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1.
Background
Children and adolescents with ADHD treated with central stimulants (CS) often have growth deficits, but the implications of such treatment for final height and stature remain unclear.Methods
Weight and height were assessed multiple times in 410 children and adolescents during long-term treatment with CS, which lasted between 0.9 and 16.1 years. Weight and height measures were converted to z-scores based on age- and sex-adjusted population tables.Results
CS treatment was associated with (1) a relative reduction in body weight and a temporary halt in growth, (2) a weight and height lag after 72 months compared with relative baseline values. No relation to early start of medication (<6 years), gender, comorbid ODD/CD or emotional disorders was observed.Conclusions
Treatment with central stimulants for ADHD impacts growth in children and adolescents, and growth should be continuously monitored in patients on chronic treatment with these medications.2.
Purpose of Review
The management of bipolar disorder during pregnancy requires difficult treatment decisions be made by both women and their clinicians. There is little consensus on management despite the high prevalence of bipolar disorder in reproductive-aged women. In this review, we have summarized the available literature and discuss the balancing of risks associated with treatment decisions.Recent Findings
Cohort studies have shown a high relapse rate in women with bipolar disorder who discontinue mood-stabilizing medications. The risks of fetal medication exposure have been assessed in multiple database studies.Summary
Management decisions of bipolar disorder in pregnancy have been made difficult by inconsistencies in study outcomes. There were many confounding factors in the studies of medication discontinuation relapse risk. Inconsistencies in the findings of fetal risks from mood-stabilizing medications have further complicated management decisions. Larger studies are needed to clarify the risks of bipolar disorder relapse in pregnancy with and without treatment.3.
Andy Wai Kan Yeung 《Chemosensory perception》2018,11(1):42-50
Introduction
This was the first bibliometric study to investigate the functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) literature on chemosensory perception to reveal who contributed to these publications, where they were published, what concepts were investigated, and their relative impact in terms of citations.Methods
Web of Science was searched to identify relevant articles. Research areas, authors, contributing countries and territories, journals, and publication years were recorded. The full record and cited references of these articles were used for further bibliometric analyses and network visualization.Results
The search yielded 5200 unique authors who had contributed to 1660 articles. The authors in the co-authorship network generally had higher numbers of citations per article than those in the periphery did. The 1660 articles were published in 423 journals, and the distribution did not fulfill Bradford’s law. Articles with contributions from European countries and the USA appeared to have more citations on average relative to those from Asian countries.Conclusions
The contributions came from a diverse spectrum of authors who had published in journals in multiple disciplines. Papers involving the insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala had accumulated high numbers of total citations. The hedonic aspect of chemosensory perception in particular had received many citations.Implications
The fMRI literature on chemosensory perception provides substantial neurobiological findings from multiple authors, countries, and journals. These results offer a contemporary overview of the literature and facilitate researchers in identifying relevant papers for future references.4.
Background
The symptom “delusions” is a central psychopathological symptom in psychiatric diseases. Since the beginning of psychiatry various disciplines have attempted to explain and understand delusions but even now no generally accepted definition of this phenomenon exists.Aim
A comprehensive review of current psychopathological and neurobiological theories of delusions is given.Material and methods
PubMed and Google scholar searches were performed using the keywords “delusion”, “psychodynamic” and “neurobiology”, both in English and German. Relevant German textbooks of psychiatry were also included.Discussion
A differentiated perspective of the phenomenon of delusions appears to be necessary to approach this complex and fascinating symptom. A one-dimensional approach does not do justice to the complexity of delusions. The various explanatory approaches can increasingly be linked to each other and are no longer considered to be mutually exclusive.5.
Purpose of Review
This review explores different treatment modalities for immune-mediated epilepsy, including epilepsy caused by autoantibodies as well as epilepsy in the context of systemic autoimmune disease.Recent Findings
Autoimmune epilepsy is an increasingly recognized entity. Conventional treatments for epilepsy, such as antiseizure medications and epilepsy surgery, are less successful in treating epilepsy caused by autoimmune disease. Immunomodulatory therapies such as corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and plasma exchange are generally more successful in treating immune-mediated epilepsy than conventional epilepsy therapies.Summary
Autoimmune epilepsy should be considered as a possible etiology for patients with frequent seizures of unknown etiology. The response to immunotherapies is often promising, particularly in patients with antibodies to neuronal cell surface antigens.6.
7.
Objective
To review existing evidence regarding interactions between the autonomic nervous system and the immune system functions in multiple sclerosis.Methods
We reviewed the literature regarding new insights linking autonomic dysfunction to immune deregulation in multiple sclerosis, with particular focus on the specific influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction on inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes.Results
Autonomic dysfunction is common in multiple sclerosis, representing a significant cause of disability. Several connections between pathologic immune pathways and the autonomic nervous system function were found.Conclusions
Autonomic dysfunction may enhance inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathways that are of major importance in multiple sclerosis. Autonomic dysfunction can present with highly variable manifestations. Sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction displays different patterns in multiple sclerosis, with specific impact on inflammation and neurodegeneration.8.
Elise Crayton Marion Fahey Mark Ashworth Sarah Jane Besser John Weinman Alison J. Wright 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(6):833-845
Background
Medications targeting stroke risk factors have shown good efficacy, yet adherence is suboptimal. To improve adherence, its determinants must be understood. To date, no systematic review has mapped identified determinants into the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) in order to establish a more complete understanding of medication adherence.Purpose
The aim of this study was to identify psychological determinants that most influence stroke survivors’ medication adherence.Methods
In line with the prospectively registered protocol (PROSPERO CRD42015016222), five electronic databases were searched (1953–2015). Hand searches of included full text references were undertaken. Two reviewers conducted screening, data extraction and quality assessment. Determinants were mapped into the TDF.Results
Of 32,825 articles, 12 fulfilled selection criteria (N = 43,984 stroke survivors). Tested determinants mapped into 8/14 TDF domains. Studies were too heterogeneous for meta-analysis. Three TDF domains appeared most influential. Negative emotions (‘Emotions’ domain) such as anxiety and concerns about medications (‘Beliefs about Consequences’ domain) were associated with reduced adherence. Increased adherence was associated with better knowledge of medications (‘Knowledge’ domain) and stronger beliefs about medication necessity (‘Beliefs about Consequences’ domain). Study quality varied, often lacking information on sample size calculations.Conclusions
This review provides foundations for evidence-based intervention design by establishing psychological determinants most influential in stroke survivors’ medication adherence. Six TDF domains do not appear to have been tested, possibly representing gaps in research design. Future research should standardise and clearly report determinant and medication adherence measurement to facilitate meta-analysis. The range of determinants explored should be broadened to enable more complete understanding of stroke survivors’ medication adherence.9.
Purpose of the Review
The care of children with infantile spasms is full of areas of ambiguity, despite practice parameters and randomized trials. This review is to update the current care of children with infantile spasms.Recent Findings
Several recent studies have generated new data to guide management including a randomized trial supporting combination therapy of hormone treatment and vigabatrin as an initial treatment for infantile spasms. Studies have suggested that we are not consistent in our recognition of hypsarrhythmia, while additional studies suggest that the presence or absence of this pattern may not have any predictive value. Additionally, the use of appropriate medications as well as an early diagnosis has the most impact on short-term outcomes.Summary
Children with infantile spasms benefit most from early diagnosis and early treatment with appropriate standard medications such as hormonal therapy (ACTH or prednisolone) or vigabatrin.10.
Purpose of Review
This review highlights some of the important changes in the immune system that occur in the process of normal aging. Immunosenescence as a concept is directly relevant to the world of neuro-inflammation, as it may be a contributing factor to the risks associated with some of the current immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies used in treating multiple sclerosis (MS) and other inflammatory disorders.Recent Findings
Profound qualitative and quantitative changes occur in the adaptive and innate immunity compartments during aging. These changes may explain why patients of older age are at an increased risk of infections and infection-associated mortality.Summary
Immunosenescence-associated changes may be additive or synergistic with the effects produced by immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive medications. Clinicians should exercise a high level of vigilance in monitoring the risk of infections in older patients on these treatments.11.
Daiana Bezzini L. Policardo F. Profili G. Meucci M. Ulivelli S. Bartalini P. Francesconi M. A. Battaglia 《Neurological sciences》2018,39(11):1881-1885
Background
Italy is a high-risk area for multiple sclerosis with 110,000 prevalent cases estimated at January 2016 and 3400 annual incident cases. To study multiple sclerosis epidemiology, it is preferable to use population-based studies, e.g., with a registry. A valid alternative to obtain data on entire population is from administrative sources.Objective
To estimate the incidence of multiple sclerosis in Tuscany using a case-finding algorithm based on administrative data.Methods
In a previous study, we calculated the prevalence in Tuscany using a validated case-finding algorithm based on administrative data. Incident cases were identified as a subset of prevalent cases among those patients not traced in the years before the analysis period, and the date of the first multiple sclerosis-related claim was considered the incidence date of multiple sclerosis diagnosis. We examined the period 2011–2015.Results
We identified 1147 incident cases with annual rates ranged from 5.60 per 100,000 in 2011 to 6.58 in 2015.Conclusions
We found a high incidence rate, similarly to other Italian areas, especially in women, that may explain the increasing prevalence in Tuscany. To confirm this data and to calculate the possible bias caused by our inclusion method, we will validate our algorithm for incident cases.12.
Purpose of Review
Little is known about the presence of parasomnias such as nightmare disorder, sleep paralysis, REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and sleep-related eating disorders (SRED) in people with mental illness. A predominant view suggests that psychotropic medications might be contributing to parasomnias. This article summarizes knowledge regarding the relationships between psychiatric disorders and parasomnias, and possible confounds. A systematic search of the literature in the past 10 years identified 19 articles.Recent Findings
There were significantly elevated rates of parasomnias in psychiatric disorders (average prevalence of nightmares was 38.9%, sleep paralysis 22.3%, SRED 9.9%, sleepwalking 8.5%, and RBD 3.8%). Medication usage was only one of many risk factors (other sleep disorders, medical comorbidities, and substance abuse) which were associated with parasomnias.Summary
A strong association exists between mental illness and parasomnias which is not fully explained by medications. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to develop a better understanding of the unique and shared variance from multiple risk factors.13.
Hua Bai Sonja A. Wilhelm Stanis Andrew T. Kaczynski Gina M. Besenyi 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2013,45(1):39-48
Background
Parks are important resources for physical activity (PA), yet few studies have examined how perceptions of park characteristics relate to PA and health.Purpose
This study investigated associations between perceptions of neighborhood park quality and overall moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), park-based PA, and body mass index (BMI).Methods
Data were collected via questionnaire from 893 households in Kansas City, Missouri.Results
The newly developed neighborhood park quality scale demonstrated good test–retest and internal reliability. Residents’ perceptions of neighborhood park quality were related to PA and health outcomes. Perceiving parks as a benefit was positively related to overall MVPA and park-based PA and negatively related to BMI. Perceptions of well-used parks were positively related to BMI, while perceived cleanliness was negatively related to park-based PA.Conclusions
Better measuring and understanding how perceptions of local parks are associated with PA and health can improve appreciation of how parks facilitate active living.14.
Objective
The aim of this study is to review the evidence on the role of the autonomic nervous system as a determinant of brain volume. Brain volume measures have gained increasing attention given its biological importance, particularly as a measurement of neurodegeneration.Methods
Using an integrative approach, we reviewed publications addressing the anatomical and physiological characteristics of brain autonomic innervation focusing on evidence from diverse clinical populations with respect to brain volume.Results
Multiple mechanisms contribute to changes in brain volume. Autonomic influence on cerebral blood volume is of significant interest.Conclusion
We suggest a role for the autonomic innervation of brain vessels in fluctuations of cerebral blood volume. Further investigation in several clinical populations including multiple sclerosis is warranted to understand the specific role of parenchyma versus blood vessels changes on final brain volume.15.
Jinhua Zheng Xinglong Yang Yalan Chen Quanzhen Zhao Sijia Tian Hongyan Huang Yanming Xu 《Clinical autonomic research》2017,27(2):103-106
Purpose
To compare the order of presentation of bladder and motor symptoms between multiple system atrophy phenotypes.Methods
Medical records were retrospectively reviewed in 144 patients.Results
Bladder symptoms occurred either before or within 12 months after onset of motor symptoms in significantly more patients with the cerebellar phenotype than the parkinsonian phenotype (80 vs. 53%, p = 0.003); similar results were observed for urinary incontinence (79 vs. 45%, p = 0.001).Conclusions
Urinary dysfunction is more likely to appear either before or shortly after motor symptoms in the cerebellar phenotype than in the parkinsonian phenotype.16.
Jean-Philippe Gouin Warren Caldwell Robbie Woods William B. Malarkey 《Annals of behavioral medicine》2017,51(5):782-786
Background
Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACE) has been associated with elevated circulating inflammatory markers in adulthood. Despite the robust effect of ACE on later health outcomes, not all individuals exposed to ACE suffer from poor health.Purpose
The goal of this study was to evaluate whether current resilience resources may attenuate the impact of ACE on inflammatory markers among individuals with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels.Methods
Participants (N = 174) completed one-time self-report questionnaires assessing ACE exposure within the first 18 years of life and current resilience resources, and provided blood samples for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and CRP.Results
Individuals who were exposed to multiple ACE had greater IL-6 than participants with lesser ACE exposure. However, current resilience resources significantly moderated this effect. Among individuals who reported multiple ACE, higher resilience resources were associated with lower IL-6 levels.Conclusion
These data suggest that resilience resources might attenuate the association between ACE and later health outcomes.17.
Background
Barriers to HIV medication adherence may differ by levels of dosing schedules.Purpose
The current study examined adherence barriers associated with medication regimen complexity and simplification.Methods
A total of 755 people living with HIV currently taking anti-retroviral therapy were recruited from community services in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants completed audio-computer-assisted self-interviews that assessed demographic and behavioral characteristics, provided their HIV viral load obtained from their health care provider, and completed unannounced phone-based pill counts to monitor medication adherence over 1 month.Results
Participants taking a single-tablet regimen (STR) were more likely to be adherent than those taking multi-tablets in a single-dose regimen (single-dose MTR) and those taking multi-tablets in a multi-dose regimen (multi-dose MTR), with no difference between the latter two. Regarding barriers to adherence, individuals taking STR were least likely to report scheduling issues and confusion as reasons for missing doses, but they were equally likely to report multiple lifestyle and logistical barriers to adherence.Conclusions
Adherence interventions may need tailoring to address barriers that are specific to dosing regimens.18.
Introduction
Pediatric low-grade tumors are found in roughly 1–3 % of patients with childhood epilepsy; seizures associated with these tumors are often medically refractory and often present a significant morbidity, greater than the presence of the tumor itself.Discussion
The unique morbidity of the seizures often requires an epilepsy surgical approach over a standard oncologic resection to achieve a reduction in morbidity for the child. Multiple quality-of-life studies have shown that unless a patient is seizure-free, they remain disabled throughout their life; the best way to achieve this in our patient population is with a multidisciplinary team approach with treatment goals focusing primarily on the epilepsy.Conclusion
In those patients treated with gross total resection, roughly 80 % will have an Engel class I outcome and 90 % will achieve some reduction in seizure frequency with a significant improvement in quality of life.19.
Background
Few studies have examined potential disparities in access to transportation infrastructures, an important determinant of population health.Purpose
To examine individual- and area-level disparities in access to the road network, public transportation system, and a public bicycle share program in Montreal, Canada.Methods
Examining associations between sociodemographic variables and access to the road network, public transportation system, and a public bicycle share program, 6,495 adult respondents (mean age, 48.7 years; 59.0 % female) nested in 33 areas were included in a multilevel analysis.Results
Individuals with lower incomes lived significantly closer to public transportation and the bicycle share program. At the area level, the interaction between low-education and low-income neighborhoods showed that these areas were significantly closer to public transportation and the bicycle share program controlling for individual and urbanicity variables.Conclusions
More deprived areas of the Island of Montreal have better access to transportation infrastructure than less-deprived areas.20.