言论

那是最美好的时代,那是最糟糕的时代;那是智慧的年头,那是愚昧的年头;那是信仰的时期。那是怀疑的时期;那是光明的季节,那是黑暗的季节;那是希望的春天,那是失望的冬天;我们面前什么都     

健康家居 选择会“呼吸”的材料

家庭环境的好坏不是表面的金碧辉煌或单纯的奢侈豪华,更不是昂贵材料的堆砌。尊重材料本身的特性和天然的美感并结合富有创意的设计,方能制造空间的独特个性。     

肝脓肿199例临床分析

肝脓肿(liver abscess,LA)是肝脏外科常见的严重疾病,随着超声、CT的广泛应用和外科治疗技术的不断发展,以及公共卫生、健康条件的改善,抗生素的普遍应用等,肝脓肿的病死率已由原来的70%下降到近年来的15%以下,同时其临     

37例医疗纠纷技术鉴定案例分析

医疗纠纷,是指医患双方对医疗后果、产生的原因以及如何处理而发生的分歧,或者患者对医疗服务不满意,也可以发生纠纷.医疗纠纷的发生不仅直接关系到患者的切身利益,也关系到医疗机构的工作秩序、声誉,处置不当将影响社会的安定.如何预防和处置日趋上升的医疗纠纷,已成为卫生行政部门和医院机构所面临的一个严峻的问题.     

巧妙选药不再脱发

不管在什么年代,头发对人所起的作用都不仅仅限于生物学上的保暖、防御作用,更重要的是扮演着美容修饰等重要角色.拥有健康亮丽的头发可使人充满朝气和自信,然而,随着生活节奏的加快、精神压力的增加,脱发的人数也呈上升趋势,且出现年轻化的迹象.脱发,正成为越来越多现代人的烦恼.     

美国可能出台新的"仿制生物药法案"及"FDA审批管理条例"——访Y. Philip Zhang (张引) 博士

写在开“坛”之际： “高端访坛”——本刊一个新的栏目，也是一种新的尝试。 所谓“访坛”，是指本刊编辑部根据当今国际、国内医药界的热点议题，有目的地对有关人士进行访问，并将他们的观点、看法和建议通过这个“讲坛”转达给本刊的广大读者； 而之所以称之为“高端”，是因为在我们的计划中，选择的专访对象将定位在国内医药界那些具有创新意识、有自己独特的研究领域、并已经取得一定成就的学科带头人和近距离接触国际药学研究及管理先进理念的专家和学者。 我们希望从事医药教学、科研和管理的同行能从来到本“坛”、接受采访的嘉宾们独到的视角、缜密的思维、或卓有成效的分析和解决问题的模式中得到启发和帮助，使我国的医药研究和管理水平能跨上新的台阶，使中国的医药事业能更快更好地发展，为全中国乃至全世界的人民造福。     

心血管疾病发病情况与肾脏移植排斥反应相关性的研究

肾移植的历史从某种意义来说,就是同排斥反应进行斗争的历史。肾移植后的排斥反应主要是由抗原识别,淋巴细胞的增值、分化,靶细胞的损伤这样一连串的免疫反应引起的。随着免疫抑制剂的不断进步,移植排斥反应的发生率降低,长期存活率提高,使得肾移植成为终末期肾病患者的最有效的治疗手段。本文主要探讨了肾移植前心血管疾病与移植后慢性排异反应(CVR)相关性做了细致研究。     

浅谈如何加强医疗器械的管理

医疗器械的应用在疾病的诊断、治疗及预防等各个环节都发挥着不可替代的作用,其质量的好坏直接关系到人民群众的身体健康和生命安危.2000年国务院颁布了第一部医疗器械监管法规-<医疗器械监督管理条例>,标志着我国医疗器械监管正式走上了法制化轨道,但是由于种种原因,目前我国在医疗器械的生产、经营以及使用等各个环节都存在着较为普遍和严重的问题,其监管已显得相对滞后,成为食品药品部门监管中的一个"软肋",以至于频频出现像钢板等植入性器械断裂现象和发生举国震惊的"眼球事件".本文就我县医疗器械的经营、使用现状和如何加强对医疗器械的监管作以下分析和探讨.     

在美国参与管控药物和传染病的一点经历和随想

发达国家都有一套专业架构,这是工业文明过程中发展起来的,科网有搞科技政策研究的如曹聪等老师,对科技的专业架构是内行,我是搞医学的,身在其中而感受到与国内的巨大差距,这也可以大致回答稽少臣老师提出的"为什么国内造不出黑鹰水平的直升机",国内没有独立完整的专业架构。国内对海外人才的吸引,多是行政高层的战略决策,而并无相应的架构来吸收,这些人才除了少部分在克隆发达国家的小架构中生存,绝大部分是难以生根的,实际是表面热内部冷,而回去的多数中低端海归在原有的架构中能产生的效用是有限的,这就产生了贾伟老师的归海有潮的现象。而建立新的架构必然影响现在的国内同行,而产生另一种排挤效应,所以国内最好是专业内的反省和改良,自我更新,再从外部吸收养分来自我提高,这一点日本是亚洲国家里做得最好的。国内对所谓人才的鉴别,基本还是靠头衔和职位,施一公院士问题引起的热议就很能说明问题,真正管事的并不懂专业,     

国外药物靶标开发的现状及特点分析

药物通过结合并调节特定的蛋白或核酸靶标的活性而发挥其治疗作用.大量的药物靶标已经被开发并用于创新药物的发现过程.目前的研究重点是寻找新的靶标和对现有靶标进行更为深入地研究.分析药物靶标开发的现状和特点将有助于我们理解药物的分子作用机制,发现药物靶标开发中涉及的一些规律性的东西,为我国的创新药物开发提供参考.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.