上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿(附2例报告)

为探讨胆固醇肉芽肿形成的机理，报告２例发生于上颌窦的胆固醇肉芽肿。该病的常见症状是鼻阻塞，严重者可引起骨质破坏。其病因可能源于上颌窦窦口阻塞、粘膜息肉样病变内部出血或上颌窦囊肿瘤壁内胆固醇沉积。文献复习表明：窦腔通气不良，长期的炎症渗出或出血可导致胆固醇肉芽肿的形成。治疗主要是行上颌窦根治术，以达到永久治愈的目的。     

Cholesterol granuloma and aspergilloma of the maxillary sinus

Cholesterol granuloma (CG) of the paranasal sinuses is rare. The proposed mechanisms of initiation are haemorrhage, impaired drainage and obstruction of ventilation. To the best of our knowledge, association of CG with a specific infection has not been described before. We have recently observed CG and aspergilloma of Aspergillus flavus type from the left maxillary sinus of a 58-year-old male patient presenting with nasal obstruction, headache and postnasal discharge. Any causative relationship between the two findings is obscure. The suspected mechanisms underlying aspergilloma and CG of the paranasal sinuses seems similar, since there is obstruction of ventilation and drainage. The cholesterol accumulation cannot be attributed to cellular components or breakdown products of the aspergillus as the major sterol of the plasma membranes of fungi is ergosterol, not cholesterol. Received: 15 February 2000 / Accepted: 31 October 2000     

上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿5例分析

目的：探讨上颌窦胆固醇肉芽肿的病因、发病机制以及治疗方法。方法：所有患者均行上颌窦根治术。结果：所有患者均病理诊断为鼻窦胆固醇肉芽肿,随访2个月～12年,均未见复发。结论：本病病因为高血脂症,含气腔通气受阻,引流障碍。确诊需要病理检查,治疗上应对高脂血症进行干预与治疗,手术可以根治。     

内镜上颌窦术后微波热凝术的辅助治疗

目的 :观察内镜上颌窦术后采用微波热凝术辅助清除上颌窦内残留的病变组织效果以及对手术疗效的影响。方法 :在 70°内镜引导下 ,导入微波治疗电极 ,经扩大的上颌窦自然口清除上颌窦内下壁、底壁等部位残留的病变组织。结果 :本组 2 6例 (37侧 )患者中 ,2 3例 (33侧 )原窦内残留的病变组织均获清除 ,无复发 ,清除率 89.2 % ;17例 (2 2侧 )上颌窦内炎性分泌物消失。结论 :鼻内镜下微波热凝术可清除上颌窦内残留的病变组织 ,避免再行Caldwell Luc等术式的创伤。提高了内镜鼻窦手术的疗效。     

Maxillary sinus mucoceles: clinical presentation and long-term results of endoscopic surgical treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentation of maxillary sinus mucoceles, understand their pathogenesis, and determine the long-term efficacy of the endoscopic surgical treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Thirteen consecutive patients who presented with maxillary sinus muco(pyo) celes were studied. Subjects with history of preceding sinus/nasal surgery or facial trauma were excluded. The presenting signs and symptoms, radiological findings, and surgical management were reviewed. RESULTS: There were six women and seven men with an age range of 31 to 71 years. Two patients had environmental allergies. Nine patients complained of cheek pressure or pain, six of nasal obstruction, and eight of nasal drainage. On endoscopic nasal examination, the medial wall of maxillary sinus was bulging with prolapsed middle meatal mucosa in 10; drainage was seen in 7, but none had polyps. The sinus involvement was limited to the maxillary sinus and the ipsilateral ethmoid on computed tomographic studies in 10 cases. Patients were treated with endoscopic ethmoidectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, and marsupialization of the mucocele. Intraoperative cultures grew organisms in five patients. Postoperative follow-up ranged between 10 and 66 months. Two patients required lysis of adhesions in the middle meatus, and one, revision antrostomy. All patients had a patent middle meatal antrostomy and healthy maxillary sinus mucosa at latest follow-up. The presenting symptoms resolved or improved in 12 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The etiology of maxillary sinus mucoceles is not well understood. Mechanical obstruction or allergy or both do not seem to play an important role. An infectious origin is also not supported by the above data. Endoscopic sinus surgery is a reliable therapeutic measure with a favorable long-term outcome.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary sinus resembling an invasive,destructive tumor

The case of a maxillary sinus cholesterol granuloma posing as a malignant tumor is presented. The patient was referred to the authors clinic with symptoms typical of maxillary sinusitis, but physical examination suggested the presence of neoplasm. Radiology also resulted in confusing, tumor-like pictures. Histological examination of a preoperative tissue sample identified the process as a cholesterol granuloma, which was removed by a classic Caldwell-Luc operation. The patient has been symptom free since the operation. The pathogenesis of cholesterol granuloma is described, and the problems of establishing a diagnosis without preoperative histology are discussed.     

The hypoplastic maxillary sinus and the orbital floor

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Hypoplastic maxillary sinus is a relatively rare clinical problem that has a variable presentation. The purpose of this article is to review the recent literature with regard to evaluation and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Most authors suggest that hypoplastic maxillary sinus results from the development of negative pressure resulting from an obstruction of maxillary sinus ventilation. Patients most frequently present with unilateral enophthalmos but some cases may be identified incidentally on imaging studies. SUMMARY: Hypoplastic maxillary sinus is a rare clinical entity with variable presentation. Evaluation and management are tailored to each individual patient's degree of disease and symptoms.     

非侵袭型上颌窦真菌病37例临床分析

目的探讨非侵袭型上颌窦真菌病的临床特征及手术方式.方法回顾性分析1997年1月～2003年6月在我科治疗的37例非侵袭型上颌窦真菌病的临床资料.本病单发于一侧上颌窦,以鼻涕带血、鼻塞为主要症状,鼻窦CT多示有窦腔内钙化影,手术为主要治疗方法.结果治疗以经鼻内镜手术为主,全部治愈,随访6月～2年无复发.其中经尖牙窝入路22例,经中鼻道入路15例.结论非侵袭型上颌窦真菌病应根据鼻窦CT所示病灶范围选择手术方式.本病预后良好.     

鼻内镜下鼻泪管前径路和后径路切除上颌窦良性病变

目的 探讨鼻内镜下上颌窦内侧壁入路切除上颌窦良性病变的手术径路及手术方法的可行性及疗效.方法 2003年6月至2010年8月,采用鼻内镜下经鼻腔鼻泪管前径路和鼻泪管后径路的多种方式切除上颌窦良性病变139例,其中内翻性乳头状瘤43例、真菌性上颌窦炎63例、上颌窦囊肿28例、出血坏死性息肉3例、骨瘤2例.所有病例术前行CT检查,可疑内翻性乳头状瘤患者同步行MRI检查.鼻泪管前方径路采取3种方式:梨状孔入路、泪前隐窝入路(包括解剖鼻泪管和不解剖鼻泪管2种方式)、梨状孔鼻泪管人路,共治疗97例;鼻泪管后方径路也采取3种方式:下鼻甲翻转、双蒂下鼻甲、单蒂下鼻甲,共治疗42例.观察患者术后疗效.结果全部病例在鼻内镜下经鼻彻底清除病变,保护了鼻泪管,保留了下鼻甲,无一例发生鼻泪管损伤和下鼻甲坏死.术后鼻塞、头痛、闷胀不适、异味、牙疼和麻木感等症状逐步消失.9例感觉鼻腔干燥,经鼻腔冲洗等处理后1个月左右逐渐消失.随访6 ～79个月,骨瘤和出血坏死性息肉未见复发.所有真菌性上颌窦炎患者术中均可见窦腔黏膜明显水肿、增厚,术后3个月左右逐渐消失,无一例复发.2例上颌窦囊肿患者术后10个月和18个月在上颌窦其他部位再发,但囊肿小且无临床症状未作处理.内翻性乳头状瘤患者有3例复发,1例术后17个月上颌窦口上方局限性肿物突出,病理示乳头状瘤复发,门诊予以清理后随访1年未见复发;1例于术后15个月前筛处复发,行筛窦广泛切除后随访3年未见复发;1例术后26个月上颌窦后外侧壁局部复发,二次行蒂在前方单蒂下鼻甲方式手术,术后1年再次复发,行鼻内镜下Denker手术,随访18个月未见复发征象.所有病例术后3个月上颌窦创面上皮、瘢痕覆盖,下鼻甲形态良好,下鼻道开窗者较术中明显瘢痕变小,且引流通畅无闭锁.结论鼻内镜下鼻泪管前、后径路上颌窦手术可以减小创伤,充分暴露窦腔视野,并为术后内镜复查和复发后的处理提供了视窗;保留下鼻甲避免了鼻腔外侧壁去除过多而导致的术后干燥、结痂、头痛等并发症.     

鼻窦球囊导管扩张术联合纤维鼻咽喉镜治疗鼻窦囊肿

目的 评价鼻内镜鼻窦手术和鼻窦球囊导管扩张术联合纤维鼻咽喉镜治疗鼻窦囊肿的疗效。方法 分析14例(19个上颌窦,3个额窦)应用鼻窦球囊导管扩张术联合纤维鼻咽喉镜手术切除鼻窦囊肿(球囊组)和16例(23个上颌窦,8个额窦)采用常规鼻内镜鼻窦手术方式切除鼻窦囊肿(常规组)病例的临床资料。依视觉模拟量表(visual analogue scale, VAS)记录手术难度评分和手术时间。手术前后均行鼻内镜检查、冠状位鼻窦CT检查,采用Lund-Kennedy内镜和Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT评分系统评价预后。结果 球囊组手术难度高于常规组,手术时间也较长,两组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。术后观察8、24周, 鼻内镜检查见窦口通畅,Lund-Kennedy内镜和Lund-Mackay鼻窦CT评分结果显示,所有病例术腔恢复良好,术后鼻窦CT影像示改善明显,但两组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 球囊组与常规组行鼻窦囊肿手术可获得同-良好的疗效。球囊组的手术方式能够保留鼻腔鼻窦的正常结构,手术微创。由于纤维鼻咽喉镜手术器械的限制,手术难度较常规组高,手术时间较长。     

单侧上颌窦占位性病变的CT诊断

目的探讨CT扫描对常见的单侧上颌窦占位性病变的诊断意义。方法回顾性总结2006年1月～2008年1月我科治疗的108例单侧上颌窦占位性病变患者的临床及影像学资料,并以组织病理学结果作为对照,对比分析CT扫描在单侧上颌窦占位性病变中的诊断意义。结果108例单侧上颌窦占位性病变中慢性上颌窦炎36例（33．3％）,上颌窦肿瘤32例（29．6％）,真菌性上颌窦炎19例（17．6％）,上颌窦囊肿14例（13．0％）,上颌窦后鼻孔息肉5例（4．6％）,上颌窦出血坏死性息肉及上颌窦嗜酸性肉芽肿各1例（0．9％）。大多数上颌窦占位性病变都具有其特有的临床及影像学表现,鼻窦CT扫描在单侧上颌窦占位性病变的术前诊断总体准确率为79．1％;其中上颌窦囊肿的术前诊断准确率为92．9％,慢性上颌窦炎为90．0％,上颌窦癌为80．0％,真菌性上颌窦炎为86．4％,鼻内翻性乳头瘤为50．0％。结论CT扫描对单侧上颌窦占位性病变的术前诊断有着十分重要的作用,大多数病变通过鼻窦CT检查可以作出初步的定位或定性诊断,并制定出合理的手术方案,最终确诊仍有赖于组织病理学检查。     

原发于上颌窦的恶性淋巴瘤1例

原发性鼻腔及鼻窦非霍奇金淋巴瘤（nonHodgkin′s lymphoma;NHL）是结外淋巴瘤的一种,临床上少见,原发于上颌窦者更为罕见,本科诊治1例单纯表现为面部肿胀的上颌窦NHL病例,报道如下。1病例资料患者,男,59岁。2012年11月中旬因鼻背旁左侧面部肿胀半个月到本科就诊。局部无疼痛,无鼻塞流涕或涕血,无头痛或视物改变等眼部症状,无发热。体检示鼻背左侧、眶下位置丘状隆起,包块约3cm×2cm,质地较硬,活动度差,无压痛。鼻内镜检查双鼻腔及鼻咽部未见新生物。鼻窦增强CT示（图1~2）：左侧上颌窦、     

鼻内镜手术治疗上颌窦良性占位性病变

目的探讨上颌窦良性占位性病变的CT诊断及鼻内镜手术疗效。方法回顾性分析51例上颌窦良性占位性病变的临床资料,临床表现主要有涕中带血、头痛、面部麻木、视力改变等。所有病例术前均行CT检查,术后并经病理检查证实。结果51例中囊肿27例,真菌感染13例,息肉6例,内翻性乳头状瘤3例,出血坏死性息肉1例,血管瘤1例。随访6～24个月,2例复发,治愈率96.1%,无术后并发症。结论上颌窦良性占位性病变以囊肿、真菌性上颌窦炎多见;CT检查有利于本病的诊断及手术方案的制定;鼻内镜手术是治疗上颌窦良性占位性病变的优选术式。     

Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Inflammatory Maxillary Sinus Disease

Objective/Hypothesis The role of endoscopic sinus surgery for treating chronic maxillary sinusitis is well established. The purpose of the study is to determine the efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery in the treatment of maxillary sinus inflammatory disease that includes mucoceles, retention cysts, and antrochoanal polyps. Study Design This is a retrospective review of 32 consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for mucoceles (n = 21), retention cysts (n = 5), or antrochoanal polyps (n = 6). Methods The medical records were reviewed for patient demographics, presenting symptoms, and type of operation. Surgical outcome was determined by resolution of symptoms, recurrence of disease, and need for revision or additional surgery. Results Ethmoidectomy with middle meatal antrostomy was performed in all patients; 28 patients had additional middle turbinectomy. Postoperative follow‐up ranged from 6 months to 4 years. The operation resulted in resolution of symptoms and a patent antrostomy on long‐term follow‐up in all cases of mucoceles. No case required revision surgery. On the other hand, the disease recurred in three patients (60%) with retention cysts and three patients (50%) with antrochoanal polyps despite patent antrostomies. The recurrences occurred 3 to 6 months after the surgery. The recurrent cases of antrochoanal polyps required Caldwell Luc procedures. The three failures in cases of retention cysts were successfully managed with repeated office endoscopic marsupialization through a patent antrostomy. Conclusions Endoscopic sinus surgery is an effective treatment for mucoceles, with favorable long‐term outcome. Maxillary retention cysts commonly recur after endoscopic sinus surgery. However, the recurrence can be managed in the office through a patent antrostomy. Endoscopic sinus surgery may be offered as initial surgical treatment for antrochoanal polyps, but a Caldwell Luc operation may be needed for recurrent disease.     

Three cases of organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus

Organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus is a rare clinical disease. To our knowledge, only a few cases of organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus have previously been published, most coming without bleeding history and disorders. We report three cases of organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus presenting with an enlarging maxillary sinus mass. In the evaluation of a patient with recurrent nasal bleeding, nasal obstruction, and an enlarging maxillary mass, organized hematoma of the maxillary sinus should be included in the differential diagnosis.     

Cholesterol granuloma of the maxillary antrum

The cholesterol granuloma is a particular form of granulation tissue developing as part of a variety of tissue reactions, Cholesterol granuloma is not related to cholesteatoma which may be regarded as an epidermoid cyst of the middle ear or temporal bone. Cholesterol granulomas are rarely associated with such cases (Friedmann, 1976; Gherini et al., 1985). Microscopically, the cholesterol granuloma consists of dense masses of cholesterol crystals which appear as clefts. They are surrounded by foreign body giant cells, foam cells, plasma cells and lymphocytes. There is frequently some fresh blood and some blood pigment (Wilhelm, 1977; Beales, 1979; Gibb, 1979). It seems probable that inflammation and prolonged obstruction of a bony cavity that is normally aerated, are the main ways in which cholesterol is concentrated in the paranasal sinuses. It could be expected to be relatively frequent in the maxillary and frontal sinus, but only a few cases have been reported in the literature and only nine cases affecting the maxillary sinus have been published over the last 22 years (Milton and Bickerton, 1986). We have recently found a cholesterol granuloma arising in the maxillary antrum.     

Schwannoma of maxillary sinus

Schwannoma, also known as neurilemmoma, is a solitary, encapsulated peripheral tumour of neuroectodermal derivation that originates from schwann cells of neural sheath of motor/ sensory peripheral nerves or sympathetic nerves. About one- third of all schwannomas occur in head and neck region but nose and paranasal sinuses, are rare sites. We report a case of schwannoma arising from the maxillary sinus and eroding the orbital floor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the sixth; case of schwannoma solely arising in the maxillary sinus, reported in the literature.     

Diagnosis and pathology of unilateral maxillary sinus opacification with or without evidence of contralateral disease

OBJECTIVE: Determine the diagnostic criteria and etiology of complete unilateral maxillary sinus opacification. METHODS: A prospective analysis was performed on patients presenting to a tertiary care rhinology practice with complaints of chronic rhinosinusitis or acute exacerbation. Sixty-four consecutive patients were identified with unilateral maxillary sinus opacification on computed tomography (CT) scan after at least a 3-week medical therapy for rhinosinusitis. The study population comprised 30 men and 34 women with a mean age of 47.0 years. All patients completed a symptom score questionnaire, received nasal endoscopy, and CT imaging. Patient symptoms and endoscopic and radiographic findings were analyzed to determine patterns related to final diagnosis. RESULTS: All 64 patients underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Each surgical specimen was sent for pathologic confirmation of the diagnosis. Sixteen mucoceles, 12 cases of nasal polyposis, 27 cases of acute or chronic sinusitis, 7 cases of inverting papilloma, and 2 cases of mycetoma were identified. Endoscopic and radiographic appearances were correlated with each disease process. CONCLUSION: Unilateral maxillary sinus opacification is a relatively common finding. Early identification of inverting papillomas and mucoceles may avoid delay in surgical intervention, whereas acute/chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis can initially be managed medically. Careful history, endoscopic examination, and radiographic studies can often determine the responsible disease process.     

Solitary fibrous tumor in the maxillary sinus treated by endoscopic medial maxillectomy

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an uncommon neoplasm that usually arises from the pleura. Recently, SFTs have been reported in the head and neck area. SFTs of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are extremely rare, with only 24 cases reported in the English literature. We describe an SFT that arose from the left maxillary sinus and extended to the nasal cavity. The tumor was removed by endoscopic medial maxillectomy, which permitted monobloc excision of the lesion. The patient is without the evidence of the disease 12 months after surgery.     

A child with silent sinus syndrome and spontaneous improvement after sinus surgery

Silent sinus syndrome is characterized by an asymptomatic hypoplastic maxillary sinus with progressive enophthalmos and hypoglobus. This is a disease rarely affecting children with the majority of reported cases involving adult patients. Treatment is primarily surgical with endoscopic sinus surgery to restore aeration of the sinus along with orbital reconstruction to restore facial symmetry. In this report, we describe a 7 year old child with facial asymmetry and no sinonasal symptoms. CT showed an opacified hypoplastic right maxillary sinus. One year after endoscopic sinus surgery, there was spontaneous improvement of facial asymmetry and relative maxillary sinus size.