尿毒症患者血液透析后心脏结构功能的改变及相关因素分析

目的探讨尿毒症患者血液透析后心脏结构功能的改变及其相关因素。方法回顾性分析64例维持性血液透析患者透析前、透析1年后的超声心动图资料,研究血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血肌酐等对心脏结构功能的影响。结果透析前与透析1年后相比,左心室舒张末内径、室间隔厚度、左心室壁厚度、左室射血分数的变化无显著性差异。结论维持性血液透析对尿毒症患者的舒张功能无明显改善。控制干体重、血压及改善贫血、营养状况、微炎症状态有利于心脏结构功能的改变。     

尿毒症患者血液透析后心脏结构功能的改变及相关因素分析

目的探讨尿毒症患者血液透析后心脏结构功能的改变及其相关因素。方法回顾性分析64例维持性血液透析患者透析前、透析1年后的超声心动图资料,研究血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血肌酐等对心脏结构功能的影响。结果透析前与透析1年后相比,左心室舒张末内径、室间隔厚度、左心室壁厚度、左室射血分数的变化无显著性差异。结论维持性血液透析对尿毒症患者的舒张功能无明显改善。控制干体重、血压及改善贫血、营养状况、微炎症状态有利于心脏结构功能的改变。     

长期高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者心脏结构与功能的影响研究

探究长期高通量透析对维持性血液透析患者心脏结构与功能的影响。抽取2015年1月~2016年1月在我院接受维持性血液透析的84例患者,随机分为两组,各42例。对照组采用低通量透析治疗,观察组采用长期高通量透析治疗。对比治疗前后两组心脏结构及功能变化情况。治疗前两组左心室内径、左心室舒张末内径、左心室后壁厚度、室内隔厚度、舒张早期与晚期最大血流速度比、左心室射血分数、左心室心肌重量指数对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),经治疗,观察组左心室内径、左心室舒张末内径、左心室射血分数、左心室心肌重量指数与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。长期高通量透析可有效减轻维持性血液透析患者心脏结构及功能,值得推广。     

超声心动图评价肾移植术前不同血液透析时间对尿毒症患者心脏结构和功能的影响

目的探讨肾移植术前不同血液透析时间对原发性肾小球肾炎尿毒症患者心脏结构与功能的影响。方法根据肾移植术前是否血液透析和不同血液透析时间对206例原发性肾小球肾炎尿毒症患者进行分组:透析龄≤1年(90例)、透析龄≤3年(77例)、透析龄>3年(39例)共3组,应用超声心动图测量3组患者肾移植前、肾移植后1个月和3个月的左心室结构和功能的参数,并进行比较。结果肾移植术后患者左心收缩及舒张功能均有降低趋势;心脏各房、室腔均有不同程度缩小,室间隔和室壁搏幅增加,厚度变薄,左心室短轴缩短率、左心室射血分数等心功能测值较肾移植术前明显改善,扩大的左心房、左心室较肾移植术前缩小。尤其术前透析龄≤1年组患者,心肌和心脏明显缩小。肾移植术后二尖瓣口舒张早期血流峰值流速升高,舒张晚期峰值流速降低,E/A比值升高,E峰减速时间及等容舒张时间明显缩短。透析龄≤1年、透析龄≤3年、透析龄>3年的患者术前、术后1个月、术后3个月左心房收缩末期内径、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径、室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室短轴缩短率、左心室射血分数、二尖瓣E峰最大流速、二尖瓣A峰最大流速、E/A比值、E峰减速时间、左心室等容舒张时间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);透析龄≤1年的患者分别与透析龄≤3年、透析龄>3年组患者比较,各参数间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论随血液透析时间的延长,原发性肾小球肾炎尿毒症患者心脏结构和功能均逐渐发生变化,应尽可能缩短肾移植术前血液透析时间,避免透析时间多于1年,以提高长期存活率,减少术后并发症的发生率。     

高通量血液透析对维持性血液透析患者胰岛素抵抗及心脏结构和功能的改善效果分析

目的探讨高通量血液透析(HFHD)对尿毒症维持性血液透析患者的胰岛素抵抗、心脏结构及其功能的影响。方法随机将88例尿毒症维持性血液透析患者平均分为高通量透析组(HFHD组)和低通量透析组(LFHD组),且两组患者在胰岛素抵抗、心脏功能和相关临床症状方面无显著性差异。在治疗前和治疗6个月后分别取患者血液标本进行胰岛素抵抗情况分析,采用酶学方法检测空腹血糖和尿酸的含量,采用放射免疫分析法检测空腹胰岛素水平、脂联素、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)等指标变化。同时采用超声心动图检测治疗前后心脏结构和功能相关指标,如左前降支(LAD)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVDd)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、舒张期室间隔厚度(IVST)、舒张早期左室充盈峰速率(E)与心房收缩期左室充盈峰速率(A)比值(E/A)、左室射血分数(EF)和左心室质量指数(LVMI)。结果经过6个月的治疗发现,与LFHD组相比,HFHD组能显著降低尿毒症患者的空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、尿酸和hs-CRP等指标的水平,同时能显著上调血液中脂联素水平(P0.05)。心脏结构和功能方面,LFHD组对心脏结构和功能等指标的改善并不显著(P0.05),而HFHD组在LAD、LVDd、EF和LVMI等方面有显著变化(P0.05)。结论高通量血液透析有助于改善维持性血液透析患者胰岛素抵抗,同时能减轻普通血液透析所引起的心脏结构和功能损伤。     

缬沙坦对维持性血液透析患者心脏功能和结构的影响

目的 探讨缬沙坦对维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者心脏功能和结构的影响.方法 100例MHD患者,随机分为缬沙坦治疗组与对照组,治疗前及治疗后使用超声心动图测定心脏结构指标:左房收缩末期内径(LADs)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSTd)、左室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWTd),左房内径指数(LAI)、左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)、相对室壁厚度(RWT);心脏功能指标:左室射血分数(LVEF),左室短轴缩短率(FS),二尖瓣口舒张早期和晚期最大血流速度比(E/A)各项指标测定.结果 治疗组MHD患者心脏结构指标:左房收缩末期内径(LADs)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、室间隔舒张末期厚度(IVSTd)、左室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWTd),左房内径指数(LAD、左心室心肌重量指数(LVMI)值均明显低于对照组,二者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组相对室壁厚度(RWT)相比没有明显的差异(P＞0.05).心脏功能指标:左室射血分数(LVEF),左室短轴缩短率(FS),二尖瓣口舒张早期和晚期最大血流速度比(E/A)值较对照组明显增高(P＜0.05).结论 缬沙坦可以改善MHD患者的心脏结构和功能.     

不同腹膜透析龄患者血红蛋白变异性与心脏结构及功能相关性分析

目的探讨不同腹膜透析龄患者血红蛋白变异性与心脏结构和功能的相关性。方法慢性肾功能衰竭行腹膜透析并规律随访患者60例,依据透析龄分为12个月组13例,12～24个月组20例和24个月组27例,检测3组血红蛋白水平,计算血红蛋白变异度、斜率和振幅;行超声心动图检查测定室间隔舒张末期厚度、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度、左心室舒张末期内径、左室射血分数,计算左心室舒张早期和晚期最大血流速度比(E/A)、左心室质量指数;Spearman法分析血红蛋白变异性指标与超声心动图参数的相关性。结果 12个月组血红蛋白变异度[18.78(7.27,33.89)g/L]高于12～24个月组[8.98(5.69,11.91)g/L](P0.05),与24个月组[11.95(9.37,20.24)g/L]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);12个月组血红蛋白斜率[-1.50(-4.08,-0.57)]低于24个月组[-0.28(-0.60,-0.16)](P0.05),与12～24个月组[-0.82 (-1.67,-0.12)]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);12个月组血红蛋白[(110.54±17.45)g/L]高于12～24个月组[(86.60±20.50)g/L]和24个月组[(86.85±15.45)g/L](P0.05);3组血红蛋白振幅、左心房内径、室间隔舒张末期厚度、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室质量、左心室质量指数、左室射血分数、E/A比值比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);血红蛋白变异度、血红蛋白振幅与室间隔舒张末期厚度、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室质量指数、左室射血分数均无明显线性相关性(P0.05),血红蛋白与左心室后壁舒张末期厚度、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室质量指数呈负相关(r=-0.317,P=0.025;r=-0.480,P0.001;r=-0.452,P=0.001)。结论腹膜透析患者存在不同的血红蛋白变异性、心脏结构和功能改变,纠正贫血、减少血红蛋白变异性有助于改善心脏结构及功能。     

维持性血液透析患者hs-CRP和IL-6与心脏结构功能变化的临床观察

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者微炎症状态和心脏结构、功能变化的关系。方法选择徐州医学院第二附属医院血液净化中心维持性血液透析患者共48例,同时设立健康对照组,测定空腹血清中超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）浓度值,通过彩色多谱勒测定患者的心脏结构和功能。结果维持性血液透析组hs-CRP、IL-6、左心室内径（LVD）、左心房内径（LAD）、室间隔厚度（IVST）、左心室后壁厚度（LVPWT）水平均显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,有统计学意义,而2组的左心室射血分数（EF）、E/A的值间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;血液透析患者hs-CRP、IL-6与LAD、LVD、IVST、LVPWT呈正相关,有80%患者存在舒张功能障碍。结论MHD患者的hs-CRP、IL-6变化与其心脏结构变化有一定相关性。     

尿毒症患者透析前后超声心动图变化的临床意义

目的探讨尿毒症患者透析前后超声心动图的变化情况。方法选取2013年1月~2015年1月我院收治的150例尿毒症患者为研究对象,按照血液透析情况,将其分为透析前组与透析后组,两组合并为病例组,另选150例正常体检者为对照组,分别给予常规超声心动图检查,测定其左心室质量指数(LVMI)、心室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)及心室壁厚度(LVPW)并计算E/A比值。结果尿毒症患者透析后,左心室后壁厚度LVPWT为12.45±1.81mm,左心室射血分数LVEF为57.7±10.6%,E/A比值为1.17±0.22,左心室质量指数LVMI为143.3±45.3g/m2,与透析前相比,组间差异性显著P<0.05,具有统计学意义。结论利用超声心动图对尿毒症患者血液透析结果进行检查,能够及时掌握尿毒症患者的心脏结构功能变化,为尿毒症心肌病诊断提供必要的临床指导,以便采取有效的治疗措施。     

三维超声斑点追踪技术定量评估维持性血液透析患者左心室旋转的价值

目的探讨三维超声斑点追踪技术在定量评估行维持性血液透析治疗慢性肾功能衰竭患者左心室旋转中的应用价值。方法行维持性血液透析治疗慢性肾功能衰竭患者70例为观察组,同期体检健康者70例为对照组,2组行超声心动图检查测量舒张末期室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积及左室射血分数,应用三维超声斑点技术测量心尖及心底水平左心室前间隔、后间隔、前壁、侧壁、后壁、下壁旋转角度。结果观察组舒张末期室间隔厚度、左心室后壁厚度、左心室舒张末期容积、左心室收缩末期容积均较对照组大,左室射血分数较对照组低(P0.05);观察组旋转角度值在心尖水平左心室前间隔[(6.32±2.01)°]、后间隔[(6.01±1.98)°]、前壁[(6.38±2.12)°]、侧壁[(5.74±2.40)°]、后壁[(4.81±3.01)°]、下壁[(5.34±2.54)°]均小于对照组[(9.51±3.21)°、(9.45±2.87)°、(9.07±3.23)°、(9.36±3.14)°、(9.71±3.28)°、(9.91±3.51)°](P0.05);在心底水平左心室后壁[(6.53±3.08)°]、下壁旋转角度值[(7.42±3.22)°]均小于对照组[(7.95±3.26)°、(8.71±3.29)°](P0.05),在心底水平左心室前间隔[(4.23±1.74)°]、后间隔[(6.62±2.32)°]、前壁[(3.25±1.63)°]、侧壁[(4.23±2.41)°]与对照组[(4.12±1.85)°、(6.57±2.05)°、(3.58±2.51)°、(4.62±3.14)°]比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论三维超声斑点追踪技术可清晰显示行维持性血液透析肾功能衰竭患者左心室旋转变化。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.