血清同型半胱氨酸及超敏 C-反应蛋白水平与2型糖尿周围血管病变的相关性

目的：探讨血清同型半胱氨酸及超敏C-反应蛋白水平与2型糖尿病周围血管病变（ peripheral artery disease,PAD）的相关性。方法选取收治的2型糖尿病患者92例,分为2组,对照组即2型糖尿病无并发症组（ C组n ＝45）和研究组即2型糖尿病伴周围血管病变组（R组, n ＝47）,比较2组患者血清同型半胱氨酸及超敏C-反应蛋白水平,采用Logistic多元回归分析患者年龄、病程、BMI、血清同型半胱氨酸及超敏C-反应蛋白水平与2型糖尿病并发周围血管病变之间的相关性。结果研究组患者血清血清同型半胱氨酸及超敏C-反应蛋白水平均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0'．05）。 Logistic多元回归分析结果显示,血清同型半胱氨酸、超敏C-反应蛋白水平是2型糖尿病周围血管病变的独立危险因素（ P ＜0．05）。结论血清同型半胱氨酸及超敏C-反应蛋白水平为糖尿病周围血管病变的预测因子和危险因素,检测血清同型半胱氨酸及超敏C-反应蛋白水平对评估糖尿病慢性并发症的发生、发展有重要的临床意义。     

冠状动脉慢血流现象相关因素分析

目的：探讨冠状动脉慢血流现象的临床意义。方法选择冠状动脉造影显示存在慢血流现象但冠状动脉无明显病变的53例患者为慢血流组,并随机选取冠状动脉造影显示血流正常的30例为对照组。比较两组间各项临床指标的差异,对影响慢血流的各项因素进行分析。结果两组患者在性别、年龄、吸烟、高血压、糖尿病、红细胞计数、血红蛋白、白细胞计数、血小板计数、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白、高密度脂蛋白等临床指标方面无统计学差异,而慢血流组患者的平均血小板体积、血尿酸水平均高于对照组,存在统计学差异,经多元Logistic回归分析表明平均血小板体积增大、血尿酸水平增高是慢血流患者的危险素。结论平均血小板体积、血尿酸水平的升高可能参与慢血流发生的病理生理过程。     

脑白质疏松症的危险因素分析

目的：分析脑白质疏松症的独立危险因素。方法神经内科住院的180例患者根据头颅MRI检查分为脑白质疏松症组89例和非脑白质疏松症组91例。调查两组的年龄、性别、既往病史、吸烟饮酒史、血脂水平、血肌酐、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血尿酸及血同型半胱氨酸水平,进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果年龄偏高、有高血压病史、有高同型半胱氨酸血症及CRP升高是脑白质疏松症发生的独立危险因素。结论年龄的增长、高血压病史、同型半胱氨酸及CRP 水平的升高等均会导致脑白质疏松症的发生。     

老年女性冠心病患者血清同型半胱氨酸水平的分析

目的探讨老年女性血清高同型半胱氨酸血症（Homocysteine,Hcy）与冠脉造影确诊的冠心病之间的关系。方法回顾性分析400例老年女性,根据冠状动脉造影结果分为两组,冠心病组260例,非冠心病组即对照组140例,观察两组吸烟、高血压病、2型糖尿病、高脂血症、高尿酸血症及高同型半胱氨酸血症与冠心病发病的关系。再将老年女性冠心病组按血同型半胱氨酸浓度大于25μmol／L的标准诊断高同型半胱氨酸血症分为高Hcy组及Hcy正常组,观察冠心病组高Hcy与冠心病其他危险因素的关系。结果①老年女性冠心病组高同型半胱氨酸血症的比例（54．6％）高于对照组（38．6％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。②高Hcy血症为老年女性冠心病发生的影响因素（OR=1．916,95％CI：1．223—3．853,Wald χ^2=9．37）,但对其他指标进行校正采用多因素Logisitic逐步回归进行危险因素筛选,高Hcy血症并不是老年女性冠心病发生的独立危险因素。③老年女性冠心病组高同型半胱氨酸血症与冠心病其他危险因素如高血压、高血脂、糖尿病、吸烟无明显关系。结论老年女性高同型半胱氨酸血症为冠心病发生危险因素,但不是独立危险因素,老年女性冠心病患者高同型半胱氨酸血症与冠心病其他危险因素无明显相关性。     

介入治疗H型高血压并心肌梗死无复流现象相关因素分析

目的 探讨急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）H型高血压合并急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者冠状动脉造影无复流现象发生的相关因素分析.方法 以120例急性心肌梗死患者为研究对象,所有病例均予以PCI,以梗死相关冠状动脉前向血流冠状动脉狭窄程度（TIMI）分级≤2级作为无复流判断标准,将患者分为两组：其中无复流组患者35例,其余的85例归入正常血流组,通过对患者年龄、性别、身体质量指数（BMI）、糖尿病史、高脂血症病史、家族史、血糖、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、白细胞计数、C反应蛋白（CRP）、红细胞沉降率（ESR）、磷酸肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、三酯甘油、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、肌钙蛋白-Ⅰ（cTn-Ⅰ）、就诊至治疗时间等因素进行观察和比较,并应用Logistic逐步回归分析,以明确无复流发生的相关因素.结果 急诊PCI患者120例,无复流患者35例,发生率为30.1％.无复流患者与恢复正常血流患者的性别、吸烟史、高脂血症史、糖尿病史、心绞痛史、以及治疗前的Killip分级、胸痛至治疗前时间等差异无统计学意义（t=1.275,P＞0.05）.多因素Logistic回归分析表明：年龄、糖尿病、三酯甘油、Hcy、cTn-Ⅰ、CK-MB、CRP是无复流的相关因素（（t=3.427,P＜0.05）.结论 高龄、无梗死前心绞痛史、冠脉开通时间长、入院时心功能分级低、白细胞计数高、CK-MB与cTn-Ⅰ水平高等是无复流现象发生的独立的危险因素,PCI时出现无复流现象提示预后不良.     

76例冠状动脉慢血流患者临床观察

目的观察分析冠状动脉慢血流的易发因素及治疗效果,为临床诊治提供参考。方法将被诊断为冠状动脉慢血流的76例患者作为病例组,68例冠状动脉造影正常的患者作为对照组,比较两组患者各项指标之间的差异,分析慢血流的易发因素。将76例慢血流患者随机分为叶酸治疗组36例和对照治疗组40例,比较叶酸治疗的疗效。应用SPSS 16.0软件建立数据库进行统计分析。计量资料采用两样本等方差t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果冠状动脉慢血流患者中男性56例,占73.68%;多数患者有吸烟史(40例,52.63%)、糖尿病史(18例,23.68%)和高血压病史(12例,15.79%),尿酸、同型半胱氨酸、低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白水平均高于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。叶酸治疗组临床症状有效率为70.0%,对照治疗组的有效率为40.0%,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论男性、体重指数高、吸烟史、血脂水平高、尿酸值高、高同型半胱氨酸水平可能为慢血流的易发因素,叶酸治疗慢血流有一定疗效。     

急性心肌梗死与血尿酸、同型半胱氨酸、C-反应蛋白相关性研究

目的探讨血尿酸（UA）、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平对于急性心肌梗死（AMI）诊断和疗效观察的临床应用。方法选择AMI患者82例（AMI组）及30例健康体检者（对照组）,两组禁食12h后采集静脉血,检测血尿酸（SUA）、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）、C-反应蛋白（CRP）含量。结果AMI组与对照组血清SUA、Hcy和CRP浓度水平比较：uA、Hcy和CRP水平显著升高,差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。结论测定血尿酸、同型半胧氨酸和c．反应蛋白,对全面了解AMI的进程有重要意义,三者可能是AMI的危险因子,也可能与AMI的发生和发展有关。     

老年冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者氯吡格雷抵抗危险因素

目的 探讨老年冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)危险因素。方法 收集老年冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者122例,采用比浊法测定血小板聚集率,根据测得结果分为氯吡格雷抵抗(CR)组54例及氯吡格雷敏感(CS)组68例,对比两组的一般资料、糖代谢、脂代谢及超敏C反应蛋白的情况。并通过多因素的Logistic回归确定分析此类患者CR发生的独立危险因素。结果 两组患者在性别、年龄、身体质量指数(BMI)、高血压、吸烟史及高脂血症等指标经比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CR组超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及空腹血糖(FBG)显著比CS组高,而高密度脂蛋白则显著低于CS组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),经多因素Logistic回归分析得出,空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白、超敏C反应蛋白均是CR发生的独立的危险因素。结论 老年冠心病合并2型糖尿病患者CR的发生受多种因素的影响,其中空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白、超敏C反应蛋白是CR的独立危险因素。     

高同型半胱氨酸血症与高血压及冠心病相关分析

目的：探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症和高血压、冠心病的关系。方法：选择40例单纯性高血压患者,40例单纯性冠心病患者,40例冠心病合并高血压患者和40例健康体检者,测定血清同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）和超敏C反应蛋白（high sensitive creaction protein,HsCRP）。结果：冠心病合并高血压组、单纯性冠心病组、单纯性高血压组中同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）均显著高于正常对照（P〈0.05）,三组中Hcy浓度比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,冠心病合并高血压组超敏C反应蛋白（HsCRP）和正常对照比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,单纯性冠心病组、单纯性高血压组的HsCRP和正常对照组结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：Hcy是冠心病的独立危险因子之一,与高血压存在相关性。     

维吾尔族高血压患者血尿酸、同型半胱氨酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化程度的相关性研究

目的探讨维吾尔族原发性高血压（EH）患者血尿酸、同型半光氨酸水平与颈动脉粥样硬化程度的相关性。方法收集200例冠状动脉综合征患者及50例正常对照者的血清标本,检测血尿酸、同型半胱氨酸,同时行颈动脉超声检查。结果颈动脉IMT正常组、增厚组和斑块组uA分别为（303．85±78．59）、（372．30±95．35）和（436．51±61．16）μmol／L,两两比较差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。EH患者UA及HCY水平与患者的颈动脉粥样硬化有密切相关性。斑块形成组的血尿酸及同型半胱氨酸的浓度显着高于内膜正常组和中膜增厚组（P〈O．05）,血尿酸亦与同型半胱氨酸里正相关（FO．45,P〈0．01）。结论血尿酸及同型半胱氨酸浓度与颈动脉粥样硬化的程度呈正相关。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.