骨代谢生化指标对于骨质疏松症诊断与治疗的临床意义

正骨质疏松症是一种骨代谢异常的全身性骨病,因患者骨量减少、骨质量改变及骨强度降低,导致骨脆性增加,极易发生骨折~([1])。骨折是骨质疏松症最严重的并发症,且患者有较高的致残率、致死率。骨质疏松性骨折通常无明显外伤史,轻微损伤即可导致,且症状差异大,如胸腰椎压缩骨折可仅表现为胸部、腹部及季肋部疼痛,首诊多就诊于内外科,易造成误诊、漏诊~([2])。骨强度由骨密度和骨质量决定,临床上通常用骨密度表示骨     

骨科围手术期口服抗凝药物的应用进展

正骨科大手术患者术后如果没有进行有效抗凝治疗,静脉血栓栓塞症的发生率会大幅提高。研究~([1])表明,在没有接受抗凝治疗的情况下,全髋关节置换术(THA)和全膝关节置换(TKA)术后患者近端深静脉血栓形成的发生率分别为18%~36%及5%~22%,术后肺动脉栓塞的发生率分别为0.9%~2.8%及1.5%~10.0%;髋部周围骨折术后患者静脉血栓栓塞症的发生率为40%~47%~([1]),而90%的肺动脉栓塞来源于下肢深静脉~([2])。传统     

甲状旁腺激素延缓椎间盘退行性变机制的研究进展

<正>甲状旁腺激素(PTH)在骨代谢过程中发挥着双重调节作用,已广泛应用于骨质疏松症及预防骨质疏松性骨折的治疗~([1-2])。既往认为PTH为骨形成促进剂,在骨合成及分解代谢过程中起着关键作用;低剂量间断给药能提高绝经后骨质疏松妇女骨密度及改善骨质量,降低其骨折发生率~([3])。椎间盘退行性变(IDD)引起的疾病严重影响患者生活质量,其中椎间盘源性下腰痛占慢性腰背部疼痛的65%~([4])。约80%的成年人经历过不同程度的下腰痛~([5])。有研究发现,PTH不仅可以治疗骨质疏松,而且在延     

高黏度与低黏度骨水泥经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效对比

<正>胸腰椎压缩性骨折是骨质疏松患者中常见的骨折类型~([1]),经皮椎体成形术(PVP)以其创伤小、疼痛迅速缓解、并发症少等优点,经过20余年发展已成为骨质疏松性椎体新鲜压缩骨折的主要治疗方法,尽管骨水泥渗漏发生率低,但仍是其常见并发症~([2])。近年来,为减少骨水泥渗漏发生,有学者将高黏度骨水泥应用于PVP。研究表明~([3]),高粘度骨水泥具有瞬间的高粘度、较低的聚合温度、可注射     

可吸收螺钉内固定并PRP治疗Pipkin骨折1例

正髋关节后脱位多由车祸等强大间接暴力引起,如合并有股骨头骨折则被称为Pipkin骨折~([1])。Pipkin骨折在临床中较为少见,其发生率约占髋关节脱位的6%~([2])。由于Pipkin骨折为关节内骨折,如处理不当,术后易发生创伤性关节炎,且存在股骨头坏死风险。笔者于2016年3月收治1例PipkinⅠ型骨折患者,将其临床资料及随访情况报告如下。     

慢性肾脏病患者骨密度检测的意义

<正>慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者存在相对较高的骨折风险。有研究发现随着肾功能不断恶化,老年男性CKD患者的骨折风险不断升高~([1]),尤其是终末期肾脏疾病(end stage renal disease,ESRD)接受透析治疗患者有很高的髋骨骨折发生率~([2])。骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)     

强直性脊柱炎合并骨折的特点及手术治疗研究进展

<正>强直性脊柱炎(AS)是一种累及人体中轴骨的慢性炎症性疾病,常由于骶髂关节炎、肌腱炎、脊柱附着点炎症及韧带骨化等原因导致背部疼痛~([1]),常伴有严重的骨质疏松,早期即可发现~([2]),晚期伴有严重的后凸畸形,常表现为颈椎、腰椎前凸减小甚至变为后凸及胸腰段后凸~([3])。AS患者多存在脊柱骨性强直、椎体骨质疏松及脆性增加,因此,无外力或轻微的外力作用即可发生脊柱骨折,且容易并发严重的脊髓损伤~([4]);病史较长的患者,常形成僵     

髋部股骨转子间骨折的分型与治疗策略

正2000年全球统计约160万例患者发生髋部骨折,其中20%的骨折患者年龄50岁~([1])。预计到2025年,每年会有约260万患者发生髋部骨折,1年内的死亡率可高达30%~([2])。髋部骨折是全球10大致残疾病之一~([3-4])。由于几乎大部分的髋部骨折患者都需要选择手术治疗,髋部骨折的治疗一     

弥漫性特发性骨肥厚症继发吞咽困难1例

正弥漫性特发性骨肥厚症(diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis,DISH)多发于老年男性~([1]),国外文献报道发病率为2.9%~28%~([1~3])。累及颈椎的DISH的病理特点为颈椎相关韧带钙化、骨质增生~([4]),严重者可出现脊柱强直、骨折、声音嘶哑、呼吸或吞咽困难等。该疾病国内报道不多,笔者手术治愈因弥漫性特发性骨肥厚症累及颈椎所致严重吞咽困难1例,取得较满意的临床疗效,报道如下。     

骨水泥管型假体治疗股骨转移性骨肿瘤骨干缺损

正恶性肿瘤出现骨转移的发生率极高,可达25%左右~([1])。在长骨中,股骨是最容易受到侵犯的部位。由于其负重功能,股骨病理性骨折是晚期恶性肿瘤患者最痛苦的并发症之一。骨转移后导致骨骼原有的结构破坏,脆性增加,进而引发病理性骨折的风险明显增加,而且四肢因其功能结构的特殊性,更成为病理性骨折的高发部位~([2])。由于肢体恶性骨肿瘤手术后有较高的复发率,以往均采用截肢术为主要治疗手段,但并     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

The analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in patients with chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

Background : Ketamine in sub-dissociative doses has been shown to have analgesic and phantom-Limb pain, where conventional treatment has often failed. Chronic ischemic pain due to lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans often responds poorly to analgesics, and the pain-generating mechanisms are not well understood.
Methods : Eight patients with rest pain in the lower extremity due to arteriosclerosis obliterans were given sub-dissociative doses of 0.15, 0.30, or 0.45 mg/kg racemic ketamine and morphine 10 mg as a 5-min infusion on four separate days in a cross-over, double-blind, randomised protocol. Plasma levels of (S)- and (R)-ketamine and their nor-metabolites were analysed with an enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Pain levels were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS).
Results : Individual pain levels were highly variable during and after all the infusions but the pooled pain levels showed a dose-dependent analgesic effect of ketamine with a transient but complete pain relief in all patients at the highest dose (0.45 mg/ kg). Side-effects, mainly disturbed cognition and perception, were pronounced and dose-dependent. Morphine 10 mg had an analgesic peak at 20 min and 5/8 patients had complete pain relief. The remaining 3 patients also had high baseline pain scores, indicating a higher analgesic potency for the 0.30 and 0.45 mg/ kg ketamine doses than for morphine 10 mg.
Conclusion : We have demonstrated a potent dose-dependent analgesic effect of racemic ketamine in clinical ischemic pain. Due to a narrow therapeutic window, this analgesic effect is probably best utilised in combination with other analgesics.