主动脉全弓替换加支架"象鼻"手术体会

目的 总结采用主动脉弓替换加支架＂象鼻＂手术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床经验.方法 对3例Stanford A型主动脉夹层病人采用深低温停循环、低流量选择性脑灌注,行升主动脉及全弓替换加支架＂象鼻＂手术,其中1例同期行右冠状动脉旁路移植术.结果 平均体外循环时间149 min,升主动脉阻断时间104 min,停循环时间23.7 min.3例病人术后只有短暂轻度的精神异常,均痊愈出院,复查计算机断层扫描示支架段胸降主动脉假腔消失,降主动脉真腔扩大,无瘤样扩张,生活和工作正常.结论 升主动脉及全弓替换加支架＂象鼻＂手术是治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层安全、有效的方法.     

术中支架在主动脉夹层的运用

目的总结术中支架在主动脉夹层治疗的经验。方法 5例主动脉夹层患者,Stanford A1C 2例、StanfordA3C 2例、Stanford B1S 1例,Stanford A1C,行升主动脉及全弓替换加支架"象鼻"手术;Stanford A3C,行Bentall及全弓替换加术中支架"象鼻"手术;Stanford B1S切开主动脉弓行带血管人工支架置入术。结果 5例病人全部康复出院,无任何并发症,术后复查CT,移植主动脉弓部人工血管血流通畅,支架位置良好,部分假腔血栓形成,降主动脉真腔较术前明显扩大。结论支架"象鼻"手术,较传统象鼻手术安全,同时部分病例可避免二期的手术。     

术中支架在主动脉夹层的运用

目的总结术中支架在主动脉夹层治疗的经验。方法 5例主动脉夹层患者,Stanford A1C 2例、StanfordA3C 2例、Stanford B1S 1例,Stanford A1C,行升主动脉及全弓替换加支架"象鼻"手术;Stanford A3C,行Bentall及全弓替换加术中支架"象鼻"手术;Stanford B1S切开主动脉弓行带血管人工支架置入术。结果 5例病人全部康复出院,无任何并发症,术后复查CT,移植主动脉弓部人工血管血流通畅,支架位置良好,部分假腔血栓形成,降主动脉真腔较术前明显扩大。结论支架"象鼻"手术,较传统象鼻手术安全,同时部分病例可避免二期的手术。     

支架“象鼻”手术治疗复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层

目的:总结我中心应用支架"象鼻"手术治疗复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层的临床经验及近期疗效。方法:回顾我中心2009年1月至2014年6月收治的28例行支架"象鼻"手术的复杂型Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者,其中18例为直接行支架"象鼻"手术,10例为胸主动脉腔内修复术(TEVAR)术后I型内漏二次手术改行支架"象鼻"手术修补漏口。结果:所有患者均在全麻、体外循环下行支架"象鼻"手术,其中20例患者同时行左锁骨下动脉至左颈总动脉转流术。平均体外循环时间(150±28)分钟,平均心肌阻断时(75±32)分钟,平均选择性脑灌注时间(20±6)分钟。所有患者术后无截瘫发生,无脑出血及脑梗死等中枢神经系统并发症,无围术期死亡。出院时及术后3月复查CT均无内漏发生。结论:应用支架"象鼻"手术治疗复杂性Stanford B型主动脉夹层确实可靠,近期疗效满意,远期结果还有待随访观察。     

两段式覆膜支架治疗B型主动脉夹层的研究

目的:探讨两段式覆膜支架腔内修复术(TEVAR)治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层(TBAD)的疗效。方法:分析2013年3月至2015年3月间,在本中心采用两段式覆膜支架TEVAR术治疗的61例TBAD患者的临床影像及术后随访资料。适应证:1胸降主动脉段主动脉弯曲变形;2胸降主动脉存在多发破口;3主动脉远端锚定区真腔因假腔挤压而过细。结果:应用两段式覆膜支架TEVAR术治疗的TBAD共61例。术后平均随访(23.6±7.4)个月,围手术期死亡1例(1.6%),支架远端新发破口1例(1.6%),支架远端贴壁不良3例(4.9%),支架段假腔完全血栓化率91.8%(55/61),其中支架段假腔完全消失率41.8%(23/55),主动脉完全重塑率7.3%(4/55)。结论:采用两段式覆膜支架腔内修复术治疗Stanford B型主动脉夹层实现了主动脉夹层腔内治疗远端锚定区的精确选择,近中期疗效安全满意,中、远期疗效尚需远期随访。     

Stanford A型主动脉夹层外科治疗体会

目的探讨升主动脉及全弓替换加支架"象鼻"手术治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床应用价值。方法对11例Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者在深低温停循环、低流量选择性脑灌注下手术,实施升主动脉及全弓替换+支撑型人工血管"象鼻"手术3例,主动脉根部替换(Bentall术)及全弓替换+支撑型人工血管"象鼻"手术8例。结果全组平均主动脉阻断时间(102.65±22.31)分,体外循环时间(159.09±34.25)分,选择性脑灌注时间(26.10±12.83)分。无手术死亡病例。手术并发症有:多脏器功能衰竭1例;二次开胸止血2例;暂时意识障碍2例。出院前复查全主动脉CT,降主动脉真腔较术前明显扩大,升主动脉及弓部人工血管血流通畅,主动脉管壁结构恢复。结论升主动脉及全弓替换加支架"象鼻"手术是治疗急性与慢性Stanford A型主动脉夹层安全、有效的方法。     

升主动脉替换联合三分支支架血管术中植入治疗急性A型主动脉夹层

目的报道升主动脉人造血管替换联合三分支支架血管术中植入治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的初步经验。方法 2008年6月至2009年9月20例急性A型主动脉夹层患者接受了升主动脉人造血管替换和三分支支架血管植入术。当体外循环鼻咽温度降至20℃时,停止下半身灌注,经无名动脉近端升主动脉横断切口,将三分支支架血管植入主动脉弓和近端胸降主动脉真腔内,并将其分支支架血管依次植入左锁骨下动脉、左颈总动脉和无名动脉。将主干支架血管的近端与无名动脉近端的升主动脉切口重建后与替换近端升主动脉的人造血管端端吻合。结果所有患者术中均顺利地植入三分支支架血管,平均体外循环时间(163.2±19.21)min、心肌阻断时间(89.4±10.02)min、低流量选择性脑灌注和下半身缺血时间为(32.7±6.63)min。术后出现短暂性神智障碍1例,急性肾功能衰竭1例。20例患者均痊愈出院。术后3个月电子束CT检查结果示:主干支架血管及分支支架血管通畅、无扭曲;支架血管植入部位夹层假腔闭合;16例患者远端胸降主动脉夹层假腔闭合。结论三分支支架血管术中植入是简化急性主动脉夹层患者主动脉弓重建、提高手术安全性的一种有效新方法。主要适应证为弓内内膜无破口而需主动脉弓重建的急性A型主动脉夹层患者。支架血管大小、分支支架血管间的距离的选择和放置过程中避免内膜损伤时术中三分支支架血管成功放置的关键。     

“象鼻”手术治疗覆膜支架腔内修复术后近端逆行剥离新发破口

目的:探讨覆膜支架腔内修复术(TSGP)后支架近端逆行剥离、新发破口的手术方式和治疗经验。方法:2009年3月至2011年5月,6例TSGP术后支架近端逆行剥离、新发破口的患者,于北京安贞医院接受手术治疗。6例患者均为男性,年龄32～62岁,均为TSGP术后随访期慢性病例。其中1例行传统象鼻手术;其余5例行支架象鼻手术。2例合并主动脉弓夹层的患者同期行主动脉弓替换。结果:术后均痊愈出院,无住院死亡。无脑部及脊髓等神经系统并发症。1例患者因术前肾功能不全,术后出现急性肾衰竭,术后透析后痊愈。随访1～26个月,1例采用传统软象鼻手术技术的患者,软象鼻远端和介入支架仍有血流逆行灌注假腔,引起假腔持续增大。2年后,于软象鼻内再次置入介入支架闭合假腔破口。其余5例采用支架象鼻手术技术的患者,破口完全闭合,假腔内血栓形成,术后效果好。结论:象鼻手术是治疗TSGP术后支架近端逆行剥离、新发破口的有效方法;其中支架象鼻手术优于传统软象鼻手术方式;如合并主动脉弓夹层,同期行主动脉弓替换术。     

新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架在急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层中的应用

目的总结新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层的临床应用经验,并评价其安全性和疗效。方法选择2009年12月—2010年10月,在我科接受新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架手术治疗地6例急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者。结果 6例手术全部成功,无死亡。手术时间（252.4±50.3）min、体外循环时间（133.6±26.1）min、心肌血运阻断时间（82.8±10.9）min、深低温停循环选择性脑灌注时间（17.9±8.1）min。患者术后及时清醒、循环稳定、无严重并发症。6例患者随访3～14个月,主动脉血管成像（CTA）显示患者主动脉弓部及分支动脉内支架扩张贴壁满意、相应部位假腔消失、远端假腔内血栓填充、无与覆膜支架相关的并发症发生。结论采用新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层,可以简化主动脉弓部操作步骤、降低手术风险、提高手术成功率,值得临床推广应用。     

深低温停循环三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架植入治疗老年急性A型主动脉夹层的疗效

目的探讨深低温停循环三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架植入治疗老年急性A型主动脉夹层的临床效果。方法 2010年2月至2011年12月,16例老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者,〔平均(64.25±4.49)〕岁;男性12例,女性4例在全身麻醉体外循环下先进行近心端操作,降温至20℃时,停体外循环,选择性脑灌注,术中直视植入三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架重建主动脉弓,主干支架血管近端与替换近端升主动脉的人造血管端吻合。结果全组无手术死亡,所有患者术中都顺利植入三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架。本组体外循环时间(181.88±26.51)min,心肌阻断时间(81.69±14.58)min,停循环时间(8.75±7.04)min,选择性脑灌注时间(35.19±5.89)min。术后胸腔及心包积液引流量(812.19±357.29)ml。住院期间死亡1例,死因为术后急性肾衰竭。15例患者定期门诊随访,无死亡和需要再次手术病例,无与覆膜支架相关的并发症发生。复查主动脉增强血管CT(CTA)提示:主干支架血管及分支血管通畅,无扭曲,主动脉弓和胸降主动脉假腔部分血栓形成。结论老年主动脉夹层病情凶险,深低温停循环三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架植入治疗Stanford A型主动脉夹层可简化主动脉弓部手术,降低手术风险,适合老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者的治疗,效果满意。但手术例数尚少,长期效果尚需进一步观察。     

Frozen Elephant Trunk Repair for Descending Thoracic Aortic Dissection in a Man with a Hostile Left Pleural Cavity

The frozen elephant trunk procedure is a hybrid, single-staged alternative to conventional surgery for repairing diffuse pathologic conditions of the thoracic aorta. This approach is particularly advantageous in patients who have pathologic conditions of the left side of the chest, because the descending thoracic aorta can be repaired without entering a hostile pleural cavity.We present the case of a 67-year-old man who had undergone repair of acute type A aortic dissection. He presented with aneurysmal dilation of the descending thoracic aorta secondary to chronic dissection, a large acute dissection of the proximal ascending aorta, and a large paraesophageal hernia that made him a poor candidate for conventional, 2-staged open aortic repair. We describe the hybrid frozen elephant trunk technique that we used to repair the aorta, and its broader advantages.     

Rapid progression of discrete type A intramural hematoma: prevention of a "procedure-related" complication by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.

PURPOSE: To report a case illustrating the utility of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) before planned stent-graft placement for chronic type B aortic dissection. CASE REPORT: A 64-year-old man with acute aortic syndrome and an 8-year-old interposition graft in the distal aortic arch for acute type B dissection was referred for dissection of the descending thoracic aorta down to the aortic bifurcation; the false lumen was dilated to 65 mm and was partially thrombosed. The ascending aorta showed discrete, eccentric, 4-mm wall thickening that was not considered clinically significant. Stent-graft closure of the entry tear in the proximal descending thoracic aorta was elected. However, as the endovascular procedure was about to commence, TEE showed striking eccentric thickening of the aortic wall of up to 18 mm. The endovascular procedure was stopped, as it was decided to urgently replace the ascending aorta. The next day, the patient underwent successful ascending aortic replacement and simultaneous antegrade stent-graft implantation over the descending thoracic aortic entry tear via the open aortic arch. The postoperative course was uncomplicated, and the patient was discharged 19 days after surgery. He remains well at 6 months after the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our case demonstrates that dissection of the ascending aorta may occur not only due to endograft-induced intimal injury, but may also occur due to underlying but undiagnosed or underestimated disease of the ascending aorta or arch. Besides procedural guidance, intraoperative TEE is a useful tool to detect such disease to avoid subsequent "procedure-related" complications.     

Ascending thoracic aorta dimension and outcomes in acute type B dissection (from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection [IRAD])

It is not well known if the size of the ascending thoracic aorta at presentation predicts features of presentation, management, and outcomes in patients with acute type B aortic dissection. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD) database was queried for all patients with acute type B dissection who had documentation of ascending thoracic aortic size at time of presentation. Patients were categorized according to ascending thoracic aortic diameters ≤4.0, 4.1 to 4.5, and ≥4.6 cm. Four hundred eighteen patients met inclusion criteria; 291 patients (69.6%) were men with a mean age of 63.2 ± 13.5 years. Ascending thoracic aortic diameter ≤4.0 cm was noted in 250 patients (59.8%), 4.1 to 4.5 cm in 105 patients (25.1%), and ≥4.6 cm in 63 patients (15.1%). Patients with an ascending thoracic aortic diameter ≥4.6 cm were more likely to be men (p = 0.01) and have Marfan syndrome (p <0.001) and known bicuspid aortic valve disease (p = 0.003). In patients with an ascending thoracic aorta ≥4.1 cm, there was an increased incidence of surgical intervention (p = 0.013). In those with an ascending thoracic aorta ≥4.6 cm, the root, ascending aorta, arch, and aortic valve were more often involved in surgical repair. Patients with an ascending thoracic aorta ≤4.0 were more likely to have endovascular therapy than those with larger ascending thoracic aortas (p = 0.009). There was no difference in overall mortality or cause of death. In conclusion, ascending thoracic aortic enlargement in patients with acute type B aortic dissection is common. Although its presence does not appear to predict an increased risk of mortality, it is associated with more frequent open surgical intervention that often involves replacement of the proximal aorta. Those with smaller proximal aortas are more likely to receive endovascular therapy.     

Aortic dissection surgery: experience of 78 cases.

From May 1990 to January 2001, 78 patients underwent surgery for aortic dissection, 68 (87%) of type A. Presentation was acute in 55 patients (71%). For type A dissection, in-hospital mortality was 13% (9 patients) and late mortality was 16%. For type B dissection, in-hospital and late mortality were both 30% (3 patients). The follow-up was complete and medical and imaging controls were performed periodically. Computerized axial tomography has shown persistence of distal aortic dissection in 18 patients, one of whom maintained dissection of the supraaortic trunks with false lumen thrombosis. Six patients maintained signs of dissection in the thoracic and abdominal aorta with patent false lumen. In another eight patients the false lumen was thrombosed. In 3 cases the dissection was located in the abdominal aorta. Two patients developed pseudoaneurysms of the thoracic aorta, one of whom was reoperated due to symptoms of dysphagia and chest pain, with angiographic signs of probable rupture of the aorta. Periodic imaging monitoring is essential, as it allows assessment of the extent of residual aortic disease and its evolution, with early detection of possible complications. This will enable prompt and safe action in those patients who may benefit from reoperation.     

Case Report and Review of Literature: Late Retrograde Type A Aortic Dissection With Rupture after Repair of Type B Aortic Dissection with a GORE TAG Endovascular Prosthesis

Acute aortic dissection is the most common catastrophic condition of the aorta. Treatment options include open surgery and thoracic endovascular aortic reconstruction (TEVAR). We present a late Type A dissection as a complication of the management of descending aortic dissections with TEVAR and a review of the literature. TEVAR of the thoracic aorta is a viable treatment option for the management of complicated descending thoracic aortic dissections. Careful patient selection is necessary as medical therapy successfully treats the majority of uncomplicated Type B dissections. TEVAR should be reserved for patients with complicated Type B dissections or those who fail nonoperative management. Close postoperative monitoring is necessary when TEVAR is performed and should be accompanied by lifelong surveillance. A high level of suspicion is important to identify retrograde Type A dissections in these patients given its rarity and the ambiguity of its clinical presentation.     

Expanding false lumen in the abdominal aorta 5 years after endovascular repair of a type B aortic dissection: successful exclusion of 3 distal re-entry sites.

PURPOSE: To report endovascular treatment of an expanding aneurysmal false lumen several years after successful stent-graft deployment in the descending thoracic aorta for type B aortic dissection. CASE REPORT: A 54-year-old woman who had a stent-graft placed at the entry site of a type B aortic dissection 5 years prior presented with abdominal discomfort and palpable abdominal mass. Successful remodeling of the thoracic aorta was demonstrated by computed tomography; however, a false lumen aneurysm in the abdominal aorta had expanded from 4.8 to 6.5 cm and caused symptoms. She was successfully treated with 3 additional stent-grafts at 3 re-entry sites. Six months after the procedure, the false lumen aneurysm was completely excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular repair of the re-entry sites can prevent further expansion of false lumen aneurysm, which occurs in some patients with type B dissection treated with stent-grafts.     

主动脉右弓右降合并Stanford B型主动脉夹层的外科治疗

目的:总结主动脉右弓右降合并Stanford B型主动脉夹层的外科治疗经验。方法:3例右位主动脉弓、右位降主动脉、迷走左锁骨下动脉(迷走左锁骨下动脉型)合并Stanford B型主动脉夹层的患者经胸部右后外切口行胸降主动脉置换术、迷走左锁骨下动脉缝扎术。结果:3例患者均痊愈出院,住院天数7～10 d,无左上肢缺血症状及神经系统并发症。结论:主动脉右弓右降合并Stanford B型主动脉夹层患者行胸降主动脉置换术方法可行,临床疗效满意,术中判断后行迷走左锁骨下动脉缝扎术,可简化手术方式,但应避免术后左上肢缺血坏死。     

Aortic Dissection in Progress Diagnosed by Transthoracic Echocardiography

This report describes a patient who presented with vague chest pain, syncope, and seizures. The diagnosis of dissection of the ascending aorta was clearly established by transthoracic echocardiography. The dissection was initially limited to the ascending aorta. Using the suprasternal window, it was possible to monitor the progression of the dissection almost beat by beat as it extended from the ascending aorta and across the aortic arch to the descending thoracic aorta. Surgical intervention was carried out immediately with successful results. Although transesophageal echocardiography is the procedure of choice in aortic dissection, definitive information can be obtained quickly and safely using the transthoracic approach. The suprasternal window in this case showed the dramatic progression of the disease process.     

Dynamic aortic obstruction in a patient with acute type B dissection

There are at least 7000 aortic dissections diagnosed in the United States each year. Type B dissections accounted for 38% of cases enrolled in the prospective International Registry of Aortic Dissection. We report a case of a 48-year-old hypertensive woman with an acute type B aortic dissection causing significant dynamic obstruction of the aorta. Intravascular ultrasound of her aorta revealed a mobile intimal flap nearly obliterating the true lumen with each systolic contraction. Simultaneous pressure tracings obtained from her ascending aorta and femoral artery demonstrated a systolic pressure gradient in excess of 100 mm Hg. The patient developed progressive renal failure and ultimately underwent successful operative replacement of the proximal descending thoracic aorta with a Dacron graft. In this case presentation, we highlight the unusual physiology exemplified by this case and explore contemporary management strategies for complicated type B aortic dissection, including surgery and catheter-based techniques.     

Aortic dissection and third-degree atrioventricular block in a patient with a hypertensive crisis

A 55-year-old man with a history of uncontrolled hypertension was admitted because of an episode of severely elevated blood pressure. An electrocardiogram revealed complete atrioventricular block while imaging showed a dissecting aneurysm of the descending thoracic and abdominal aorta, type B according to the Stanford classification. Laboratory tests revealed significant increases in serum C-reactive protein. Coronary arteriography was performed and was negative for coronary artery disease. A VDD pacemaker was placed, and a combination of 4 antihypertensive agents was used as treatment. Type B aortic dissection may present with a wide range of manifestations. The authors suggest that measurement of C-reactive protein may be used in hypertensive patients to help reflect vascular injury and its degree, progression, and prognosis. Disorders of intraventricular conductivity are rarely seen in both types of dissection of the aorta (type A, B). Atrioventricular conductivity disorders that result in complete atrioventricular block have been reported only in patients with type A dissection (before the bifurcation of the subclavian artery). In this particular case, however, the authors diagnosed an atrioventricular conductivity disorder causing atrioventricular block in a patient with type B dissection. Consequently, the authors speculate that myocardial fibrosis, as a result of long-standing hypertension, could be the main pathogenetic mechanism leading to the development of such phenomena, resulting from a potential expanding of the fibrotic process to the atrioventricular conduction system.