超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗医源性肾假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘的临床研究

目的探讨超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗医源性肾假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘的有效性及安全性。方法 29例经保守治疗无效的医源性肾假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘患者经DSA检查,明确出血部位、特点后行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。监测栓塞后病情变化,评估栓塞效果,评价栓塞前后肾功能变化,记录并发症。结果 29例患者中23例单纯使用弹簧圈栓塞,6例应用弹簧圈+PVA颗粒进行栓塞,首次肾动脉栓塞技术成功率为100%(29/29),临床成功率为96.55%(28/29)。患者栓塞前后肌酐分别为(93.26±28.79)mmol/L和(91.51±27.68)mmol/L,差异无统计学意义(t=1.28,P=0.22)。无肾脓肿、肾功能衰竭等严重并发症出现。结论超选择介入栓塞治疗医源性肾假性动脉瘤及动静脉瘘技术成功率高、临床有效,并且对肾功能无明显影响,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的血管内栓塞治疗

目的　探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊治方法。　方法　 3 2例采用微导管超选择性插管 ,将微导管前端送入硬脑膜动静脉瘘瘘口处 ,经微导管造影证实并无危险吻合支 ,然后经微导管注入微粒行瘘的供血动脉及瘘口栓塞 ,其中 12例同时并经岩上、下窦采用钨丝微螺旋圈行海绵窦内栓塞。　结果　 2 8例栓塞后造影瘘口完全闭塞 ,4例栓塞后造影瘘口有少许显影 ,术后采取压迫患侧颈总动脉 ,1周后造影瘘口消失。经 6个月～ 8年的随访未见瘘口再通。　结论　血管内栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘是行之有效的方法。     

介入栓塞术联合术后注射无水乙醇治疗颌面部动静脉畸形

目的：探讨以数字减影成像显影下血管介入栓塞技术联合术后注射无水乙醇治疗颌面部动静脉畸形的疗效。方法：对6例颌面部动静脉畸形患者行血管介入造影检查,并超选择性插管栓塞供血动脉及病灶,注入聚乙烯醇颗粒、无水乙醇等栓塞剂栓塞畸形血管团,术后根据恢复情况定期在病灶血管腔内注射无水乙醇。结果：6例颌面部动静脉畸形患者均栓塞成功,达到临床治疗目的,无严重并发症发生。结论：血管介入造影下超选择性插管栓塞联合术后无水乙醇是治疗颌面部动静脉畸形的一种有效、安全的方法。     

手术联合介入栓塞治疗动静脉瘘

目的 探索动静脉瘘的治疗方法及影响效果的因素。方法 复习1999～2003年收治5例动静脉瘘病人的临床资料。男3例，女2例。5例病人均行栓塞和，或手术治疗。结果 3例先天性动静脉瘘。1例股部刀刺伤致股动静脉瘘。1例因椎间盘手术致腹主动脉下腔静脉瘘。5例病人均有症状。腹主动脉下腔静脉瘘病人进行性加重的心衰、血尿、蛋白尿。股动静脉瘘病人持续性高血压，左心扩大。5例病人术前全部确诊。2例病人术中主要瘘口缝扎切断，加周围血管栓塞，1例术前周围血管栓塞，术中结扎主要瘘口，1例单纯行栓塞治疗，1例瘘口修补加入造血管包被。术后2例患肢肿胀，治疗后痊愈。结论 手术联合介入栓塞疗法对先天性及后天性动静脉瘘效果满意。     

先天性肺动静脉瘘手术治疗1例（并文献复习）

目的总结分析肺动静脉瘘（pulmonary arteriovenous malformation,PAVM）的临床特点,以提高对PAVF的认识,做到早诊断、早治疗。方法对1例PAVF患者的病史、临床表现、辅助检查及治疗经过结合有关文献进行回顾性分析。结果本例患者女性1,8岁,因体检时发现右肺占位一月入院。查：口唇紫绀,SpO2为88%。胸部64排螺旋CT示：右肺中叶动静脉瘘,见2根肺动脉及1根肺静脉进入瘘囊内。在全麻下行＂右肺中叶切除术＂。术中顺利,术后恢复平稳,SpO2升至97%。病理报告示：符合肺动静脉瘘改变。随访一个月,无紫绀,肺部阴影消失,已恢复正常学习。结论多层螺旋CT＋三维重建技术完全可以满足对PAVF的诊断需要,应成为诊断PAVF的最佳影像方法。介入栓塞治疗对于分布范围较广泛的散在多发病灶或单纯型的小病灶较为合适。考虑到远期疗效及安全性,手术切除仍是主要治疗方法。     

颜面部动静脉畸形的介入治疗

目的 介绍经动脉栓塞介入治疗动静脉畸形(AVM)的方法，总结17例颜面部AVM介入治疗的效果。方法 1998年3月开始采用经皮穿刺股动脉插管，置导管于病变血管团供血动脉处，注入栓塞剂进行栓塞治疗。17例中ll例行单纯栓塞治疗，6例于栓塞后行手术切除。结果 17例患者经介入栓塞治疗后，即时造影均无异常血管显影，临床症状有不同程度的缓解。栓塞后进行手术的患者，出血量明显减少。结论 介入栓塞疗法为动静脉畸形的治疗提供了一个新的途径；手术前栓塞治疗可以明显减少术中的出血，降低手术的危险性。     

经皮肾镜取石术后大出血介入治疗的时机选择

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术后大出血的原因及介入栓塞治疗的时机。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2010年10月采用经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)治疗上尿路结石1287例,术后出现持续性或间歇性血尿患者8例,外院PCNL术后出血转院5例。均为男性。年龄27～79岁,平均45.1岁。13例患者均行介入治疗。对介入治疗时机及原因进行分析。结果 13例患者中,肾动脉假性动脉瘤3例,肾动静脉瘘2例,肾动脉假性动脉瘤合并肾动静脉瘘者8例。13例患者栓塞15min后,复查肾动脉造影显示病变均完全栓塞。术后3d肉眼血尿均消失。13例患者栓塞前后肾功能无明显变化,无严重并发症发生。随访4～60个月,平均29个月,患者血肌酐、血红蛋白及红细胞压积均正常,无再发出血,1例患者49个月后右肾结石复发。结论经皮肾镜取石术后出血的主要原因为术中肾血管损伤致假性动脉瘤和(或)动静脉瘘。保守治疗无效者,及时行介入栓塞治疗,效果满意。     

肾动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾动静脉瘘的诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析8例肾动静脉瘘患者的临床资料。其中原发性动静脉瘘5例，继发于肾肿瘤2例、外伤1例。结果 2例肾肿瘤者1例行肾切除术，1例因肿瘤转移仅行化疗。6例行经皮超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。随访6-60个月，1例栓塞失败者行肾切除术，1例瘘管再通者行二次栓塞治疗。一次栓塞成功者4例。结论 影像学检查是诊断肾动静脉瘘的主要手段，除恶性肿瘤外经皮超选择性肾动脉栓塞是治疗肾动静脉瘘的首选方法。     

脾切除术后脾动静脉瘘的诊断与治疗

脾动静脉瘘临床罕见,容易误诊.脾动静脉瘘临床上可表现为门静脉高压症、食管胃底静脉曲张、消化道出血、腹泻、腹痛、腹腔积液、呼吸障碍、心脏衰竭等.2014年4-5月苏州大学附属第一医院收治1例脾切除术后脾动静脉瘘患者,经多学科讨论由介入放射科协助,运用脾动脉栓塞术＋腹腔动脉造影术成功治疗该例脾动静脉瘘患者,术后2个月复查腹部增强CT示腹腔积液消失,门静脉高压症症状消失,肝肾功能恢复正常.     

肺隔离症4例诊治体会及文献复习

目的 探讨肺隔离症的诊断和治疗策略。方法 2017年7月至2019年6月收治的4例肺隔离症患者,3例患者行胸腔镜手术治疗,1例行介入下血管塞封堵迷走供血动脉,对其诊治过程和临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结诊治过程中的体会。结果 4例肺隔离症患者均接受治疗,1例患者接受介入下血管塞封堵迷走供血动脉后恢复顺利;1例患者胸腔镜下肺叶切除术后恢复顺利;2例患者接受胸腔镜下隔离肺叶切除术,其中1例恢复顺利,1例因胸腔进行性出血行胸腔镜下开胸止血术,后恢复顺利。术后3月复查胸部螺旋计算机体层摄影血管造影显示,3例行胸腔镜下隔离肺叶或肺叶切除手术患者的异常肺叶及供血动脉消失,行介入下血管塞封堵异常血管的1例患者的迷走供血动脉被栓塞,栓塞血管远端已无血流供应,隔离肺组织充血表现较前明显好转,4例患者随访7~31个月,未见复发。在手术时间、术中出血量、术后疼痛、术后胸腔闭式引流量、术后并发症、住院时间及住院费用等方面,介入栓塞治疗均优于胸腔镜手术治疗。结论 胸腔镜手术是目前处理肺隔离症的主要方式,介入栓塞治疗肺隔离症同样是一种安全、有效、微创的治疗方法,尤其对以咯血为主要症状,凝血功能异常且病情较重者效果佳。     

医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的介入诊疗

目的探讨超选择性动脉造影与栓塞治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的临床价值。方法对11例肾穿刺活检或经皮肾镜取石术后大量肉眼血尿患者实施超选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞术,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵与弹簧圈。结果 11例中,假性动脉瘤2例,动-静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘5例,动脉-肾盏瘘2例;损伤血管为肾脏后段、下段动脉及其叶间动脉分支,单支血管损伤10例,多支血管损伤1例。单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞4例,单纯采用弹簧圈栓塞4例,二者联合栓塞3例,其中1例为明胶海绵栓塞24h后复发尿血改用弹簧圈栓塞。栓塞后10min造影示出血征象消失,1~3天后患者血尿逐渐消失,未发生严重并发症。结论动静脉瘘为医源性肾动脉损伤的主要表现,以单发病变多见;超选择性动肾脉造影可迅速明确诊断,超选择性肾动脉栓塞微创、安全、有效,应作为治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的首选方法。     

Endovascular treatment of arteriovenous fistulas complicating percutaneous renal biopsy in three paediatric cases.

DESIGN: We evaluated the incidence and history of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) after kidney biopsy and assessed the use of superselective embolization for treatment. OBSERVATIONS: During the last 10 years, 896 kidney biopsies (age range of the patients: 1 month-18.6 years) have been performed in our institution under real-time ultrasonographic guidance with a 14 gauge cutting biopsy needle, and 32 of the patients had renal allografts (3.4%). We observed three cases of AVF (two in allograft kidneys, one in a native kidney) among all biopsies (0.34%), and the incidence of developing AVF after renal allograft biopsy was 6.3%. All three patients with AVF were symptomatic, and intravascular therapy was indicated. INTERVENTIONS: An angiographic study combined with endovascular treatment of the intrarenal AVF and pseudoaneurysm was performed in all three patients. Embolization was performed with bucrylate and lipiodol in two patients and with micro-coils in one. After successful embolization, all three patients became asymptomatic (in two renal bleeding stopped, in one patient with severe uncontrollable hypertension blood pressure returned to normal limits). No complications were observed secondary to the embolization procedure. CONCLUSION: The technique of superselective embolization using a coaxial catheter is an effective and safe method in the treatment of post-biopsy AVFs and pseudoaneurysm.     

超选择性肾动脉弹簧圈栓塞治疗经皮肾镜术后出血的临床研究

目的分析超选择性肾动脉弹簧圈栓塞术(SRACE)治疗经皮肾镜碎石取石术(PCNL)术后严重出血的时机选择、安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析贵州省人民医院2013年10月至2019年3月38例PCNL后严重出血患者的出血特点、数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现及栓塞后肾功能检测情况。结果38例患者中,7例未观察到确切出血点,31例DSA表现为肾动脉性出血,其中动脉撕裂6例,单纯假性动脉瘤(PA)17例,动静脉瘘(AVF)4例,PA合并AVF 4例。根据肾脏血管解剖位置定位,肾动脉上极支出血4例,中极支出血9例,下极支出血18例。急性出血2例,其中1例经SRACE联合输血等治疗后未能有效控制出血而行患肾切除术,迟发性出血20例,缓慢持续性出血16例。31例患者中30例成功栓塞,成功率为96.8%。SRACE术前与术后的肾小球滤过率(P=0.173)、血清尿素氮(P=0.969)、血清肌酐(P=0.180)差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论急性出血应尽快行DSA明确诊断后行栓塞治疗,迟发性及缓慢持续性出血经保守治疗无效,DSA/SRACE可作为首选的检查方法及治疗方法,SRACE是安全有效的治疗方式。     

Percutaneous embolization of idiopathic renal arteriovenous fistula using Amplatzer vascular plug II

Renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) presents a rare but important condition that can be acquired, congenital, or idiopathic. Embolization techniques have recently been considered the first-line therapy in the treatment of these lesions, but they carry a possible high risk of distal migration of embolic agents into the venous and pulmonary circulation. This risk is especially important with large, high-flow fistulas. In this report, we present a case in which a 31-year-old man with a symptomatic idiopathic AVF was treated with embolization using the Amplatzer vascular plug II after unsuccessful superselective embolization using coils. This method allowed for complete occlusion of the high-flow fistula with good preservation of arterial supply to the renal parenchyma.     

The validity of intraoperative angiography for the treatment of spinal arteriovenous fistula

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study of patients with spinal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) who underwent surgical treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity of the intraoperative angiography (IA) for the surgical treatment of spinal AVF. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Owing to the development of interventional techniques, endovascular embolization has become the treatment of choice for AVF, but it is not applicable for every spinal AVF owing to anatomic complexity of the spinal cord vessels. To get effective occlusion of the AVF, IA has been routinely used in the management of cerebral vascular diseases, but report of its use for spinal AVF is rare. METHODS: Since 2004, 4 consecutive cases of spinal AVF (3 males and 1 female, 3 thoracic, and 1 thoracolumbar) were involved in this study. The mean age at the time of operation was 62.3 years (range from 48 to 76 y). Types of AVFs and surgical techniques were reviewed retrospectively and the outcomes were assessed using the Japanese Orthopedic Association scoring system. RESULTS: AVFs in 3 patients were diagnosed as the dural type and that in the remaining patient as the perimedullary type; all feeding arteries were derived from the ninth to 10th intercostal arteries. Preoperative angiography demonstrated that the feeding arteries in 2 patients with a dural AVF were the branches of Adamkiewicz artery and in another dural AVF case, the Adamkiewicz artery could not be determined, therefore, endovascular embolization was not feasible. Including a patient with perimedullary AVF, a microsurgical clipping combined with IA was selected as the treatment. Complete occlusion of the fistula was achieved in all cases, the mean preoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association score of 4.5 improved to 6 at the final follow-up, and no perioperative complications were observed during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: The favorable clinical results in our spinal AVF cases confirmed that IA ensures safe and accurate occlusion of the fistula. This technique provides satisfactory surgical results for spinal AVFs.     

Glubran-2胶用于栓塞治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘

目的 观察以Glubran-2胶栓塞治疗硬脊膜动静脉瘘(SDAVF)的效果。方法 回顾性分析19例接受Glubran-2胶栓塞治疗的SDAVF患者,观察治疗后即刻栓塞效果、3个月后MRI表现、6个月后数字减影血管造影(DSA)表现及改良Aminoff-Logue评分,并根据后者评估疗效为稳定、改善或加重。结果 治疗后即刻造影示19例瘘口均完全封闭。治疗后1个月1例再次出现下肢无力和排尿困难,脊髓血管造影示瘘口复发,转外科治疗后病情稳定;治疗后3个月复查MRI示18例脊髓水肿范围均较治疗前明显缩小、血管流空影消失;治疗后6个月复查脊髓动脉DSA,18例均未见瘘口复发;改良Aminoff-Logue评分4.5(1.8,8.0),与治疗前[7.5(3.8,9.0)]差异有统计学意义(Z=－3.16,P<0.05),评定疗效为4例稳定、13例改善及1例加重。随访期间未见严重并发症。结论 Glubran-2胶用于栓塞治疗SDAVF效果较好。     

获得性动-静脉瘘的介入微创治疗

目的 评价用介入微创技术治疗获得性动一静脉瘘(AVF)的安全性和疗效。方法 对10例不适宜传统外科治疗的AVF患者进行介入治疗,包括肾动-静脉瘘4例、髂动-静脉瘘3例、锁骨下动-静脉瘘3例。致病原因为穿通性损伤5例、医源性损伤3例、恶性肿瘤和小肠Crohn病各1例。就诊时临床表现有肢体肿胀-静脉显露6例、局部血管杂音10例、心脏负荷增加10例、右心功能衰竭2例、血尿4例。3例用经导管超选择性栓塞,7例用被覆膜支架置人封闭瘘口。结果 10例患者均治疗成功,治疗结束时复查血管造影显示瘘口被封闭。轻微并发症3例,无严重并发症。术后患者局部肿胀、静脉充血、心脏负荷过度等症状迅速改善,血管杂音消失;肾脏AVF患者,术后肾功能测定属于正常,其中2例肾动脉被覆膜支架置入患者同位素肾扫描显示患侧肾脏形态-功能正常。术后随访6个月至6年。3例患者分别于术后6、9、14个月死于与AVF无关的疾病;2例于术后3周、2个月因AVF复发,在原支架区再次置入一个被覆膜支架后残留瘘口闭塞;2例于术后6、8个月复查造影显示支架区存在轻度狭窄。7例患者仍然生存,未再针对AVF进行外科或介人治疗。结论 介入微创技术,包括超选择性栓塞和被覆膜支架置入术,是治疗获得性、复杂型AVF安全有效的方法。     

Renal allograft arteriovenous fistula and large pseudoaneurysm

The patient was a 51-year-old female. Post-biopsy arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and pseudoaneurysm in a renal allograft were diagnosed 5 yr and 4 months after she received a renal transplantation. Four years after the diagnosis, interventional treatment for the AVF and pseudoaneurysm was performed because of a high risk of pseudoaneurysm rupture. Although the longitudinal diameter of the pseudoaneurysm was more than 5 cm, this AVF and pseudoaneurysm were treated successfully by a percutaneous transluminal embolization, and renal function has remained stable after embolization. A selective interventional procedure proved effective for the large pseudoaneurysm in the renal allograft. Therefore, when a transcutaneous needle biopsy of the renal allograft is performed, although there are no apparent symptoms or signs of vascular complications during the clinical course, periodical examinations such as echo-Doppler imaging should be made on the allograft.     

A case of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation with a newly developed dural arteriovenous fistula after successful embolization

We report a case of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) with a newly developed dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) subsequent to successful embolization. A male neonate diagnosed as VGAM with prenatal ultrasonography and MRI presented severe cardiac and respiratory failure soon after birth. Five sessions of transarterial embolization using NBCA were performed during the first 6 months of his life. The shunt flow was effectively reduced and heart failure was resolved after the treatment. Follow-up angiography performed 2.5 years after the last embolization revealed complete obliteration of VGAM and newly developed small dural AVF on the wall of the thrombosed falcorial sinus. We believe that the dural AVF in this case was caused by local venous hypertension or induction of angiogenic factor during the thrombosing process of VGAM.     

Usefulness of C-stopper Coil for Neurointervention

C-stopper coil (CSC) which are available for 0.018-inch inner diameter microcenter have been used for neurointervention such as transarterial embolization (TAE) of feeding artery. Although various shapes of pushable microcoils have been developed, microcoils are usually short to embolize the lesion and require lots of coils. The most specific feature of CSC is the extended length of 18 cm. To evaluate the usefulness of CSC, we reviewed our experience of CSC. Neurointervention using CSC was performed for 28 patients (31 treatments). Intervention procedures were TAE for dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) (n = 15), transvenous embolization for dural AVF (n = 4), parent artery occlusion for cerebral aneurysm, dissection and carotid-cavernous fistula (n = 8), TAE for epistaxis (n = 2), and preoperative embolization for tumor (n = 2). CSCs were deployed with push technique through microcatheter. CSCs were successfully placed into the lesion namely feeding artery, venous sinus, parent artery of aneurysm, or dissection. There were no major technical complications resulting in morbidity. Postoperative course was uneventful. No recanalization of the occluded vessel occurred during follow-up. Use of CSCs was safe and feasible for embolization of cerebrovascular lesion.