芦荟提取物C诱生小鼠肿瘤坏死因子的研究

目的：研究芦荟提取物C(aloe extract C，AE—C)在BALB／C鼠体内诱导产生肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)。方法：连续5d给小鼠注射AE—C，第6天取血分离血清，应用结晶紫染色法测其TNF活性，观察经AE—C诱生的鼠血清对多种瘤细胞的杀伤作用，杀伤作用的持续时间和对温度的敏感性及血清不同稀释度的杀伤效果。结果：AE—C能诱导小鼠产生TNF-α，与对照组比较作用明显(P＜0．01)；并且对多种靶细胞有显著的杀伤作用；TNF活性24h达高峰，第4天。下降明显，5—d接近正常水平；血清标本稀释至200倍时，仍具有较强的杀伤活性；诱生后的TNF有一定的温度敏感性。结论：芦荟提取物C有诱生BALB／C鼠产生肿瘤坏死因子的作用。     

芦荟提取物C对小鼠移植性肿瘤及免疫功能的影响

目的：研究芦荟提取物C（Aloe Extract C，AE－C）对小鼠移植性肿瘤（实体瘤）的抑制作用和其对脾细胞IL－2分泌活性及NK细胞杀伤活性的影响。方法：建立AE－C的提取和主要成分含量测定法。用S180和MethA移植瘤动物模型为研究对象，经腹腔注射AE－C后，观察肿瘤组织的病理学改变并检测其脾细胞IL－2分泌活性和NK细胞杀伤活性。结果：AE－C能促使肿瘤组织大面积出血坏死及炎细胞浸润，按瘤组织坏死和炎细胞胞浸润分级积分法记录，AE－C治疗组明显高于对照组和5－FU治疗组（P＜0．01）。脾细胞IL－2分泌活性S180移植瘤AE－C治疗组与其对照组比较升高42．6％，MethA移植瘤AE－C治疗组与其对照组比较升高62．6％。NK细胞杀伤尖性AE－C治疗组较对照组有明显的升高（P＜0．01）。5－FU治疗组小鼠免疫功能明显受到抑制。结论：AE－C有抑制肿瘤和调节机体免疫功能的作用。     

芦荟提取物C对小鼠移植性肿瘤及免疫功能的影响

目的 :研究芦荟提取物C(AloeExtractC ,AE C)对小鼠移植性肿瘤 (实体瘤 )的抑制作用和其对脾细胞IL 2分泌活性及NK细胞杀伤活性的影响。方法 :建立AE C的提取和主要成分含量测定法。用S180和MethA移植瘤动物模型为研究对象 ,经腹腔注射AE C后 ,观察肿瘤组织的病理学改变并检测其脾细胞IL 2分泌活性和NK细胞杀伤活性。结果 :AE C能促使肿瘤组织大面积出血坏死及炎细胞浸润 ,按瘤组织坏死和炎细胞胞浸润分级积分法记录 ,AE C治疗组明显高于对照组和 5 FU治疗组 (P <0 .0 1)。脾细胞IL 2分泌活性S180 移植瘤AE C治疗组与其对照组比较升高 4 2 .6 % ,MethA移植瘤AE C治疗组与其对照组比较升高 6 2 .6 %。NK细胞杀伤活性AE C治疗组较对照组有明显的升高 (P <0 .0 1)。 5 FU治疗组小鼠免疫功能明显受到抑制。结论 :AE C有抑制肿瘤和调节机体免疫功能的作用。     

吐温80对温热抑瘤作用的增强效应——小鼠黑色素瘤实验研究

 目的: 研究吐温80合并41℃温热的抗肿瘤效应。方法: 接种B16黑色素瘤细胞至BALB/C小鼠不同部位建立荷瘤鼠模型, 观察荷瘤鼠死亡率、肿瘤生长曲线、血清肿瘤坏死因子和唾液酸的变化以及经血行转移的肺部瘤灶数的变化。结果: 吐温80合并41℃温热能明显地抑制小鼠黑色素瘤的生长, 延长荷瘤小鼠平均存活时间, 使肺部的转移瘤灶数大大降低；但吐温80和温热单独作用时均无此效果。荷瘤小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子(sTNF)活性和唾液酸水平均明显高于正常BALB/C小鼠, 吐温80合并41℃、100分钟温热可显著降低sTFN活性, 并引起血清唾液酸水平的进一步升高。处理后第10周, 随着肿瘤的缩小, 唾液酸水平有明显的下降。结论: 吐温80能使温热在低于临界温度时即可发挥有效的抗肿瘤效应, 明显提高温热治疗的疗效和安全性, 是一较理想的温热合并药物。血清TNF和唾液酸的变化提示协同效应可能与肿瘤抗原的暴露和机体免疫抗肿瘤作用的活化亦有关。     

重组人肿瘤坏死因子(rHuTNF)单独或与干扰素(IFNs)联合治疗异种移植肿瘤

肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)是单核细胞系产生的一种蛋白质,在体外具有杀伤或抑制肺瘤细胞的活性,在体内能诱导实体性小鼠移植肿瘤细胞坏死。文献报导,TNF 的这种体外杀伤活性对转化细胞具有选择性,并且一些代谢抑制物如放线菌素 D 或干扰素(IFNs)能显著增强 TNF 的活性。TNF 这种对体内移植性动物肿瘤、对体外培养肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用以及它与干扰素(IFNs)的协同作用,使人们对它作为一种抗肿瘤药物的研究颇感兴趣。     

肿瘤坏死因子与恶性疾病

自从Garswell等首次发现肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor Necrosis Factor,TNF)以来,TNF与临床恶性疾病的关系越来越受到人们重视。TNF分为α和β两亚型,TNF_a主要由激活的单核巨噬细胞产生,TNF9主要由T细胞和B细胞产生,前者曾称为恶液质素,后者为淋巴毒素;在氨基酸水平上,两者有30％同源的,可以与相同的TNF受体结合。TNF除了具有杀伤肿瘤细胞效应外,也是机体炎症和免疫应答的重要介质。另外,TNF能诱生其它细胞因子,间接调节免疫活性细胞而增加机体免疫防护能力,也能为其它细胞因子所诱生。TNF具有多种生物学活性,它与恶性疾病发病的关系以及临床应用愈来愈受到重视,本文就这两方面研究现状作一综述。     

冻融抗原冲击致敏的树突状细胞对结肠癌小鼠的治疗作用

目的 :研究冻融的肿瘤抗原冲击致敏的骨髓来源的树突状细胞 (DC)对结肠癌小鼠是否具有治疗作用。方法 :用小鼠结肠癌细胞株C2 6冻融抗原体外冲击致敏BALB/c小鼠骨髓来源的DC ,观察其体外刺激荷瘤小鼠脾细胞增殖的能力及其诱导的CTL对C2 6肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性 ;体内以 3× 10 5DC /只一次或多次接种于已荷瘤 10d结肠癌的小鼠同侧腹股沟皮下 ,观察抗原冲击的DC对肿瘤生长的抑制作用以及对荷瘤小鼠生存期的影响。结果 :体外抗原冲击致敏的DC能显著刺激荷瘤小鼠脾脏T细胞增殖 ,其诱导的CTL对C2 6肿瘤细胞具有显著的杀伤作用 ,在效靶比为 10∶1,5∶1,2 .5∶1时其杀伤率分别 88 1% ,71.4%和 5 0 .0 % ;抗原冲击致敏的DC体内多次皮下免疫后对肿瘤的生长具有显著的抑制作用 ,能显著延长荷瘤小鼠的生存期。一次性DC体内免疫接种对荷瘤小鼠的治疗作用不明显。结论 :肿瘤细胞冻融抗原体外冲击致敏的DC多次皮下免疫对结肠癌小鼠具有显著的治疗效果     

瘤体内/瘤周注射TNF重组腺病毒和/或IL-2重组腺病毒对肝癌小鼠的治疗作用研究

选择两种具有协同免疫调节作用的细胞因子进行联合基因治疗是提高肿瘤细胞因子基因治疗的有效途径之一.目前对IL-2/TNF-α联合基因方案,特别是瘤体内注射途径的抗肿瘤研究尚未见报道.IL-2与TNF-α具有协同作用.因此我们分别将携带TNF-α基因和IL-2基因的腺病毒(Ad-TNF,Ad-IL-2)联合或直接注射于BALB/c小鼠肝癌内,观察其抗瘤效果,并探讨其抗肿瘤免疫机制.结果表明:1.TNF治疗组脾细胞NK、LAK、CTL活性及Mφ杀伤活性明显高于对照组,诱生的细胞因子包括IL-2、GM-CSF、IFN-γ、TNF和IL-     

紫松果菊对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用及产生肿瘤坏死因子的影响

目的:探索紫松果菊对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤及产生肿瘤坏死因子( TNF) 的作用。方法:测量小鼠荷S180瘤株前后体重及瘤重,微量NAG释放法测血清TNF。结果:紫松果菊对小鼠S180没有抑瘤效应,但能明显降低荷瘤小鼠产生TNF 的水平。结论:紫松果菊有抑制小鼠产生TNF 的作用,因此可能具有抗炎和抗过敏的作用。     

ehCGβ肿瘤基因疫苗诱生的效应脾细胞过继免疫抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的:探讨ehCGβ肿瘤基因疫苗诱生的效应脾细胞过继免疫在抗肿瘤中的作用.方法:通过转染建立稳定表达ehCGβ和HBV-preS2/S的细胞株Sp2/0-ehCGβ和Sp2/0-preS2/S.以TR421-hCGβ质粒实施基因免疫,免疫后检测小鼠脾细胞,特异性细胞毒活性;同期将脾细胞过继免疫给正常小鼠,以过继TR421-hCGβ质粒免疫小鼠脾细胞为实验组、过继TR421质粒免疫小鼠脾细胞为对照组,检测脾细胞杀伤效应.结果:效应脾细胞对SP2/0-ehCGβ的杀伤率明显高于Sp2/0-preS2/S(P＜0.05).Sp2/0-ehCGβ在实验组小鼠仅2只形成实体瘤,TR421-hcGβ质粒基因免疫抗肿瘤任用有肿瘤特异性,两组有显著性差异(P＜0.05),而在对照组小鼠均形成实体瘤.Sp2/0-preS2/S在所有的小鼠均形成了实体瘤,其瘤重无显著性差异.结论:ehCGβ肿瘤基因疫苗诱生的效应细胞可特异性杀伤肿瘤,过继免疫效应细胞能使正常小鼠获得明显的特异性抗肿瘤能力.     

Enhanced Antitumor Effect of Recombinant Human Tumor Necrosis Factor in Combination with Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor in BALB/c Mice

The synergistic antitumor effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was investigated. G-CSF was administered subcutaneously to BALB/c mice inoculated with Meth-A cells at a dose of 2.5 μ g/day for 5 consecutive days. When TNF (1 × 10³ U) was administered intravenously to mice which had been pretreated with G-CSF, tumor growth showed a 74.1% inhibition 17 days after the tumor cell inoculation, compared to that of untreated mice. In this experiment, G-CSF significantly ( P <0.025) enhanced the antitumor effect of TNF. The in vitro cytotoxicity of TNF (10 U/ml) towards Meth-A cells was increased about 5.2-fold in the presence of neutrophils (E/T=50) as compared to the cytotoxicity obtained with TNF alone. A combination of TNF and G-CSF (50 ng/ml) in the presence of neutrophils, resulted in a 2.1 times greater cytotoxicity against Meth-A cells as compared to that obtained without G-CSF. Significant augmenting effects of G-CSF on superoxide (O₂⁻) production by TNF-stimulated neutrophils were observed. These observation suggest that the neutrophil plays an important role in the antitumor action of TNF on Meth-A cells, and that the antitumor effect of TNF is enhanced by combination with G-CSF.     

The effect of interferon on experimental metastases in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice

A recombinant human hybrid alpha interferon (rIFN-alpha A/D) with antiviral, immunomodulating and cell-growth-inhibitory activity on murine cells strongly inhibited the development of experimental pulmonary metastases of the Colo 26 adenocarcinoma in BALB/c mice. Twenty-one days after i.v. injection of 5 X 10(4) cells, 8/8 control mice had greater than 200 lung tumour nodules whereas 1/6 mice receiving 500 ng rIFN-alpha A/D had one lung tumour nodule and the other 5 mice were tumour-free. Equally strong inhibition was seen in immunodeficient BALB/c nu/nu (athymic) and beige nu/nu (athymic and NK-deficient) mice. Scheduling experiments in vivo showed that the most important time of IFN treatment was from the day of tumour cell injection to day 5, although statistically significant reductions in lung tumour nodule number and lung weight were seen even when IFN treatment was started 7 days after cell injection. rIFN-alpha A/D was cytostatic to Colo 26 in vitro, causing 50% or more inhibition of cell growth or colony number at IFN levels that could be achieved in the sera of IFN-treated mice. Although rIFN-alpha A/D stimulated NK-cell activity in BALB/c mice, Colo 26 cells were resistant in vitro to such cells whether from control or IFN treated mice.     

Retinoic acid stimulation of the induction of mouse killer T-cells in allogeneic and syngeneic systems.

The ability of retinoic acid (RA), a potent antitumor agent, to stimulate cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) in mice was investigated. Low doses of RA (5-300 micrograms/mouse/day) administered ip into C57BL/6 mice for 5 days daily or for 1--3 months three times a week before immunization in vivo or in vitro with allogeneic BALB/c S194 myeloma cells led to an enhanced cytotoxic activity of their spleen effector cells. Similarly, in a syngeneic situation injection of RA into C57BL/6 or BALB/c mice before in vitro challenge with EL 4 (C57BL/6) or S194 (BALB/c) tumor cells strongly stimulated CMC. The enhanced cytotoxic activity was effected by thymus-derived lymphocytes (T-cells) and specific for the H-2 histocompatibility antigens in the case of the allogeneic sensitization or specific for tumor antigens in the case of the syngeneic sensitization. Because RA had no effect on the effector step of CMC, RA likely enhanced the induction step of T-CMC. The action of RA was antigen-dependent, and it is therefore a true adjuvant rather than a nonspecific stimulator or polyclonal activator of cytotoxic T-cells.     

Therapy of murine liver metastases by administration of MDP encapsulated in liposomes

In a reproducible murine model of liver metastases, it was demonstrated that liposomal muramyl dipeptide (MDP) as an adjuvant therapy reduces and prevents the development of metastases. C26 colon adenocarcinoma cells were injected into the spleen (5 x 10(4) cells per mouse) of syngeneic BALB/c mice. On day 3, the spleen was removed to prevent a large tumor burden in the spleen. On day 17, 100% of the mice had developed tumor foci in the liver. Liposomal MDP treatment consisted of the i.v. or i.p. administration of 1 mumol of liposomal lipid containing 5 micrograms of MDP per mouse for ten consecutive days. When therapy was initiated two days after tumor cell inoculation, the number of metastases that had developed on day 17 was strongly reduced compared to control mice. Approximately 20% of the mice were free of liver metastases. Initiation of therapy two days prior to tumor cell inoculation enhanced the effect significantly: about 45% of the mice were free of metastases on day 17. The treatment protocol for survival studies was slightly different; liposomal MDP was administered on the first six consecutive days followed by administration twice weekly, through day 24. Control mice died between day 21 and 33 after tumor cell inoculation, whereas liposomal MDP treated mice died between day 26 and 46 with 1 out of 25 mice surviving for more than 120 days. The mortality of the liposomal MDP treated mice that were free of liver metastases was caused by a local tumor at the site of operation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Potentiation of chemotherapeutic activity by a Chinese herb medicine juzen-taiho-toh

Antitumor activity of Juzen-Taiho-Toh (JTX) and combination effect of JTX with antitumor agents were studied using murine tumors. In order to determine the antitumor activity of JTX, mice inoculated ip with IMC carcinoma (1 X 10(6) cells/CDF1 mouse), sarcoma-180(1 X 10(6) cells/ICR mouse) or Meth-A fibrosarcoma (1 X 10(6) cells/BALB/c mouse) were treated with JTX (12.5-50 mg/kg/day) ip on day 1 through day 10, and the survival days of mice were examined. Treatment with 25 mg/kg/day produced 38.7% increase of life span against IMC carcinoma. However, no antitumor effect was observed on solid form of these tumors by the daily treatment with JTX. Combination effect of JTX and antitumor agents was also examined. ICR mice inoculated sc with 1 X 10(6) cells of sarcoma-180 on day 0 were treated with JTX (2,000 mg/kg/day) po on day-7 through day 30. In addition, some of these groups received mitomycin C (5 mg/kg), cytoxan (67 mg/kg) or adriamycin (2.5 mg/kg) iv on days 3, 8 and 11, and the size of tumor grown in sc site was measured by a caliper. In combination with JTX, mitomycin C resulted in a significantly greater tumor growth inhibition than could be obtained with mitomycin C alone. Secondly, BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice inoculated sc with 1 X 10(4) cells of Meth-A fibrosarcoma or 1 X 10(5) cells of B16 melanoma on day 0 were treated with JTX (2,000 mg/kg/day) po on day 1 through day 30. Some of these group received ip with mitomycin C (3 mg/kg), adriamycin (2 mg/kg), 5-FU (33 mg/kg) or cytoxan (67 mg/kg) on days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18. From this result, the group treated with JTX and mitomycin C also showed a higher tumor-growth inhibition. Thus, a combination of a high dose of mitomycin C with JTX was more effective than mitomycin C alone.     

A novel recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha mutant with increased anti-tumor activity and lower toxicity.

We prepared a novel recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) mutant (mutant 471), in which 7 N-terminal amino-acids were deleted and Pro8Ser9Asp10 was replaced by ArgLysArg, and compared its biological activity with that of wild-type recombinant TNF. Mutant 471 had a 7-fold higher anti-tumor activity against murine L-M cells in vitro, and a higher binding activity to TNF receptors on L-M cells, than wild-type TNF. Furthermore, mutant 471 showed a higher anti-tumor effect on murine Meth A-HM tumors transplanted into BALB/c mice, with complete regression of the tumors being observed in the animals. The possible cachectin activity of mutant 471 was almost the same as that of wild-type TNF. The acute lethal toxicity of mutant 471 in beta-D-galactosamine-sensitized C3H/HeJ mice was 18 times lower than that of wild-type TNF. These results suggest that mutant 471 might be a more promising anti-cancer agent than wild-type TNF.     

The lymphocyte response to a primary viral neoplasm (MSV) through its entire course in BALB-c mice

BALB/c mice injected with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) developed tumors within 5–8 days which usually completely regressed by day 20–25. Maximal tumor size was around day 15. Lymphocytes from these animals were examined for activity against target cells bearing the Moloney leukemia virus (MLV) associated cell surface antigen at 2- to 5-day intervals for 30 days. Significantly cytotoxic lymphocytes were obtained from animals which had developed no palpable tumor as early as 2 days after infection and from animals in which tumors had completely regressed. The least active lymphocytes were from tumor-bearing animals. The cytotoxicity of the active lymphocytes was demonstrated to be antigen-specific by testing also against target cells which were MLV-negative.     

Experimental study of antitumor effect of methyl-B12

We examined the antitumor effect of vitamin B12 (methyl-B12) using C3H/He, C57BL/6 and BALB/C mice for animals and MH134 hepatoma ascites cells, Lewis lung cancer cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells for tumor cells. At 1.0-10 micrograms/ml, methyl-B12 enhanced PHA- and Con-A-induced lymphocyte blastoformation of C3H/He mice. The growth of MH134 tumors on the backs of C3H/He mice were suppressed by the 7-day administration of 50 or 100 micrograms/day i.p. and their survival was longer than that of untreated mice. However, methyl-B12 administration did not positively affect the survival of C3H/He mice that had been irradiated with 60Co 300 R on the day before tumor cell inoculation. The growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells inoculated into BALB/C mice was also reduced at 17 and 19 days after tumor inoculation by administration of methyl-B12 50 micrograms/day i.p. and the mice survived longer than the untreated mice.     

Balb/c mice as a preclinical model for raltitrexed-induced gastrointestinal toxicity.

Raltitrexed (RTX) is an antifolate thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor used for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. RTX induces proliferating tissue toxicities that are largely confined to the intestine, with diarrhea being a severe side effect in a small but significant minority of patients. Similarly, weight loss and diarrhea were observed in BALB/c mice, and a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined as approximately 5-10 mg/kg/day x 5 days. At an equivalent dose of 10 mg/kg/day x 5 days (dl-5), DBA2 mice lost considerably less weight, leading to a higher MTD (>500 mg/kg/day x 5 days), and there was no evidence of diarrhea. Histopathological consequences of damage, such as changes in small intestinal crypt architecture and villus atrophy induced by the 10-mg/kg/day dose, were greater and of longer duration in BALB/c mice. A higher dose of RTX (100 mg/kg/day x 5) induced weight loss and histopathological damage similar to that seen in BALB/c mice (10 mg/kg/ day x 5) but was of later onset, nadir, and recovery. Small changes to the colon were only observed in BALB/c mice. Pretreatment levels of plasma thymidine, deoxyuridine (approximately 1 microM), and folate (approximately40 ng/ml) were similar in both mouse strains. A single injection of radiolabeled RTX (5 mg/kg/ day) did not lead to any marked difference 24 h later in the total drug concentration and distribution of polyglutamates (comprising 70-80% of drug extracted) in the liver, kidney, and intestinal epithelium (large and small intestine) between the two mouse strains. Further studies used a RIA to measure RTX polyglutamate formation in tissues at various times and drug doses. This led to the conclusion that, although there was a higher accumulation of RTX in BALB/c small intestinal epithelium (days 4-6), it may be an effect secondary to another undetermined cause of increased drug sensitivity. This model represents a vehicle by which the etiology and treatment of severe clinical toxicity induced by RTX may be evaluated.     

Endogenous Tumor Necrosis Factor Induction with Bordetella pertussis Vaccine as a Triggering Agent and Its Therapeutic Effect on MM46 Carcinoma-bearing Mice

Induction of endogenous tumor necrosis factor (TNF) by administration of Bordetella pertussis vaccine (BPV) as a triggering agent and its therapeutic effect against MM46 carcinoma were investigated in C3H/He mice. Test triggering agents were injected intravenously into mice after intravenous injection of 4-fold dilution of macrophage activating factor (MAF) or 10⁴ units of murine interferon-γ (Mu-IFN-γ). Then sera were obtained from the mice, and their TNF activities were assayed on L-929 cells by the method of Ruff and Gifford. The triggering activity of BPV was the highest among those of conventional triggers, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli , and OK-432. The levels of serum TNF activity triggered by BPV (4 × 10⁹ cells), LPS of E. coli (3 μg) and OK-432 (3 KE) were 5350, 85 and 102 units/ml, respectively. Growth of MM46, a spontaneous mammary carcinoma cell line of C3H/He was observed for 35 days after tumor inoculation and was suppressed significantly by intravenous injection of MAF and BPV (4 × 10⁹ cells). On local injection of BPV (2 × 10⁹ cells) into murine tumors, complete regression was observed in 67% of the mice tested with or without MAF priming on day 25 after tumor inoculation, and intratumoral TNF activity was observed even in the case of the single injection of BPV.