成人分泌性中耳炎所致骨导听力下降的初步研究

目的:初步研究成人分泌性中耳炎(OME)所致的骨导听力下降.方法:2009-03-2010-02间收集的成人OME 50例,比较51耳中耳穿刺抽液前、后骨导听阈变化;单耳发病对耳健康者,将患耳穿刺前骨导听阈和健耳进行比较24例,穿刺后骨导与健耳比较22例,痊愈后骨导与健耳比较9例,痊愈后高频、超高频与健耳比较4例.结果:中耳穿刺抽出中耳积液后骨导听力在各频(0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 kHz)均明显提高,4.0 kHz最显著;单耳发病对耳健康者2耳比较,穿刺前患耳骨导听力(0.5~4.0 kHz)下降,穿刺和痊愈后多数可以恢复至健耳水平;4例中有3例患耳痊愈后的高频、超高频(8、10、12、16 kHz)与健耳相比听力下降.结论:OME的中耳积液和内耳损伤均可引起骨导听力下降,但0.5~4.0 kHz频区的骨导听力下降多由中耳积液所致,内耳损伤早期主要表现为高频、超高频区的听力下降,随病程延长可向较低频区发展.     

先天性中耳畸形的临床分型及其与耳聋的相关性

目的 探讨先天性中耳畸形的临床分型，以及不同类型的先天性中耳畸形与耳聋的相关性，以利于术前中耳畸形的诊断和术式的选择。方法 回顾性分析解放军总医院1995年3月-2004年5月收治的经手术证实为单纯先天性中耳畸形的病例（64例，82耳）。根据中耳组织胚胎学发育及手术探查中耳畸形情况进行临床分型，统计学检验各型先天性中耳畸形听阈的差异。结果 根据中耳结构组织胚胎学的发育，将先天性中耳畸形分为：A1：先天性锤砧骨畸形；A2：先天性砧镫骨畸形；B型：先天性镫骨固定；C型：先天性前庭窗或蜗窗发育不全或闭锁。听力学检查显示A、B、C3组间在语言频率上差异无统计学意义（P=0．1617），而高频（〉2kHz）的听阈B型及C型与A型均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05），并且B、C型先天性中耳畸形存在骨导下降及混合聋。结论 中耳结构的组织发育来源不同，在临床上不同类型的先天性中耳畸形累及的范围及程度存在很大差异，从而导致不同程度的传导性聋或混合性聋，其听阈不仅决定于听骨链是否完整，还在于畸形的部位和累及的范围。骨导听阈与气导高频听阈有助于鉴别不同类型的先天性中耳畸形。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与中耳功能相关性分析

目的：探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）与中耳功能的相关性。方法：回顾性分析72例144耳OSAHS患儿的PSG和声导抗检查结果。结果：72例144耳OSAHS患儿中鼓室导抗图异常37耳，鼓室导抗图类型与最低血氧饱和度间无明显相关性，与AHI指数间存在一定的相关性（P〈0．05）。结论：除腺样体、扁桃体肥大引起咽鼓管、中耳功能障碍，还应注意OSAHS患儿长期缺氧可能导致的中耳功能损伤，尤其是中、重度OSAHS患儿应常规行声导抗测试。     

儿童鼻-鼻咽疾病对中耳功能的影响

目的探讨儿童分泌性中耳炎的病因和治疗。方法对213例患有鼻-鼻窦炎和腺样体肥大的儿童分别按腺样体肥大程度分为轻度组和重度组，按病程长短分为3个月以下组和3个月以上组。所有患者均行电耳镜、声导抗等检查，并计分评价其中耳功能。结果轻度组的中耳功能明显好于重度组（P〈0．05）；3个月以下组的中耳功能明显好于3月以上组（P〈0．05）。结论鼻-鼻窦炎和腺样体肥大影响儿童中耳功能，且随着病情的加重和病程的延长对中耳功能的影响越明显；早期对患有鼻-鼻窦炎和腺样体肥大的儿童进行干预，有利于保护儿童的中耳功能和听力言语的正常发育。     

分泌性中耳炎所致感音神经性听力损失的高频测听观察

目的 探讨分泌性中耳炎（secretory otitis media，SOM）对扩展高频听力的影响。方法 对31例（32耳）SOM患者治疗前和治疗2周后行纯音测听及扩展高频测听，骨导频率范围为250Hz-8kHz，气导频率范围250Hz-20kHz，并与16例（32耳）健康对照组比较。结果 治疗前有31．3％SOM患者平均骨导阈值〉25dB，平均骨导阈值与对照组相比有显著性差异（P〈0．01），骨导阈值在2、4kHz处差异明显（P〈0．01），治疗后平均骨导阈值与对照组相比无显著差异（P〉0．05）。在扩展高频段，治疗前、后所有频率气导阈值均与对照组有明显差异（P〈0．01），且有随着频率增高，治疗后气导改善逐渐减少的趋势。结论 SOM患者导致的感音神经性聋由低频到扩展高频逐渐加重，治疗后低频区听力恢复较快，扩展高频区改善不明显。     

儿童与成人分泌性中耳炎临床特征比较

目的 探讨儿童与成人分泌性中耳炎的临床特征的异同.方法 回顾性分析我科2004年3月～2006年3月诊治的84例(104耳)儿童和41例(53耳)成人分泌性中耳炎患者的临床资料,比较其病因、病程、首发症状和听力受损特征的异同.结果 儿童分泌性中耳炎患者平均病程较成人短,病因以腺样体肥大和上呼吸道感染为主,首诊原因多为耳痛,其次为听力下降;成人患者病程较长,病因以慢性鼻窦炎鼻息肉和鼻咽部新生物为主,首诊原因多为听力下降,其次为耳闷.儿童与成人患者都可出现骨导听阈提高,以2、4、8 kHz为主.结论 儿童与成人分泌性中耳炎患者在病因、病程及首发症状等方面有所不同,且儿童患者可造成言语语言发育迟缓,应及早诊治.     

腺样体肥大儿童的中耳功能评估

目的探讨腺样体肥大对儿童中耳功能的影响。方法回顾性分析272例（544耳）腺样体肥大患儿的临床资料,患儿年龄2～12岁,平均6．3岁,分为主诉无听力下降组（A组）94例（188耳）和主诉有听力下降组（B组）178例（356耳）,均于腺样体摘除术前行鼓膜镜、声导抗和中耳CT检查。结果CT显示272例（544耳）中有鼓室积液209例（396耳）（72．79％,396／544）,其中,A组37例（65耳）,占34．57％（65／188）,B组172例（331耳）,占92．98％（331／356）,以上均经手术证实鼓室有积液;两组中B型鼓室导抗图377耳,其中,经CT及手术证实鼓室有积液的共373耳（98．94％,373／377）,其中A组61耳（93．85％,61／65）,B组312耳（100％,312／312）,B组B型鼓室图对中耳积液的阳性预测值高于A组（P〈0．01）;C型鼓室导抗图73耳中,峰压值小于-200daPa的14耳及镫骨肌反射未引出的51耳中23耳经CT及手术证实鼓室有积液,镫骨肌反射可引出的22耳鼓室均无积液。CT发现B组有2例（4耳）前庭水管扩大和1例（2耳）耳蜗畸形。结论对于腺样体肥大儿童．B型鼓事导抗图对中耳积液的预测值高,C型鼓室导抗图峰压值负于-200daPa不排除鼓室积液,应以CT作最终确认。     

中耳手术中电钻噪声对耳蜗功能的影响

目的 探讨中耳手术中电钻噪声对耳蜗功能的影响.方法 对32例单侧慢性化脓性中耳炎患者行乳突根治及鼓室成形术,术中采用TES-1351声级计检测使用不同规格电钻钻头对手术产生的噪声,比较手术耳及非手术耳手术前、术后2周及3个月时1、2、4、6、8 kHz各频率的平均骨导听阈.结果 术中不同规格电钻钻头发出的噪声强度为93~112 dB SPL,手术耳术后2周1、2、4、6、8 kHz骨导平均听阈较术前升高(P<0.05),而在术后3个月时1、2 kHz平均骨导听阈与术前差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但4、6、8 kHz平均骨导听阈仍高于术前水平(P<0.05).非手术耳术后2周及3个月时1、2 kHz骨导平均听阈与术前相比有所提高,但其差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而4、6和8 kHz骨导平均听阈仍较术前升高(P<0.05).结论 中耳手术中电钻噪声对耳蜗功能有一定损伤,以高频区明显.     

成人与儿童分泌性中耳炎患者的听力状况比较

目的比较成人与儿童分泌性中耳炎(SOM)患者听力状况的差异。方法选择成人SOM患者62例(101耳),其中,≤44岁组30例(46耳),45～58岁组32例(55耳),儿童(年龄6～17岁)SOM患者36例(59耳),采用纯音测听、声导抗检测两组患者的听力状况,并进行比较。结果成人组中≤44岁组、45～58岁组及儿童SOM患者纯音气导(0.5～4kHz)平均听阈分别为32.54±10.33、37.34±13.21、26.36±8.36dB HL,儿童组与成人组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组骨导听阈分别为21.63±11.45、36.21±11.25、3.75±1.32dBHL,儿童组与成人组比较差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),成人≤44岁组与45～58岁组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);三组气骨导差值分别为10.91±4.67、4.87±0.14、22.61±11.36dB,儿童组与成人组比较差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),成人组≤44岁组与45～58岁组比较差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。声导抗检查鼓室导抗图成人C型31耳,B型70耳,其中混合性听力损失75耳,传导性听力损失26耳。儿童患者中,鼓室导抗图C型23耳,B型36耳,均为传导性听力损失。结论成人SOM患者多为混合性听力损失,儿童以传导性听力损失为主,成人SOM患者听力损失程度较儿童重,且骨导听阈提高明显。     

慢性化脓性中耳炎与感音神经性聋

目的：观察慢性化脓性中耳炎（CSOM）对感音神经性聋（SNHL）的影响。方法：测量135例（168耳）CSOM患者的骨导听阈，并以66例单侧患者的健耳为对照，比较不同类型、不同病程的CSOM的骨导听阈。结果：CSOM各组骨导听阈均值明显高于对照组，且与中耳炎的类型和病程相关。结论：CSOM可引起SNHL，且中耳病变越重，病程越长，听力下降越明显     

Sensorineural hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is known to occur in various types of otitis media. Although the mechanism by which SNHL develops in association with otitis media with effusion (OME) is unknown, several hypotheses have been advocated up to now. We reviewed the clinical records of children with otitis media with effusion (OME) to reveal the association with sensorineural hearing loss. The material consisted of 71 children (119 ears) who were diagnosed as having OME and gave reliable audiograms in our clinic during an 11 month period from February 1997 through January 1998. From these cases those which showed bone conduction loss of 25 dB or higher at any one of the frequencies of 250 through 4 kHz were selected and considered to be cases of SNHL. Eight cases (9%) which had temporary threshold shift (TTS) or permanent threshold shift (PTS) were considered to be etiologically related to OME. The clinical course in each of these cases with SNHL was reviewed and evaluated in detail. We noted that all children with TTS improved completely. The result of this study indicates that we have to be aware of a possible development of SNHL during the course of OME.     

The role of atopy in otitis media with effusion among primary school children: audiological investigation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of atopy in otitis media with effusion (OME) in children attending primary school in western Sicily focusing on the audiological characteristics among atopic and non-atopic subjects suffering from OME. A total of 310 children (5–6 years old) were screened by skin tests and divided into atopics (G1) and non-atopics (G2). The samples were evaluated for OME by pneumatic otoscopy, tympanogram and acoustic reflex tests. The parameters considered were: documented persistent middle ear effusion by otoscopic examination for a minimum of 3 months; presence of B or C tympanogram; absence of ipsilateral acoustic reflex and a conductive hearing loss greater than 25 dB at any one of the frequencies from 250 Hz through 4 kHz. A total of 56 children (18.06%) resulted to be atopics while 254 were non-atopics. OME was identified in 24 atopic children and in 16 non-atopic children for a total number of 40 children; the overall prevalence rate was 12.9% (42.85% for G1 and 6.30% for G2). OME was bilateral in 28 children (70%), with a significative difference between G1 (79.17%) and G2 (56.25%). The prevalence of B tympanogram was 70.59%, corresponding to 79.07% for G1 and 56% for G2. The mean air conduction pure tone was, respectively, 31.97 dB for G1 and 29.8 dB for G2. The prevalence value of OME in atopic children, also supported by the higher predominance of bilaterality, B tympanogram and hearing loss among this group, could suggest the important role of allergy in the pathogenesis of OME.     

The point prevalence of otitis media with effusion among primary school children in Western Sicily

The objective of this study is to identify the prevalence of otitis media with effusion (OME) in primary school children and to value the possible predisposing factors focusing on relationship between allergy and OME in Western Sicily. 2,097 children attending primary school were screened from September 2006 to June 2007 in Sciacca. Children underwent pneumatic otoscopy, skin tests, tympanogram and acoustic reflex tests. Audiogram was performed if the child had a type B or a type C tympanogram. The criteria for diagnosis of OME were: documented persistent middle ear effusion by otoscopic examination for a minimum of 3 months, presence of B or C tympanogram, absence of ipsilateral acoustic reflex and a conductive hearing loss greater than 25 dB at any one of the frequencies from 250 Hz to 4 kHz. OME was identified in 143 children, in 61 of whom OME was unilateral and in 82 of whom it was bilateral. The overall prevalence of OME was 6.8%, with a maximum prevalence of 12.9% between 5 and 6 years of age. By increasing age, the prevalence of OME decreased. Also, we found a higher prevalence rate of OME in children with positive skin tests (62.9%) than those with negative skin tests (37.1%). The present study evidences the high social impact of OME, whose prevalence is directly correlated to age and atopy. Moreover, our finding supports the literature data that climatic and environmental factors may also have a role in the occurrence of OME.     

Otitis media with effusion with or without atopy: audiological findings on primary schoolchildren

Objective

The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of atopy in otitis media with effusion (OME) in children attending primary school, focusing on the audiometric and tympanometric measurements among atopic and nonatopic subjects suffering from OME.

Materials and Methods

Three hundred ten children (5-6 years old) were screened in Western Sicily by skin tests and divided into atopics (G1) and nonatopics (G2). The samples were evaluated for OME by pneumatic otoscopy, tympanogram, and acoustic reflex tests. The parameters considered were as follows: documented persistent middle ear effusion by otoscopic examination for a minimum of 3 months, presence of B or C tympanogram, absence of ipsilateral acoustic reflex, and a conductive hearing loss greater than 25 dB at any one of the frequencies from 250 Hz through 4 kHz.

Results

The overall prevalence rate of OME was 12.9% (42.85% for G1 and 6.30% for G2, odds ratio = 11.16); OME was bilateral in 28 children (70%). B tympanogram was evidenced in 48 ears (70.59%), with a significative difference between G1 and G2 (P < .001). The analysis of mean air conduction pure tone (31.97 dB for G1 and 29.8 dB for G2) and of tympanometric measurements such as ear canal volume, tympanometric peak pressure, and static compliance by analysis of variance test showed a significative difference between G1 and G2 (P < .05).

Conclusions

The higher prevalence of OME in atopic children and the statistically significant differences in audiometric and tympanometric measurements among atopic and nonatopic subjects suffering from OME suggest the important role of allergy in the genesis and recurrence of OME.     

慢性化脓性中耳炎鼓室成形术前后骨导听阈变化的临床观察

目的:探讨慢性化脓性中耳炎术前骨导听阈提高与术后骨导听阈变化的相关因素.方法:单侧慢性化脓性中耳炎行鼓室成形术45例,术前3 d内和术后3个月分别行常规纯音测听,术前患侧与健侧相比,骨导听阈0.25～8.00 kHz至少连续2个或2个以上频率增加≥10 dB为术前骨导听阈提高阳性;术后3个月与术前相比,0.25～8.00 kHz至少2个或2个以上频率减少≥10 dB为术后骨导听阈下降阳性,增加≥10 dB为术后骨导听阈提高阳性.结果:45例中35例(77.8%)术前骨导听阈提高阳性,与病程长短、是否伴有胆脂瘤无关,但与听骨链破坏有相关性(P＜0.05),听骨链中断易导致术前骨导听阈提高;术前骨导听阈提高阳性35例中有6例(17.1%)术后骨导听阈下降阳性;45例患者中有5例(11.1%)术后骨导听阈提高阳性.结论:慢性化脓性中耳炎可造成骨导听阈提高,鼓室成形术不仅可使气导听阈下降、缩小气骨导差,还可使骨导听阈下降;术中过多触动听骨链及噪声等可造成术后骨导听阈提高.     

Hearing acuity of children with otitis media with effusion

Hearing levels are reported for a cohort of 222 infants (aged 7 to 24 months) and 540 older children (aged 2 to 12 years) with otitis media with effusion (OME). The infants had an average speech awareness threshold of 24.6 dB hearing level (HL). The older group had mean bone conduction thresholds less than 10 dB HL, and air conduction thresholds averaged 27 dB HL; however, acuity was 7 dB less impaired at 2,000 Hz. The mean three-frequency pure tone average and speech reception threshold were 24.5 and 22.7 dB, respectively. Hearing acuity was not significantly related to age or previous duration of OME. The otoscopic observation of an air-fluid level or bubbles was associated with less hearing impairment; however, a predictive relationship between hearing levels and tympanogram characteristics could not be demonstrated.     

儿童分泌性中耳炎致骨导听力下降的临床特征分析

目的 探讨儿童分泌性中耳炎致骨导听力下降的特点、病因和预后.方法 回顾性分析75例(82耳)分泌性中耳炎患儿骨导听力下降的临床资料,并对其发病年龄、病程、积液性质和积液量与骨导听阈的关系进行观察.结果 75例患儿(82耳)骨导听力下降,平均骨导阈值在2.0 kHz和4.0kHz处增高最明显.骨导听阈与病程和积液性质显著相关(P＜0.01或P＜0.05),与年龄、积液量无关.75例患儿均采取鼓膜切开置管术和(或)腺样体切除术,术后给予药物治疗.随访6月,听力恢复正常者76耳,气导听阈下降但骨导听阈无改善者6耳.结论 分泌性中耳炎可导致儿童骨导阈值增高,是导致儿童耳聋的危险因素之一,及早干预可避免病情发展.     

Carhart's notch: a finding in otitis media with effusion

INTRODUCTION: Carhart's notch (CN) is a false depression of bone conduction (BC) thresholds at 2-4 kHz initially described in cases of stapes fixation. This study was designed to estimate the incidence and assess the clinical significance of CN in cases of otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical records of 50 patients of OME that showed CN were analysed, retrospectively. First 24 were identified as seen in outpatients and 26 were found out of 100 consecutive cases of OME. The criteria of CN were a minimum 10 dB depression in BC at any frequency 500-4000 Hz. RESULTS: Fifty patients showed CN, with mean age of 8.8 years. All had myringotomies with or without insertion of grommets. The CN ranged from 10 to 20 dB in the majority and up to 30 dB in few cases. In 85 ears studied, the affected frequencies comprised of 2000 Hz in 80 (94%), 4000 Hz in 4 and 1000 Hz in one ear. Pre-operative tympanograms were of type B in 68 (80%), type C in 16 (18.8%) and type A in one ear. Middle ear fluid was thick glue in 57 (67%), serous in 5 (5.8%), and no fluid found in 23 (27%) cases. Oedematous, granular or polypoidal appearances of middle ear mucosa were noted in 57 (67%) of the ears. A normal mucosa was seen in 17 (20%), and no details were available in 11 (13%) ears. Post-operative audiograms showed improvements of BC thresholds in 72 (84.7%) of the ears. CONCLUSION: Our results show 26% incidence of CN in paediatric cases of OME, with evidence of thick fluid and abnormal middle ear mucosa in about two-thirds of cases. This suggests that CN may be of prognostic value for myringotomy outcomes. Statistically there is a significant correlation between presence of fluid on myringotomy and CN, and type of tympanogram and post-operative BC threshold improvement. There is no predictive value of CN in terms of character of the middle ear fluid. Studies with larger numbers may be required to determine this with more certainty. It can help clinically, however, in pre-operative assessment of these cases. It is our opinion that BC should be an essential part of routine audiometry in all cases of OME.     

感音神经性聋与分泌性中耳炎的相关性研究

目的：探讨感音神经性聋与分泌性中耳炎的关系。方法：对治疗后骨导听力下降仍未恢复的38例分泌性中耳炎患者进行分析，观察健耳和患耳在不同频率的骨导听阈情况，并分别就其发病年龄、病程、积液性质和积液量与骨导听阈的关系进行观察。结果：患耳在不同频率的骨导听阈均大于健耳（均P＜0．01）；年龄愈大、病程愈长，感音神经性聋发生率愈高；积液为黏液者发生率高于浆液者；但与积液量无明显关系。结论：分泌性中耳炎可导致感音神经性聋，其发病原因和机制是多方面的，年龄大、病程长、积液为黏液者更易导致感音神经性聋的发生；应提高认识，早诊断，早治疗。