Comparative analysis of breast cancer risk factors among African-American women and White women

The authors assessed risk factor profiles among 1,505 African-American and 1,809 White women in the 1993-2001 Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Multiple logistic regression models for case-control data were used to estimate odds ratios for several factors. Racial differences were observed in the prevalence of many breast cancer risk factors among both younger (aged 20-49 years) and older (aged 50-74 years) women. For older women, the magnitude and direction of associations were generally similar for African-American and White women, but important racial differences were observed among younger women. In particular, multiparity was associated with increased risk of breast cancer among younger African-American women (for three or four pregnancies: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9, 2.6; for five or more pregnancies: OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.6, 3.1) but not among younger White women (for three or four pregnancies: OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4, 1.2; for five or more pregnancies: OR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.2, 3.0). The relations with age at first full-term pregnancy and nulliparity also varied by race. Case-only analyses before and after further adjustment for tumor stage and hormone receptor status revealed little effect on results. Hence, racial variations in both prevalences of and risks associated with particular factors may contribute to the higher incidence of breast cancer among younger African-American women.     

Development of overweight associated with childbearing depends on smoking habit: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate whether childbearing leads to development of overweight in women and to evaluate the role of other known risk factors. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A prospective, multicenter observational study, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study from 1986 to 1996, examined subjects at baseline and in follow-up years 2, 5, 7, and 10. Included were 998 (328 black and 670 white) nulliparous women, age 18-30 years, who were not overweight at baseline. Relative odds for incident overweight (BMI > or = 25 kg/m2) associated with parity change (0, 1, or 2+) and risk factors were estimated using discrete-time survival models adjusted for baseline and time-dependent covariates. RESULTS: Parity change-association with development of overweight depended on smoking habit (interaction, p < 0.001). In multivariate adjusted models, 1 and 2+ births vs. 0, respectively, were associated with increased risk for development of overweight among never smokers [odds ratio (OR) = 2.66; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.80, 3.93, and 2.10, 95% CI: 1.24, 3.56] and decreased risk among current smokers (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.96, and 0.36, 95% CI: 0.08, 1.65). Risk was increased for black vs. white race (OR = 3.49; 95% CI: 2.59, 4.69), frequent weight cycling (OR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.04), and high school education or less (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.50, 3.26) and was decreased for highest physical activity quartile (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.43, 0.90). DISCUSSION: Childbearing contributes to development of overweight in nonsmokers but not in smokers, where development of overweight is less likely in women who bear children. Race, education, and behaviors are important factors in development of overweight in young women.     

Overweight among children and adolescents in a Native Canadian community: prevalence and associated factors

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of pediatric obesity in North America is increasing. Native American children are at especially high risk. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of pediatric overweight and associated behavioral factors in a Native Canadian community with high rates of adult obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. DESIGN: Height and weight were measured in 445 children and adolescents aged 2-19 y. Fitness level, television viewing, body image concepts, and dietary intake were assessed in 242 subjects aged 10-19 y. Overweight was defined as a body mass index > or =85th percentile value for age- and sex-specific reference data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Multiple logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with overweight, with adjustment for age and sex. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of overweight in subjects aged 2-19 y was significantly higher than NHANES III reference data [boys: 27. 7% (95% CI: 21.8, 34.5); girls: 33.7% (95% CI: 27.9, 40.1)]. In the subset aged 10-19 y, > or =5 h television viewing/d was associated with a significantly higher risk of overweight than was < or =2 h/d [odds ratio (OR) = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.06, 5.98]. Subjects in the third and fourth quartiles of fitness had a substantially lower risk of overweight than did those in the first quartile [third quartile compared with first quartile: OR = 0.24 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.66); fourth quartile compared with first quartile: OR = 0.13 (95% CI: 0.03, 0. 48)]. Fiber consumption on the previous day was associated with a decreased risk of overweight (OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.99 for each 0.77 g/MJ increase in fiber intake). CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric overweight is a harbinger of future diabetes risk and indicates a need for programs targeting primary prevention of obesity in children and adolescents.     

Musculoskeletal Problems in Overweight and Obese Children

PURPOSE The obesity epidemic in children is spreading at alarming rates. Because musculoskeletal problems can influence physical activity, we compared the frequency of musculoskeletal problems in overweight and obese children with that in normal-weight children.METHODS We performed a cross-sectional database and face-to-face interview study that included 2,459 children aged 2 to 17 years from Dutch family practices. We collected data on self-reported height and weight (body mass index), self-reported musculoskeletal problems in the 2 weeks before the interview, number of family physician consultations for musculoskeletal problems in 1 year, and age (2 age-groups were analyzed: 2 to 11 years and 12 to 17 years, because of the proxy interview in the youngest age-group). We calculated the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for musculoskeletal problems in overweight and obese children, compared with normal-weight children.RESULTS Overweight and obese children in both age-groups (2 to 11 years and 12 to 17 years) reported significantly more musculoskeletal problems (OR = 1.86; 95% CI, 1.18–2.93; and OR = 1.69; 95% CI, 1.08–2.65, respectively) than normal-weight children. The total group of children who were overweight or obese reported more lower extremity problems than did the normal-weight children (OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.09–2.41); furthermore, they reported more ankle and foot problems than children who were of normal weight (OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.15–3.20). Overweight and obese children aged 12 to 17 years consulted their family physicians more often with lower extremity problems than did the normal-weight children (OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.05–3.51).CONCLUSION This study shows that overweight and obese children more frequently experience musculoskeletal problems than do normal-weight children.     

Prevalence and socio‐demographic associations of overweight and obesity among children attending child‐care services in rural and regional Australia

Aim: To describe the prevalence and socio‐demographic characteristics associated with body mass index among children attending child‐care services in New South Wales, Australia. Methods: Cross‐sectional study of parent‐reported socio‐demographic characteristics and objectively measured height and weight among children aged two to five years attending 40 randomly selected long day care centres and preschools. Results: Seven hundred and sixty‐four children, 11% of whom were Indigenous, participated in the study (response rate = 66%). Overall, 16.7% of children and 24.6% of Indigenous children were overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity was higher among children whose mothers did not have a university education (OR 1.91: 95% CI 1.15, 3.12) and who were Indigenous (OR 1.74: 95% CI 1.05, 2.90). No differences in prevalence were found between geographic areas. Multivariate analysis indicated that after adjusting for age, child‐care service hours and other demographic covariates, only maternal education remained a significant predictor of weight status (OR 2.06: 95% CI 1.16, 3.66). Conclusion: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity among children attending child‐care services underscores the importance of obesity prevention interventions in early child‐care settings, and particularly those catering for Indigenous children.     

Risk factors for overweight in children from Southern Brazil

Risk factors for overweight were investigated in a cross-sectional survey of children aged 12-59 months in the Southern Brazilian city of Porto Alegre (n = 2,660). Odds ratios (OR) for overweight, defined by weight/height > 2 z-scores of the NCHS standards, were estimated for socioeconomic and demographic conditions, social environment, and childhood health events. Prevalence of overweight was 6.5%. In the multivariate model, the odds of overweight were positively associated with maternal education (schooling > 12 years, OR = 2.36; 95%CI: 1.21-4.60; 9-11 years, OR = 2.07; 95%CI: 1.16-3.70) and family income per capita > 2 times the minimum wage (OR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.13-3.08) and negatively associated with maternal work (OR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.52-0.99). Odds were higher for children born large-for-gestational-age (OR = 2.29; 95%CI: 1.36-3.85) and lower for children born small (OR = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.33-0.99), as compared to those born with adequate birth weight for gestational age. Paternal schooling, parental occupation, and maternal age at the child's birth were associated with overweight in the unadjusted model only. Programs are needed to prevent overweight during childhood, with special attention to families and children at increased risk.     

Early Onset of Overweight and Obesity among Low-Income 1- to 5-Year Olds in New York City

Early-childhood obesity has reached epidemic proportions, particularly among low-income, minority, urban children. Understanding the progression of obesity prevalence rates from infancy through early childhood can inform public health efforts to combat this epidemic and create developmentally appropriate strategies. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of overweight and obesity among urban 1- to 5-year olds and estimated risk by age and gender. We surveyed the medical records of a random sample of 1,713 children seen at a New York City primary-care network. Outcome measures were weight-for-length for <2-year olds and body mass index for 2- to 5-year olds. Overweight was defined as percentiles >or=85% to <95%, obesity >or=95%. Analysis utilized chi-square, logistic regression, and z tests. Between 1 and 5 years of age, overweight increased 3.7% to 20.8% and obesity 7.5% to 29.8% (p < 0.01). Risk increased with age: compared with 1-year olds, 5-year olds were 8.2 times as likely (95% confidence interval (CI) = 5.5-12.21) to be overweight or obese. Boys were more likely to be obese than girls (adjusted odds ratio = 1.3; 95% CI = 1-1.64). Significant increases in overweight and obesity occurred between ages 1 and 3 years (overweight, 3.7% to 16%, p < 0.01; obesity, 7.5% to 30.2%, p < 0.01). Among urban children, more than half were overweight or obese by age 5. Overweight and obesity rates increased dramatically between the ages of 1 and 3 years. Interventions aimed at this age period may have the greatest impact at preventing childhood obesity.     

北京东京幼儿超重肥胖及其与生活方式的相关性

  目的  描述北京、东京3~5岁幼儿的超重肥胖现状,比较两地幼儿肥胖特征及其与生活方式的关系,为促进幼儿肥胖防治工作提供参考。  方法  采用整群分层随机抽样法,于2019年10—11月选取北京、东京共444名3~5岁幼儿为研究对象,对其进行身高、体重测量及生活方式调查,对两地幼儿的超重、肥胖现状及与生活方式的关系进行对比分析。  结果  北京幼儿的体质量指数(BMI)水平及超重肥胖率(25.28%)高于东京幼儿(18.44%),北京与东京幼儿超重肥胖率在早饭前是否身体活动上差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为29.14,31.18,P值均 < 0.05)。北京与东京幼儿超重肥胖率在晚饭后不同零食频率上差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为24.72,21.93,P值均 < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析进一步表明,北京幼儿早饭前不进行身体活动与发生超重或肥胖呈正相关(OR=1.45, 95%CI=1.10~2.68),晚饭后经常吃零食(OR=2.56,95%CI=1.44~3.57)和有时吃零食(OR=1.72,95%CI=1.21~2.72)的北京幼儿与超重或肥胖的发生呈正相关(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  北京幼儿的超重、肥胖现象高于东京幼儿,早饭前不进行身体活动、晚饭后有时吃零食、晚饭后经常吃零食与北京幼儿超重或肥胖发生呈正相关。     

Childhood Asthma and Extreme Values of Body Mass Index: The Harlem Children’s Zone Asthma Initiative

To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) percentile and asthma in children 2-11 years of age, we performed a cross-sectional analysis of 853 Black and Hispanic children from a community-based sample of 2- to 11-year olds with measured heights and weights screened for asthma by the Harlem Children's Zone Asthma Initiative. Current asthma was defined as parent/guardian-reported diagnosis of asthma and asthma-related symptoms or emergency care in the previous 12 months. Among girls, asthma prevalence increased approximately linearly with increasing body mass index (BMI) percentile, from a low of 12.0% among underweight girls (BMI 95th percentile). After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and household smoking, among girls, having asthma was associated with being at risk for overweight (odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-5.0) and being overweight (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.8) compared to normal weight; among boys, having asthma was associated both with overweight (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.3) and with underweight (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.1-7.7). Large, prospective studies that include very young children are needed to further explore the observed association between underweight and asthma among boys. Early interventions that concomitantly address asthma and weight gain are needed among pre-school and school-aged children.     

Short sleep duration and body mass index: a prospective longitudinal study in preadolescence

Short sleep duration is associated with incidence of overweight and obesity in preadolescent children. The authors performed regression analyses on data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children (1986-1987), a prospective cohort study comprising 1,916 preadolescent children in Canada. The aim was to assess associations between time spent in bed and body mass index reported by mothers after adjusting for numerous confounding factors, such as pubertal status. Time-in-bed and body mass index trajectories were computed using a semiparametric model mixture. Time-in-bed trajectories were classified as short (15% of the preadolescents), 10.5-hour (68%), and 11-hour (17%) sleep-duration trajectories, decreasing over time. Body mass index trajectories were classified as normal weight (68% of the preadolescents), overweight (27%), and obese (5%). The short sleep trajectory was associated with an increased odds ratio of being in the overweight body mass index trajectory (odds ratio (OR)=1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.39, 1.71) or in the obese body mass index trajectory (OR=3.26, 95% CI: 3.20, 3.29) compared with the 11-hour trajectory. One hour less of sleep per night at 10 years of age was associated with an increased odds ratio of being overweight (OR=1.51, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.76) or obese (OR=2.07; 95% CI: 1.51, 2.84) at 13 years of age.     

中国7~17岁儿童青少年宏量营养素摄入与超重肥胖的关系

  目的  探讨7~17岁儿童青少年宏量营养素摄入与超重肥胖的关系。  方法  1997—2011年基于“中国居民健康与营养调查”的6轮调查数据,纳入膳食及BMI数据完整的7~17岁儿童青少年为研究对象。依照中国肥胖问题工作组制定标准判定超重肥胖,采用Logistic回归分析模型分析宏量营养素摄入与儿童青少年超重肥胖的关系。  结果  最终纳入6 360名研究对象,其中7~＜12岁儿童青少年3 529人(55.5%),男生3 360人(52.8%),超重肥胖1 060人(16.7%)。校正相关混杂因素后,与脂肪供能比 < 25%组相比,≥30%组增加20%肥胖风险(OR=1.20, 95% CI:1.03~1.41, P=0.023);与蛋白质供能比 < 10%组相比,≥15%组增加61%肥胖风险(OR=1.61, 95% CI:1.25~2.04, P < 0.001);与碳水化合物供能比 < 55%组相比,55%~ < 65%组降低20%肥胖风险(OR=0.80, 95% CI:0.68~0.95, P=0.011),≥65%组降低21%肥胖风险(OR=0.79, 95% CI:0.66~0.94, P=0.010);脂肪及蛋白质供能比越高、碳水化合物供能比越低,发生超重肥胖的风险越高(P < 0.05);男生摄入过量蛋白质更可能发生肥胖(P=0.034)。  结论  儿童青少年摄入过量脂肪和蛋白质可增加超重肥胖发生风险。     

Relationship of child-feeding practices to overweight in low-income Mexican-American preschool-aged children

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship of child-feeding practices and other factors to overweight in low-income Mexican-American preschool-aged children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey with anthropometric measurements of mothers and target children. Trained bilingual staff interviewed the parents to collect data on child-feeding strategies, food patterns, child's health history, parental acculturation level, food insecurity, and other household characteristics.Subjects and setting Complete data were available from 204 low-income Mexican-American parents residing in California with at least one child aged 3 to 5 years.Outcomes measured Risk of overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) (measured as weight [in kilograms]/height [in meters](2)) >/=85th percentile and overweight was defined as BMI >/=95th percentile. The Student t test, chi(2) test, and logistic regression were used. RESULTS: Three variables were positively related to risk of overweight: birth weight (odds ratio [OR], 2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 4.82), mother's BMI >/=30 (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.11 to 3.79), and juice intake (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.09 to 4.98). Being enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children was negatively related to risk of overweight (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.75). Additional variables related to overweight were monthly income >$1,500 (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.00 to 5.42) and child takes food from the refrigerator between meals (OR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that biological and socioeconomic factors are more associated with overweight in Mexican-American preschool-aged children than most of the self-reported child-feeding strategies.     

Number of siblings, birth order, and childhood overweight: a population-based cross-sectional study in Japan

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Although several studies have investigated the relationship between the number of siblings or birth order and childhood overweight, the results are inconsistent. In addition, little is known about the impact of having older or younger siblings on overweight among elementary schoolchildren. The present population-based study investigated the relationship of the number of siblings and birth order with childhood overweight and evaluated the impact of having younger or older siblings on childhood overweight among elementary schoolchildren in Japan. METHODS: Subjects comprised fourth-grade schoolchildren (age, 9--10 years) in Ina Town during 1999--2009. Information about subjects' sex, age, birth weight, birth order, number of siblings, lifestyle, and parents' age, height, and weight was collected by a self-administered questionnaire, while measurements of subjects' height and weight were done at school. Childhood overweight was defined according to age- and sex-specific cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of "number of siblings" or "birth order" for overweight. RESULTS: Data from 4026 children were analyzed. Only children (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.45-3.14) and youngest children (1.56, 1.13-2.16) significantly increased ORs for overweight compared with middle children. A larger number of siblings decreased the OR for overweight (P for trend < 0.001). Although there was no statistically significant relationship between a larger number of older siblings and overweight, a larger number of younger siblings resulted in a lower OR for overweight (P for trend < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Being an only or youngest child was associated with childhood overweight, and having a larger number of younger siblings was negatively associated with overweight. The present study suggests that public health interventions to prevent childhood overweight need to focus on children from these family backgrounds.     

The Combined Effect of Birth Weight and Lifestyle on Clustered Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents: A National School-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

Background: Due to the adverse effects of cardio-metabolic risk factors (CMRFs) in children and adolescents on their current and later life health, and the growing evidence that birth weight and lifestyle have on CMRFs, we aimed to estimate the combined effect of birth weight and lifestyle on clustered CMRFs in children and adolescents. Methods: We enrolled 11,509 participants aged 7–18 years old in a national school-based cross-sectional study in seven provinces in China in 2013. Information on CMRFs was collected through anthropometric measurements and blood sample testing. Information on birth weight, lifestyle and other basic information were investigated through children and adolescents’ as well as parents’ questionnaires. The generalized linear mixed model was applied to estimate the odd ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the associations between CMRFs, clustered CMRFs and birth weight, lifestyle, and the combinations of birth weight and lifestyle. Results: Overall, the prevalence of clustered CMRFs was 3.6% in children and adolescents aged 7–18 years, higher in boys (4.4%) than girls (2.9%). The combination of LBW/ideal lifestyle (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.07–3.72) was associated with higher risk of clustered CMRFs, as well as in adolescents aged 13–18 years and in boys. The combination of HBW/poor lifestyle (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.13–2.68) was related to elevated risk of clustered CMRFs, especially in children aged 7–12 years. Conclusions: CMRFs in Chinese children and adolescents is concerning, ideal lifestyle could weaken the association of birth weight with clustered CMRFs, especially in younger age, indicating that programs to prevent abnormal birth weight or poor lifestyle or both among children and adolescents may reduce CMRFs in China.     

Prevalence and Correlates of Overweight,Obesity and Physical Activity in Italian Children and Adolescents from Lombardy,Italy

Investigating pediatric overweight and physical activity correlates is essential to design effective preventive programs. We used regional data (Lombardy, northern Italy) from the 2019 survey “OKKio alla Salute” (3093 children aged 8–9 years with measured anthropometric data), and from the 2018 wave of the “Health Behaviour in School-aged Children” survey (2916 adolescents aged 11–15 years with self-reported anthropometric data). In both the surveys, a cluster sampling methodology was used. Unconditional multiple logistic regression models were applied to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of overweight, obesity and poor physical activity. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) was 22.4% for children aged 8–9 years and 14.4% for adolescents aged 11–15 years. A higher prevalence of overweight was observed among males, children with greater birth weight and those with obese parents. Scant physical activity was higher among females and older adolescents. There was a direct relationship between obesity and increased psychological distress (OR = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.12–5.27) or being victims of bullying (OR = 2.25; 95% CI: 1.17–4.34). Increasing physical activity significantly decreased the frequency of mental health outcomes. Prevention campaigns should be promoted to safeguard childhood physical and psychological wellbeing.     

Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children

To determine the relation between obesity and new-onset asthma among school-age children, the authors examined longitudinal data from 3,792 participants in the Children's Health Study (Southern California) who were asthma-free at enrollment. New cases of physician-diagnosed asthma, height, weight, lung function, and risk factors for asthma were assessed annually at five school visits between 1993 and 1998. Incidence rates were calculated, and proportional hazards regression models were fitted to estimate the adjusted relative risks of new-onset asthma associated with percentile of body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) and indicators of overweight (>85th body mass index percentile) and obesity (>95th body mass index percentile). The risk of new-onset asthma was higher among children who were overweight (relative risk (RR) = 1.52, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14, 2.03) or obese (RR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.36). Boys had an increased risk associated with being overweight (RR = 2.06, 95% 1.33, 3.18) in comparison with girls (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.88). The effect of being overweight was greater in nonallergic children (RR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.49) than in allergic children (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.63, 2.15). The authors conclude that being overweight is associated with an increased risk of new-onset asthma in boys and in nonallergic children.     

广州市儿童生命早期因素与超重肥胖的关联

  目的  探讨广州市6~11岁儿童生命早期因素与超重肥胖之间的关系, 为儿童超重肥胖的预防提供科学依据。  方法  基线采用分层整群随机抽样的方法, 于2017年抽取广州市5所小学共5 172名学生作为研究对象, 进行2年的随访, 最终纳入学生3 315名。通过问卷调查收集学生的生命早期因素, 并测量基线和随访中身高和体重等指标。采用Logistic回归分析儿童生命早期因素与超重肥胖的关系。  结果  广州市6~11岁儿童超重肥胖发生率为8.7%。校正混杂因素后, Logistic回归分析显示, 母亲孕前消瘦的儿童超重肥胖发生风险比母亲孕前正常体重的儿童降低了46%(OR=0.54, 95%CI=0.38~0.76);母亲孕期增重过多的儿童超重肥胖发生风险比孕期增重正常的儿童增加了55%(OR=1.55, 95%CI=1.14~2.10);与自然分娩儿童相比, 剖宫产的儿童超重肥胖发生风险增加了30%(OR=1.30, 95%CI=1.00~1.68)(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  母亲孕期增重过多和剖宫产增加儿童超重肥胖的发生风险, 母亲孕前消瘦降低儿童超重肥胖的发生风险。     

Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Nutritional Status and Physical Activity Levels and a Sports Injury Reported in Children: A Seven-Year Follow-Up Study

Objective: Our aim was to analyze dose–response associations between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index and physical activity levels with childhood sports injury rates. Methods: Participants included pre-pregnant mothers (n = 4811) and their children at the age of 7 years (n = 3311). Maternal anthropometry (height, weight, and body mass index), time spent in physical activity, and education level were recorded. All sports injuries were defined as injuries reported in the past year by the children at the age of 7 years. Results: Children whose mothers were overweight/obese in the pre-pregnancy period were 2.04 (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.12–3.71) times more likely to report a sports injury at the age of 7 years. Underweight mothers exhibited a 74% decrease in the odds of their children reporting a sports injury at follow-up (OR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.10–0.68). Finally, an increase in maternal physical activity across the last three quartiles was associated with a lower odds of sports injuries. Conclusions: The risk of reporting a sports injury was greater for children whose mothers were overweight/obese in the pre-pregnancy period. However, there was a lower risk with both maternal underweight status and increasing minutes of physical activity.     

2015年广州市5岁儿童重度龋病危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 了解广州市5岁儿童重度龋病发生的影响因素,为制订科学、有效的防控措施提供理论依据。方法 在人群调查的基础上,按照1:1配对原则筛选出244对重度龋和无龋儿童组成病例组和对照组,采用单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归方法分析儿童重度龋病的影响因素。结果 多因素条件Logistic回归分析结果显示低出生体重（OR=3.08,95%CI:1.00~9.43,P=0.049）,高出生体重（OR=2.30,95%CI:1.06~4.97,P=0.035）,经常进食甜食（OR=2.17,95%CI:1.07~4.44,P=0.033）,睡前有进食甜食习惯（OR=1.80,95%CI:1.08~12.98,P=0.023）以及父母年龄（OR=0.50,95%CI:0.28~0.87,P=0.015）是广州市5岁儿童重度龋病发生的影响因素。结论 父母应重视儿童乳牙龋的发生,从小培养儿童形成良好的饮食行为习惯,降低重度婴幼儿龋病的发生率。     

Birth characteristics and risk of neuroblastoma in young children

The peak incidence of neuroblastoma during infancy suggests that certain prenatal or perinatal factors may be etiologically important. In this population-based study, California birth certificates were identified for 508 (86%) neuroblastoma cases diagnosed at less than 5 years of age between 1988 and 1997. For each case, two controls, matched on date of birth and gender, were randomly selected from the statewide birth registry. Results of multivariate analyses showed a reduced risk for children of Hispanic (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43, 0.76) and "other" (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.85) race/ethnicity, compared with non-Hispanic Whites. Postterm/high birth weight delivery was associated with an increased risk of neuroblastoma compared with term/normal birth weight delivery among infants (OR = 6.99, 95% CI: 1.07, 45.55), while preterm birth appeared suggestive of a reduced risk among children 1-4 years of age. For children in this age group, the risk of neuroblastoma was elevated for cesarean delivery compared with vaginal delivery (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.21, 2.47), and, for infants, the risk was reduced if the mother had had multiple previous pregnancies (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.69). These data suggest that etiologic factors associated with the prenatal and perinatal periods may be specific to age at neuroblastoma diagnosis.