中国人,日本人和德国人中hMLH1基因Val 384Asp的检测及 …

探讨ｈＭＬＨ１基因Ｖａｌ３８４Ａｓｐ错义突变在中国人，日本人和德国人中的存在频率及其在大肠癌发病中的可能作用。方法 应用ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ和ＤＮＡ序列分析技术检测了２６例中国汉族人大肠癌患列健康中国汉族人，８０例健康日本，１０９例德国人大肠癌患者和１００例健康德国人的正常体细胞ＤＮＡ，分析ｈＭＬＨ１基因的第１２外显子。     

HNPCC发病中错配修复基因错义突变功能分析的研究进展

遗传性非息肉性结直肠癌(HNPCC)为最常见的常染色体显性遗传病之一，发病的直接原因为患者携带错配修复基因的胚系突变，其中错义突变约占已检突变的三分之一。因此建立有效的错义突变功能评估体系，确定检出突变的病因学作用具有重要意义。基于对错配修复系统功能的认识，目前对其基因编码蛋白质的功能研究，取得了突破性进展，主要从两个方面入手：（1）分析其功能活动过程中存在的蛋白质之间的相互作用，（2）分析错配修复基因功能活动的结果。     

中国人WD基因第14和18号外显子的错义突变

目的了解中国人肝豆状核变性（Ｗｉｌｓｏｎ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＷＤ）基因第１４和１８号外显子的突变情况,与国外报道的这两个外显子的高突变频率进行比较。方法应用聚合酶链反应－单链构像多态（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）结合ＤＮＡ测序技术,对４４例无亲缘关系的ＷＤ患者及６０例正常对照进行突变检测。结果一例患者在１４号外显子发生了Ａｒｇ１０４１Ｐｒｏ（３１２１Ｇ→Ｃ）纯合错义突变,另一例患者在１８号外显子发生了Ａｓｎ１２７０Ｓｅｒ（３８０９Ａ→Ｇ）杂合错义突变。结论Ａｒｇ１０４１Ｐｒｏ为未报道过的新型错义突变,Ａｓｎ１２７０Ｓｅｒ突变与国外报道一致。但均未呈热区分布。     

鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶缺乏症OTC基因错义突变的分子鉴定

目的 对一个鸟氨酸氨甲酰基转移酶缺乏症(ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency,OTCD)家系进行分子遗传学检测,从基因水平确定其原因,为遗传咨询和产前诊断提供依据.方法 应用聚合酶链扩增技术和Sanger测序法对该家系成员的鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶基因(ornithine carbamoyltransferase,OTC)的10个外显子进行直接测序,检测潜在的致病突变,以100名健康人为正常对照.结果 先证者新生儿期发病,OTC基因测序发现其第9外显子发生错义突变c.917G＞C,第306位密码子由AGA突变为ACA,精氨酸替换为苏氨酸,即p.R306T.家系成员检测证实先证者母亲及家系中另外两名女性为表型正常的c.917G＞C杂合突变携带者,其他家系成员及100名对照者未发现上述突变.结论 结合生物信息学分析,错义突变c.917G＞C为该家系的致病原因.该突变尚未见报道,是一新发现的OTC基因突变位点.     

人错配修复基因hMLH1研究的新进展

人错配修复基因(mismatch repair,MMR)的主要功能是对DNA链中因某些原因造成的错误配对进行修复.目前已知MMR主要有hMLH1、hMSH2、hMSH6、hPMS2等.它们能够识别和修复在DNA复制过程中因插入、缺失或单核苷酸突变形成的错配,从而大大减低基因组微卫星不稳定性(MSI),维持基因组的稳定性.     

线粒体DNA的ND-1基因3394 T→C突变与糖尿病的关系

目的 探讨线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)突变与糖尿病的关系。方法 应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）和限制性酶切技术,检查100例2型糖尿病和110名正常对照者外周血白细胞mtDNA点突变情况。结果 检测到1种在糖尿病人群中高发的点突变;NADH脱氢酶亚单位-1（NADHdehydrogenase subunit-1,ND-1)基因（nt)3394T→C转换,受试100例患者中3394突变阳性者有6例（6%）,正常对照仅1人（0.9%),该位点突变引起线粒体呼吸链ND-1亚单位的氨基酸序列改变,使一个高度保守的中性酷氨酸错义成亲水性组氨酸,从而影响NADH脱氢酶活性,ATP合成减少。结论 该位点突变可增加糖尿病发生的易感性。     

敲低错配修复基因hMLH1可导致人胚肾细胞株293t的微卫星不稳定

 目的：探讨人胚胎肾细胞株293t中错配修复基因hMLH1的表达量与微卫星稳定性的关系。方法：构建针对hMLH1 基因的shRNA 表达载体,并干扰293t细胞hMLH1的表达,评价敲低hMLH1前后293t细胞微卫星状态的变化。结果：干扰组293t细胞相比对照组hMLH1表达明显敲低,微卫星状态由稳定变为不稳定。结论：293t细胞的hMLH1表达量与其微卫星状态密切相关,敲低hMLH1可导致293t细胞的微卫星不稳定。     

散发性胆囊癌nm23-H1基因遗传不稳定性与错配修复基因hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白表达的研究

目的:研究人类17号染色体D17S396位点微卫星不稳定性和杂合性缺失,对nm23-H1蛋白表达的影响,同时检测错配修复基因hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白的表达,为揭示nm23-H1基因、hMLH1和hMSH2基因与肿瘤发生和转移机制提供实验依据.方法:采用石蜡包埋组织抽提DNA、PCR-SSCP、常规银染、Envision免疫组织化学等方法,对50例胆囊癌及其相应的正常组织,进行D17S396位点MSI、LOH的检测和nm23-H1、hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白表达研究.结果:①原发性胆囊癌D17S396位点遗传不稳定发生率为42.55%,LOH的发生率与肿瘤组织分化程度差异显著(P＜0.05);在肝脏侵润和淋巴转移组高于无肝脏侵润和无淋巴转移组(P＜0.01),在NevinⅣ+Ⅴ期高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ期(P＜0.01);而MSI发生率则相反;②nm23-H1蛋白阳性率为46.81%,在淋巴转移组低于无淋巴转移组(P＜0.01);NevinⅣ+Ⅴ期低于Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ期(P＜0.05);③hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白阳性率分别为51.06%和42.55%,hMLH1蛋白表达在有无淋巴转移组和Nevin分期有显著差异(P＜0.01),肝脏侵润组低于无肝脏侵润组(P＜0.05);④MSI阳性组中hMLH1蛋白阳性率显著高于MSI阴性组(P＜0.05).LOH阳性组中nm23-H1和hMSH2蛋白阳性率显著低于LOH阴性组(P＜0.05);⑤hMSH2蛋白阳性组中nm23-H1蛋白表达明显高于hMSH2蛋白阴性组(P＜0.05).结论:nm23-H1基因的遗传不稳定性可能是胆囊癌发生、发展的一个重要分子机制.nm23-H1基因的MSI和LOH,通过相互独立的途径调控胆囊癌的发生和转移.hMLH1/hMSH2表达异常可能是胆囊癌的早期分子事件.提高胆囊癌局部nm23-H1、hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白的表达,可减缓肿瘤的侵润转移并提高预后率.     

错配修复基因hMLH1启动子萤光素酶报告基因载体的构建与鉴定

 目的：构建含hMLH1启动子片段的萤光素酶报告基因载体,并检测其在雌激素诱导下的转录活性。方法：以正常人基因组DNA为模板,PCR扩增hMLH1启动子片段（-1953/+53）,插入萤光素酶报告基因载体pGL3-Basic,将重组质粒转入HEK293细胞,检测在有和无雌激素诱导下萤光素酶的活性变化。结果：酶切和测序结果证实重组萤光素酶报告基因载体pGL3-Promoter1-luc构建成功。转染pGL3-Promoter1-luc后,雌激素诱导的萤光素酶活性为7.45±0.81,显著高于无水乙醇组的3.28±0.19 (n=3,P<0.001)。结论：hMLH1启动子片段存在与雌激素相关的调控序列。     

散发性胆囊癌nm23-H1基因遗传不稳定性与错配修复基因hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白表达的研究

目的： 研究人类17号染色体D17S396位点微卫星不稳定性和杂合性缺失，对nm23-H1蛋白表达的影响，同时检测错配修复基因hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白的表达，为揭示nm23-H1基因、hMLH1和hMSH2基因与肿瘤发生和转移机制提供实验依据。方法: 采用石蜡包埋组织抽提DNA、PCR-SSCP、常规银染、Envision免疫组织化学等方法，对50例胆囊癌及其相应的正常组织，进行D17S396位点MSI、LOH的检测和nm23-H1、hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白表达研究。结果: ①原发性胆囊癌D17S396位点遗传不稳定发生率为42.55%，LOH的发生率与肿瘤组织分化程度差异显著（P <0.05）；在肝脏侵润和淋巴转移组高于无肝脏侵润和无淋巴转移组(P <0.01)，在NevinⅣ+Ⅴ期高于Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ期(P <0.01)；而MSI发生率则相反；②nm23-H1蛋白阳性率为46.81%，在淋巴转移组低于无淋巴转移组(P <0.01)；NevinⅣ+Ⅴ期低于Ⅰ+Ⅱ+Ⅲ期(P <0.05)；③hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白阳性率分别为51.06%和42.55%，hMLH1蛋白表达在有无淋巴转移组和Nevin分期有显著差异(P <0.01)，肝脏侵润组低于无肝脏侵润组(P <0.05)；④MSI阳性组中hMLH1蛋白阳性率显著高于MSI阴性组(P <0.05)。LOH阳性组中nm23-H1和hMSH2蛋白阳性率显著低于LOH阴性组（P <0.05）；⑤hMSH2蛋白阳性组中nm23-H1蛋白表达明显高于hMSH2蛋白阴性组（P<0.05）。结论:nm23-H1基因的遗传不稳定性可能是胆囊癌发生、发展的一个重要分子机制。nm23-H1基因的MSI和LOH，通过相互独立的途径调控胆囊癌的发生和转移。hMLH1/hMSH2表达异常可能是胆囊癌的早期分子事件。提高胆囊癌局部nm23-H1、hMLH1和hMSH2蛋白的表达，可减缓肿瘤的侵润转移并提高预后率。     

一个视网膜色素变性家系的视紫红质基因突变分析

目的　确定常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性家系的致病基因及其突变位点,并研究其临床表型。方法　对一个常染色体显性遗传视网膜色素变性(autosomal dominat retinitis pigmentosa,ADRP)家系成员进行了视力、视野及眼底镜检查,并对该家系中先证者进行了视网膜电流图分析。应用聚合酶链反应和直接测序技术,对该家系的所有现存人员的视紫红质基因的外显子进行测序分析。结果　该家系的2 5名成员中12例患者有视紫红质基因(rhodopsin,RH O)的5 12 C>T(P171L)突变,均呈杂合子,该错义突变使密码子171由CCA变成CTA。而未受累者的视紫红质基因表现为野生型。该家系患者的临床表现为5～6岁时出现夜盲,在2 0～30岁逐渐出现视力和视野损害,并先后在4 0～5 0岁前后失明,其中2例患者并发青光眼,先证者的闪烁视网膜电图呈熄灭型。结论　视紫红质基因RH O的一种已知突变5 12 C>T(P171L)是该家系的病因。与国外相同的基因突变类型相比较,该家系发病早、病情进展快、视功能损害较重。     

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a new missense mutation in the SOD1 gene

Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) is the second most common mutated gene in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To date more than 150 missense mutations of SOD1 have been reported. The objective of this study was to describe a novel SOD1 mutation and its phenotypic expression. We describe a 74-year-old Caucasian man who began to complain of progressive weakness and atrophy of the right hand and over 10 months developed a severe tetraparesis, with atrophies of upper and lower limbs and neck muscles, dysphagia, and dyspnea that led to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and tracheotomy. A diagnosis of ALS was made. Genetic analysis identified a heterozygous mutation in exon 4 of SOD1 that results in the amino acid substitution from arginine to cysteine at position 115 (p.R115C). We identified a novel pathogenic SOD1 mutation in a patient with a very rapid disease progression and aggressive phenotype providing additional information on the wide range of SOD1 mutations in apparently sporadic ALS and confirming the possibility of a strong genotype-phenotype correlation for distinct SOD1 mutations.     

Novel missense mutation (Leu466Arg) of the DAX1 gene in a patient with X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia

We identified a DAX1 missense mutation, a substitution of arginine for leucine at codon 466 (Leu466Arg), in an infant with X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia (AHC). A heterozygous substitution, Leu466Arg, was also identified in his mother and sister. Since leucine at position 466 is well conserved among other orphan nuclear hormone receptor superfamilies and Leu466Arg was not detected among 50 normal Japanese control individuals, the mutation is most likely responsible for X-linked AHC. It is interesting to note that Leu466Arg among all mutations ever reported is located at the most C-terminal region of the DAX-1 protein. Most mutations identified previously were located in the C-terminal presumptive ligand binding domain. Hence, the C-terminal end of the DAX-1 protein may play an important role in the biological function, such as in normal adrenal embryogenesis. Am. J. Med. Genet. 84:87–89, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

中国乳腺癌患者BRCA1基因的频发突变5589del8

目的研究在中国大陆乳腺癌人群中是否存在BRCAI／2基因突变的“热点”。方法研究对象为来自全国4个乳腺癌医疗中心的177例家族性和早发性乳腺癌患者和426例散发性乳腺癌患者,根据前期研究中已发现的BRCAI／2基因突变位点,应用变性高效液相色谱分析和DNA测序技术对这些患者进行已知位点的突变检测。结果在前期研究的70例家族性和早发性乳腺癌患者和本研究的177例患者（共247例）中,共发现3例BRCAl5589del8突变的携带者,在426例散发性乳腺癌患者中也发现了2例BRCAl5589del8突变的携带者。单倍型分析的结果显示这5例患者具有相近甚至相同的单倍型。结论BRCAl5589del8突变是中国人群中BRCAl基因的频发突变,它是否是中国人群中的“始祖突变”仍需进一步研究证实。     

Double missense mutation in exon 41 of the human dystrophin gene detected by double strand conformation analysis

Development of late-onset Becker muscular dystrophy is reported in a patient whose two healthy brothers showed high serum creatine kinase level. No cases of neuromuscular disorders had been previously reported in this family. The analysis of the dystrophin gene showed that the three brothers had A → C transversion at nucleotide 6092 in exon 41, a missense mutation which converts lysine into glutamine. The symptomatic patient showed an additional mutation in the same exon, a T → C transition at nucleotide 6119, converting a phenylalanine to leucine. The possible pathogenic role of this mutation is discussed. Am. J. Med. Genet. 80:99–102, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Absence of nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) gene mutations in common solid cancers

Nucleophosmin is a nucleolar phosphoprotein that shuttles between nucleus and cytoplasm. Recent reports demonstrated that exon 12 of the nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) gene was frequently mutated in acute myelogenous leukemias (AMLs). To see whether the NPM1 mutation occurs in other malignancies, we analyzed exon 12 of NPM1 for the detection of somatic mutations in 467 carcinomas, including 142 lung, 47 hepatocellular, 93 breast, 103 colorectal and 82 gastric carcinomas, by single-strand conformation polymorphism assay. We also analyzed the NPM1 mutation in 142 acute leukemias, including 105 AMLs. We detected 15 NPM1 mutations in the AMLs (14.3%), but there was no NPM1 mutation in the other malignancies analyzed. Our data indicate that NPM1 exon 12 is mutated in AMLs, but not in other common human cancers, and suggest that the NPM1 mutation may not play a role in the tumorigenesis of common solid cancers.     

Implication of Reprimo and hMLH1 gene methylation in early diagnosis of gastric carcinoma

DNA methylation has been recently recognized as a novel tumor marker. This study investigated the methylation status of Reprimo and hMLH1 gene in both plasma and tissue samples from gastric cancer patients, in an attempt to investigate their diagnostic implications in gastric cancer. A total of 180 tissue and plasma samples (including 50 cases of gastric cancer, 50 dysplasia, 50 chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia and 30 normal controls) were collected for detecting DNA methylation status of Reprimo and hMLH1 genes using MSP method. Tissue protein expression levels were further tested by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The positive rate of DNA methylation rate was, in ascending sequence, gastritis tissue, dysplasia tissue and gastric carcinoma tissue. All those tissues had significantly elevated DNA methylation level compared to normal group (P < 0.05). Expression level of Reprimo and hMLH1 proteins were, however, decreased in pathological tissues compared to normal ones (P < 0.05). A significantly negative relationship existed between protein level and promoter region methylation level. The DNA methylation occurred in promoter regions of both Reprimo and hMLH1 genes depressed the protein expression, and may participate in the occurrence and progression and gastric cancer. The combined assay of serum Reprimo and hMLH1 DNA methylation levels thus had critical importance in the early diagnosis and gastric cancer.     

Tarsal‐carpal coalition syndrome: Report of a novel missense mutation in NOG gene and phenotypic delineation

We report a family of Indian origin presenting with Tarsal‐carpal coalition syndrome (TCC), which is a rare genetic disorder of skeletal abnormalities, inherited in autosomal dominant manner. In this family, three individuals (mother and two children) were found to be similarly affected with slight intrafamilial individual variability in the phenotype. Sanger sequencing revealed a novel heterozygous missense mutation in NOG gene (NM_005450.4:c.611G>A) in all the affected individuals of the family. Until now only six mutations have been reported in different families affected with TCC syndrome worldwide. This report further delineates the phenotypic spectrum of this rare disorder with the addition of a new variant to the mutation spectrum.