虹膜拉钩在晶状体半脱位超声乳化白内障吸除术中的应用

目的探讨虹膜拉钩在晶状体半脱位超声乳化白内障吸除术中的应用效果。方法对21例（21眼）晶状体半脱位的白内障患者进行超声乳化白内障吸除术;术中连续环形撕囊后,使用虹膜拉勾牵拉固定囊袋,然后进行超声乳化白内障吸除。结果术中囊袋内植入人工晶体内20只眼,植入睫状勾1只眼;术后人工晶体正位20只眼,人工晶体轻度倾斜1只眼;术中常见并发症为囊袋撕裂和玻璃体脱出。结论虹膜拉钩是超声乳化白内障吸除术治疗白内障合并晶状体半脱位患者的安全辅助工具;它具有提高手术安全性,减少手术并发症,价格低廉等优点。     

囊袋张力环在晶状体半脱位白内障超声乳化术中的应用

目的评价在晶状体半脱位白内障超声乳化术中植入囊袋张力环（CTR）的临床应用效果。方法对12例（12眼）晶状体半脱位患者行白内障超声乳化术,晶状体半脱位范围在1/4～1/2圆周,术中连续环形撕囊后植入囊袋张力环,随后行白内障超声乳化术,囊袋内植入折叠式人工晶状体。结果 12眼晶状体半脱位患者手术均顺利植入了囊袋张力环及后房型人工晶状体,术后患者视力均得到提高,人工晶状体位正,术后2眼出现角膜水肿,2眼出现暂时性眼压升高,无其他手术并发症。结论囊袋张力环可提高晶状体半脱位白内障超声乳化术的安全性,可防止人工晶状体的偏位,减少手术并发症。     

白内障超声乳化联合囊袋张力环治疗晶状体半脱位的临床观察

目的评价半脱位晶状体超声乳化术中植入囊袋张力环（CTR）的应用效果。方法对11例（12眼）半脱位晶状体行白内障手术,术中连续环形撕囊后植入囊袋张力环,,对晶状体半脱位范围〉1/2圆周者,将囊袋张力环用缝线固定在悬韧带离断一侧巩膜壁上,随后行白内障晶状体超声乳化术,囊袋内植入折叠式人工晶状体。结果12眼晶状体半脱位白内障患者,均顺利植入了囊袋张力环及后房型人工晶状体。术后患者视力均得以提高,人工晶状体位正,无明显手术并发症。结论囊袋张力环可提高晶状体超声乳化术的安全性,可防止人工晶状体偏位,减少手术并发症。     

虹膜拉勾联合囊袋张力环在晶状体半脱位手术中的应用

目的探究在晶状体半脱位手术中虹膜拉勾联合囊袋张力环的应用效果。方法本次38例实验对象均是2013年1月至2019年1月在本院行晶状体半脱位手术的患者,所有患者都先用虹膜拉勾联合囊袋张力环、再行超声乳化+人工晶体植入治疗,比较手术前后视力变化及并发症情况。结果手术前视力为0.1～0.3的有12眼,占比31.58%,术后降低至10.53%;手术前视力为0.5～0.8的有7眼,占比17.32%,术后提高到39.58%,组间差异呈统计学意义(P<0.05)。并发症总发生率为34.21%,其中角膜水肿5例、高眼压3例、玻璃体脱出2例、后囊破裂1例、人工晶体偏位2例。结论在晶状体半脱位手术中虹膜拉勾联合囊袋张力环的应用能让手术更安全、更便捷,提高人工晶体植入效果以及视力恢复效果好,临床中值得全方位推广应用。     

不同术式在大范围晶状体脱位中的疗效比较

目的比较不同术式在大范围晶状体脱位中的疗效。方法选取2008年1月至2011年3月于本院进行治疗的24例(28眼)大范围晶状体脱位患者为研究对象,将其随机分为A组和B组各12例(14眼),A组采用囊袋内张力环植入术、白内障超声乳化摘除联合人工晶状体植入术进行治疗,B组采用白内障囊内摘除联合前房人工晶状体植入术,后将两组患者的人工晶状体正位率、视力改善情况及并发症发生率进行统计及比较。结果 A组人工晶状体正位率高于对照组,视力改善情况好于对照组,并发症发生率低于对照组,P均<0.05,均有显著性差异。结论囊袋内张力环植入术在大范围晶状体脱位中的疗效较好,安全性也较受肯定。     

囊膜张力环在外伤性白内障伴晶体半脱位超声乳化术中的应用

目的探讨外伤性白内障伴晶体半脱位在晶状体超声乳化术中应用囊袋张力环的临床效果。方法超声乳化吸出术治疗伴晶状体半脱位外伤性白内障12例(12眼)。悬韧带脱离范围<90°者4例,90°~180°者8例,均在表麻下行白内障超声乳化吸出术过程中植入晶状体囊袋张力环及囊袋内人工晶体。结果随诊6个月,术后12例人工晶体均为正位,无倾斜及明显偏位,术后视力明显提高。结论囊袋张力环是一种安全有效的辅助工具,在超声乳化中,可有效防止晶状体悬韧带范围扩大,增加囊袋内植入人工晶体的可能性,防止术后人工晶体移位。     

囊袋张力环在微切口白内障超声乳化吸除人工晶体置入术中的应用

目的探讨在微切口白内障超声乳化吸除人工晶体植入术中应用晶状体囊袋张力环的临床效果。方法选取我院2013年2月~2016年4月收治的21例26眼因不同原因所导致的白内障合并晶状体不全脱位的患者,在微切口中行白内障超声乳化吸除人工晶体植入术,将囊袋张力环植入不全脱位晶状体囊袋,观察患者术后视力、人工晶体(IOL)位置以及并发症的发生情况。结果治疗后所有患者的视力得到显著提高,治疗后视力同治疗前比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05),术后1个月20只眼IOL位置良好,3只眼IOL有轻度倾斜,3只眼IOL有轻度偏中心。术后7d 2例患者出现眼压偏高,术后随访期间无玻璃体脱出患者。术中未出现因张力环张力过大而导致的晶状体囊袋撕裂现象。结论微切口白内障超声乳化吸除术中应用囊袋张力环可以使晶状体位置移中固定、前房更稳定,利于提高微切口超声乳化在不全脱位白内障吸除术的成功率以及I0L植入的稳定性。     

超声乳化联合飞秒激光手术治疗白内障的临床研究

目的 探讨超声乳化联合飞秒激光手术治疗白内障的临床效果。方法 选取2019年1月至2020年12月该院收治的650例白内障患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,各325例。对照组采用超声乳化手术治疗,观察组采用超声乳化联合飞秒激光手术治疗。比较2组术中临床指标及术后人工晶状体偏移及并发症发生率。结果 2组前囊切开直径、囊膜环形张力、囊膜直径及术后人工晶状体偏移、并发症发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 超声乳化联合飞秒激光手术可有效优化白内障患者术中各项临床指标,降低术后人工晶状体偏移及并发症发生率,具有较高安全性和较显著的治疗效果。     

晶状体半脱位植入张力环后再植入折叠晶体与硬晶体的临床对比观察

目的手术观察晶状体半脱位超声乳化术中植入囊袋内张力环再植入折叠晶体与硬晶体的观察。方法对18例半脱位晶状体行白内障手术,连续环形撕囊后在囊袋内植入张力环,再行白内障晶状体超声乳化及人工晶体植入术,植入折叠式人工晶状体或硬晶体在囊袋内。结果术中所有手术都顺利完成,未出现张力环脱落及由于张力环不能植入问题。所有植入的人工晶状体基本位于正位。结论张力环囊袋植入对于晶状体半脱位患者是一种很好的方法,它保持了囊袋的位置和完整性,减少了并发症及人工晶状体的偏位,提高了晶状体半脱位患者手术成功率,植入折叠晶体和硬晶体区别不大,植入折叠晶体手术中对囊袋影响较小,硬晶体术后对增加晶体囊袋的稳定有一定的作用。     

白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的疗效分析

目的研究白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障的临床效果。方法82例闭角型青光眼合并白内障患者,依据治疗术式差异分为对照组(40例)与观察组(42例)。观察组采用白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗,对照组采用周边虹膜根切术进行治疗。对比两组患者临床疗效、治疗前后眼压及视力水平改善情况、并发症发生情况。结果观察组治疗总有效率97.62%明显高于对照组的80.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后1周、1个月、3个月,观察组眼压低于对照组,视力高于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组并发症发生率为4.76%低于对照组的20.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用白内障超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗闭角型青光眼合并白内障可有效降低患者眼压,改善视力并提升临床疗效,值得临床推广应用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.