R(2)=0.40, P<0.0001). A separate analysis indicated that AsB and DMA[V] were significantly correlated with fish and shellfish consumption, which may suggest that seafood intake influences DMA[V] excretion. The Spearman correlation between arsenic concentration in toenails and SumAs was 0.36 and between arsenic concentration in toenails and arsenic concentration in water was 0.42. Results show that arsenic exposure from drinking water consumption is an important determinant of urinary arsenic concentrations, even in a population exposed to relatively low levels of arsenic in drinking water, and suggest that seafood intake may influence urinary DMA[V] concentrations.     

Binational arsenic exposure survey: methodology and estimated arsenic intake from drinking water and urinary arsenic concentrations

The Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey (BAsES) was designed to evaluate probable arsenic exposures in selected areas of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, two regions with known elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater reserves. This paper describes the methodology of BAsES and the relationship between estimated arsenic intake from beverages and arsenic output in urine. Households from eight communities were selected for their varying groundwater arsenic concentrations in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. Adults responded to questionnaires and provided dietary information. A first morning urine void and water from all household drinking sources were collected. Associations between urinary arsenic concentration (total, organic, inorganic) and estimated level of arsenic consumed from water and other beverages were evaluated through crude associations and by random effects models. Median estimated total arsenic intake from beverages among participants from Arizona communities ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 μg/day compared to 0.6 to 3.4 μg/day among those from Mexico communities. In contrast, median urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations were greatest among participants from Hermosillo, Mexico (6.2 μg/L) whereas a high of 2.0 μg/L was found among participants from Ajo, Arizona. Estimated arsenic intake from drinking water was associated with urinary total arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), urinary inorganic arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), and urinary sum of species (p < 0.001). Urinary arsenic concentrations increased between 7% and 12% for each one percent increase in arsenic consumed from drinking water. Variability in arsenic intake from beverages and urinary arsenic output yielded counter intuitive results. Estimated intake of arsenic from all beverages was greatest among Arizonans yet participants in Mexico had higher urinary total and inorganic arsenic concentrations. Other contributors to urinary arsenic concentrations should be evaluated.     

污染区人群砷累积暴露量及与砷中毒的关系砷污染区人群砷累积暴露量的估计

利用人群流行病学调查资料 ,通过估计人群累积呼吸量和大米食用量的方法 ,估算了污染区人群经呼吸和饮食的累积砷暴露量。并对如何评价人群环境污染物暴露水平的方法进行了探讨。不考虑非污染期经呼吸道的砷暴露时 ,所估计的污染区人群最大累积砷暴露量 ,经呼吸道途径 ,女性为 5 91 4mg ,男性为6 12 9mg。消化道途径为 34 88 74mg,合计女性为 40 80 14mg ,男性为 410 1 6 6mg。按污染时间折算成每日暴露量 :女性为 34 9 1μg (天·人 ) ,男性为 35 0 9μg (天·人 ) ,约为调查时所计算日均暴露量的 80 %左右