纤维支气管镜经鼻气管插管抢救呼吸衰竭的临床应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜经鼻气管插管在抢救呼吸衰竭中的临床应用价值。方法采用纤维支气管镜经鼻气管内插管技术。结果42例呼吸衰竭患者均一次插管成功。插管时间2～5min，平均3．7min。结论纤维支气管镜经鼻气管内插管技术是一种快速、安全、有效建立人工气道的技术。值得临床推广及应用。     

纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管抢救重症哮喘患者的临床分析

目的探讨纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管抢救重症哮喘患者的临床疗效观察。方法选取我院2011年3月至2012年6月30例重症哮喘患者进行纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管抢救,并进行临床观察。结果本组30例患者均一次成功,插管过程中血压、心率、动脉血氧饱和度均在正常范围内。4例在抢救过程中有少量鼻出血,后自行缓解,平均3～5d脱机。结论纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管抢救重症哮喘临床疗效明显,值得推广。     

纤维支气管镜引导经鼻更换气管插管临床观察

目的比较纤维支气管镜引导和喉镜直视两种方法在经鼻更换气管插管时的运用。方法17例需要经鼻更换气管插管的病人分为2组,一组采用纤维支气管镜引导更换导管（n=7）;另一组采用常规喉镜暴露更换导管（n=10）,比较两组病人插管一次成功率,插管条件。结果两组病人均顺利完成导管更换,插管次数无统计学差异。常规喉镜组出现更大的氧饱和度下降,纤维支气管镜组病人更换导管时体动较少。结论纤维支气管镜可以用于经鼻更换气管导管。     

右美托咪啶在经鼻纤维支气管镜气管插管中的应用

目的观察右美托咪啶应用于经鼻纤维支气管镜气管插管的效果和安全性。方法选择择期行颈椎前路减压植骨内固定手术患者60例,随机分为右美托咪啶组（A组）和对照组（B组）各30例。A组微量泵静脉注入右美托咪啶后,右美托咪啶微量泵持续泵入维持;B组单次咪达唑仑及芬太尼缓慢静脉注射,丙泊酚微量泵持续泵入维持。采用Ramsay镇静程度评分法,待患者Ramsay评分≥4级时行纤维支气管镜引导保留呼吸经鼻气管插管。分别于麻醉诱导前（t1）、气管插管前（t2）、气管插管即刻（t3）、插管后1 min（t4）、插管后3 min（t5）观察患者生命体征,记录不良反应发生情况。结果t3、t4时A组平均动脉压、心率与B组比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论右美托咪啶应用于经鼻纤维支气管镜气管插管时患者血流动力学稳定,无呼吸抑制,镇静效果确切,临床应用安全可行。     

硬纤维喉镜在困难气管插管中的临床应用

目的探讨硬质纤维喉镜在困难气管插管中的临床应用效果。方法 100例Mallampntis实验评估三、四级需气管插管手术患者,随机分为纤维支气管镜组(对照组)和硬纤维喉镜组(观察组),每组50例。对照组常规麻醉前诱导,经纤维支气管镜引导插管,两组在麻醉前咽腔及喉入口1%丁卡因表面麻醉,清醒状态下取端坐位经口硬纤维喉镜直视下行气管插管。记录插管成功率、插管时间及插管后并发症情况。结果在插管成功率、插管平均用时、插管后并发症发生率方面,观察组明显优于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论硬纤维喉镜直视下经口行气管插管,操作简便,成功率高,插管时间短,术后并发症少。     

Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者不同气管插管方式的疗效观察

目的：观察经鼻气管插管与经口气管插管对严重衰竭患者的临床效果。方法100例Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭需要气管插管的患者,随机分为两组,每组50例,甲组采用纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管方式建立人工气道,乙组采用喉镜引导下经口气管插管方式,对比两组血气分析指标、生命体征变化及插管情况。结果甲组生命体征变化情况优于乙组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);且甲组插管用时短,每次口腔护理时间短,首次插管成功率高,脱管率低,痰痂形成率低,与乙组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管安全,成功率高,合并症较少。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼在经鼻盲探气管插管麻醉时的应用及其对血清肾上腺素的影响

目的 探讨经鼻盲探气管插管麻醉时应用不同剂量舒芬太尼的效果及其对血清肾上腺素的影响.方法 根据插管前应用舒芬太尼剂量多少分为三组,A组患者应用剂量为0.1μg/kg,B组患者应用剂量为0.2 μg/kg,C组患者剂量为0.3 μg/kg,根据三组患者一次性成功率、不良反应发生率以及插管5 min后患者血压、心率、血清肾上腺素水平等数据观察三组患者疗效.结果 C组患者一次插管成功率显著高于A组和B组,收缩压、心率及肾上腺素水平均优于A组和B组,三组比较差异具有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）,且不良反应发生率与A组和B组相当.结论 舒芬太尼应用于经鼻盲探气管插管麻醉中剂量以0.3μg/kg较佳,疗效显著,安全可靠,值得临床推广应用.     

纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并呼吸衰竭的临床应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管治疗COPD并发呼吸衰竭的临床应用价值。方法对96例COPD合并呼吸衰竭的患者采用纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管建立人工气道,机械通气。结果 96例患者均为一次性插管成功,插管时间30 s-6 min,无严重并发症发生。结论纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管是救治COPD并呼吸衰竭重症患者的一种安全、有效的方法,值得在临床中推广。     

纤维支气管镜引导下鼻气管插管在重症哮喘抢救中的应用

目的探讨应用纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）经鼻气管插管抢救重症哮喘的临床价值。方法选择符合重症哮喘诊断标准患者65例随机分为两组,32例于喉镜引导下经鼻盲法行气管插管术（对照组）,33例于纤支镜引导下行经鼻气管插管术（观察组）。结果观察组插管时间[（3．7±1．9）min]明显短于对照组[（5．5±2．9）min]（P〈0．05）,一次性成功率（97％）高于对照组（50％）（P〈0．01）,损伤性出血率（3％）低于对照组（19％）（P〈0．05）,两组在改善重症哮喘疗效方面无统计学差异。结论纤维支气管镜经鼻气管内插管是抢救重症哮喘快速、安全、有效的方法。     

逆行气管插管在高位颈髓损伤并呼吸衰竭患者中的临床应用

目的评价逆行气管插管在高位颈髓损伤并呼吸衰竭患者中的临床应用效果。方法选取2010年8月~2013年7月本科收治的42例高位颈髓损伤并呼吸衰竭患者,随机分为对照组（20例）和治疗组（22例）,对照组行经鼻纤维支气管镜引导气管插管,治疗组行逆行气管插管,观察两组患者首次气管插管成功率、插管时间、插管时出血率、插管后呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率、插管后气胸发生率、插管后脱离呼吸机成功率及成功脱机患者的机械通气时间。结果对照组首次气管插管成功率为95.0%,治疗组为95.5%,差异无统计学意义（P=0.732）;对照组插管时间为（5.13±1.84）min,治疗组为（3.97±1.09）min,差异有统计学意义（t=2.503,P=0.016）;对照组插管时出血率为10.0%,治疗组为13.6%,差异无统计学意义（P=0.547）;对照组插管后呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率为5.0%,治疗组为9.1%,差异无统计学意义（P=0.537）;对照组插管后气胸发生率为5.0%,治疗组未发生气胸,差异无统计学意义（P=0.476）;对照组插管后脱离呼吸机成功率为80.0%,治疗组为81.8%,差异无统计学意义（P=0.594）;对照组成功脱机患者的机械通气时间为（103.9±34.5）h,治疗组为（100.0±37.9）h,差异无统计学意义（t=0.347,P=0.765）。结论逆行气管插管在高位颈髓损伤并呼吸衰竭患者中插管成功率高,插管时间上有一定优势,可广泛应用于临床。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.