结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻36例诊治分析

  目的 探讨结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻的临床特点、外科治疗原则及方法。方法 对1999年至2004年收治的采用不同方式治疗36例结直肠癌并急性肠梗阻患者的资料进行回顾性分析。结果 Ⅰ期右半结肠切除吻合术9例，Ⅰ期左半结肠切除吻合术21例，单纯结肠造口1例，直肠根治切除2例，均治愈。术后无严重并发症发生。术后发生肠梗阻1例、切口感染3例、褥疮1例。结论 右半结肠癌和左半结肠癌，直肠癌梗阻行Ⅰ期切除吻合术同样具有安全性，术后应加强围手术期处理 ，预防并发症发生。     

腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术后早期肠梗阻的诊治(附34例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术后早期肠梗阻的诊断、治疗。方法:回顾性分析2001年1月至2011年10月我院结直肠肛门病外科病房行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术术后早期出现肠梗阻的34例患者的临床资料。结果:我院2001年1月至2011年10月共行腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术患者211例,术后一月内出现肠梗阻者34例(16.11%)。其中,粘连性肠梗阻1例,麻痹性肠梗阻6例,炎性肠梗阻3例,结直肠肝转移癌切除术后肠梗阻8例,药物相关性肠梗阻6例,神经相关性肠梗阻7例,肛门闭合过紧2例,重复癌所致肠梗阻1例。本组腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术后肠梗阻发生率16.11%,其中较为常见的原因依次为结直肠肝转移癌切除术后肠梗阻、神经相关性肠梗阻、药物相关性肠梗阻与麻痹性肠梗阻。本组34例患者均经积极治疗后治愈。结论:腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术后肠梗阻是腹腔镜大肠手术后较为常见的并发症,对术后患者有针对性的预防及积极的治疗,可以避免或减轻肠梗阻对患者造成的损害,取得满意疗效。     

腹腔镜辅助下结直肠手术

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下结直肠手术的优点及不足.方法2003年3月至2004年6月共行腹腔镜辅助下结直肠手术137例,10例中转剖腹,127例腹腔下游离肠段,离断系膜血管,行腹壁4～5cm小切口,将病变肠段取出,体外或腹腔内吻合肠管.127例中良性肿瘤8例,癌119例;左右半结肠切除术各21、6例,乙状结肠、直肠切除术各33、67例.结果病人术中出血10～50ml,术后1～2天下床活动,术后2天开始进食,术后住院7～10天(平均8.5天).结论结肠良性肿瘤、恶性肿瘤早期或进展期(结肠肿瘤直径＜5cm)的病例均可行腹腔镜辅助下切除手术,晚期结直肠癌腹腔镜探查可有助于剖腹术式的选择.     

多原发恶性肿瘤合并肠系膜Castleman病1例

患者女性,43岁.2016年1月因左乳肿物2年,乳头溢液5个月,于外院行"左乳单纯切除+前哨淋巴结活检术".病理结果示:乳腺导管原位癌(高级别粉刺型),未见浸润.ER、PR(-),前哨淋巴结未见癌转移.术后口服托瑞米芬60 mg qd半年.2016年6月因左下腹壁肿物7年并增大2年,腹腔肿物1个月,于外院就诊.左下腹壁...     

家族性腺瘤性息肉病的诊断及外科治疗研究进展

家族性腺瘤性息肉病（familial adenomatous polyposis,FAP）是一种常染色体显性遗传性疾病。肠镜检查和基因检测为患者提供了早期诊断和治疗的机会,基因诊断是FAP诊断的发展方向,是进一步研究FAP发病机制的关键。全结直肠切除、回肠贮袋-肛管吻合术（ileal pouch-anal anastomosis,IPAA）和结直肠次全切除、回肠-直肠吻合术（ileorectal anastomosis,IRA）是治疗FAP的主要手术方式,尤其是腹腔镜的应用,为外科医生提出了新的机遇和挑战,新术式的提出及其安全性和有效性需要在临床工作中验证并持续改进和发展。FAP的结直肠外表现不可忽视,尤其是十二指肠癌及壶腹癌和硬纤维瘤（desmoid tumour,DT）,已成为导致患者死亡的重要原因。本文就FAP的诊断及外科治疗方面进行综述。      

13例结直肠间质瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨结直肠间质瘤的临床病理特点及其意义,提出合理的治疗方法.方法对近8年收治的13例结直肠间质瘤患者的临床病理状况及CD117、CD34免疫组化情况进行回顾性分析.结果13例患者均经手术及病理证实.其中4例共行手术11次.结直肠间质瘤以梭形细胞为主占92.3%,CD117阳性率占92.33%,CD34阳性率占77.0%.13例患者皆无淋巴转移.肿瘤体积10cm以上,核分裂＞5/50 HPF 6例,其中2例出现肝转移,2例膀胱及大网膜转移.结论结直肠恶性间质瘤体积＞10cm.核分裂＞5/50 HPF是远处转移的信号.采用合理的首次治疗,肿瘤完整切除及预防性大网膜切除是治疗结直肠恶性间质瘤最有效的方法.     

结直肠原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤的临床研究

目的探讨结直肠原发性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析2005至2011年收治的19例结直肠原发性NHL患者的临床资料,所有患者均经手术切除或探查病理活检证实。结果临床表现缺乏特异性,类似于同部位的结直肠癌。术前确诊率为57.9%（11/19）,19例患者均行手术探查,手术切除率为89.5%（17/19）,其中根治性手术为68.4%（13/19）。术后病理均诊断为非霍奇金淋巴瘤。临床分期 ⅠE期4例,Ⅱ E期9例,Ⅲ E期6例。15例患者术后辅以化疗,采用CHOP方案为基础的化疗方案,CD20阳性患者加用利妥昔单抗,化疗加放射治疗4例。结论结直肠原发性NHL术前诊断困难,早期诊断对改善预后十分重要,应综合临床表现、影像学及内窥镜检查结果,确诊依靠病理检查。治疗采用根治性手术切除联合CHOP为基础的方案化疗。     

腹壁韧带样瘤84例临床分析

[目的]探讨腹壁韧带样瘤的临床特点和治疗方法。[方法]回顾分析1988年1月～2007年12月收治的84例腹壁韧带样瘤患者的临床资料，其中首次治疗69例，外院治疗后复发15例，全组病例均经手术治疗，5例手术后有残留者给予术后放疗。[结果]全组84例病例中．79例患者行广泛切除术，5例姑息性切除，留有肉眼肿瘤残留。行广泛切除术者中，73例病理切缘阴性，6例病理切缘阳性，其中69例首次治疗患者中，64例获得病理切缘阴性．外院治疗后复发病例15例中，5例姑息性切除者皆留有肉眼肿瘤残留；9例病理切缘阴性。切缘阴性局部复发率6．8％．切缘阳性复发率为33％。术后残留病例经放疗后，2例肿瘤消退，1例消退后3年复发再手术，2例稳定。[结论]手术是治疗腹壁韧带样瘤的首要治疗方法，首次治疗的正确性和获得病理切缘阴性对控制局部复发非常重要，放疗是对手术不彻底的有效补充治疗手段。     

原发性腹膜后脂肪肉瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨原发性腹膜后脂肪肉瘤(primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma,PRPL)诊断与手术治疗情况,分析其影响复发的因素.方法 回顾性分析1995～2010年中山大学附属第一医院收治的23例原发性腹膜后脂肪肉瘤患者的临床病理资料,分析其术后复发情况.结果 PRPL临床表现主要为腹部包块进行性增大、腹胀.所有患者均接受剖腹探查手术治疗.23例患者共进行手术5l例次,首次手术肿瘤肉眼完整切除19例(82.6%),部分切除2例(8.7%),2例仅行术中单纯活检(8.7%),联合脏器切除14例.术后中位复发时间为22.1个月,术后2年复发率达61.9%.患者术后复发与肿瘤大小、联合脏器切除以及手术切缘阳性有关.多次复发者复发间期逐渐缩短.结论 PRPLS首次手术应争取完整切除肿瘤,复发常见,定期复查是诊断术后复发的重要手段,对于复发的病例仍应尽早手术治疗.     

老年大肠癌患者急性结肠梗阻的诊断与治疗

目的:探讨老年大肠癌合并急性结肠梗阻的临床特点、诊断和外科手术治疗.方法: 回顾性分析39例老年大肠癌合并急性结肠梗阻的临床病理资料和手术治疗效果.结果: 临床表现腹痛39 例,腹胀31例;大便性状习惯改变23例,便血或粘液便21例.23例(58.97%)合并有全身性疾病.39例患者均行急诊手术,手术顺利.剖腹探查切除一期吻合19例,其中近端造瘘,二期关闭造瘘口7例;Hartmann's术后二期吻合10例;肿瘤无法切除,结肠造瘘4例,回肠横结肠侧侧吻合1 例;手术时间平均(212.2 ± 30.9)min,出血量平均(195.6 ± 23.3)ml.直接结肠造瘘5例,手术时间平均(51.7±13.9)min,出血量平均(29.5±12.3)ml.术后9 例出现并发症(23.07%),其中切口感染3例(7.69%),切口裂开1例(2.56%),肺部感染3 例(7.69%),吻合口瘘1例(2.56%),腹腔感染1 例(2.56%).术后死亡1例,为合并心律紊乱,死于室性纤颤,呼吸循环衰竭.结论: 老年大肠癌合并急性结肠梗阻临床表现上有其特殊性,合并症多、并发症多;应尽快确诊,根据患者的病情、梗阻和肿瘤情况,个体化地选择手术方式.     

Desmoid tumour in familial adenomatous polyposis. A review of literature

Desmoid tumours (DT) are rare benign tumours that do not metastasise, but tend to invade locally. DT are frequently seen in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), and diagnosis and treatment are often difficult. Surgical trauma, genetic predisposition and hormonal factors are considered to be correlated with the development and growth of DT. In patients with FAP, 50% of the tumours are localised intra-abdominally, and 85–100% of these are mesenteric. DT frequently present as non-tender, slowly growing masses. The symptoms are abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea or haematochezia. Mesenteric DT can cause small bowel obstruction or ischaemia, hydronephrosis or form fistulas. Diagnosis is obtained through biopsy and the extension is determined by a CT-scan. Surgical excision is recommended in patients with DT in the abdominal wall. First line treatment of mesenteric DT is a NSAID in combination with tamoxifen. Surgery may be considered in case of a small and well-defined DT with no signs of invasion of vital structures, and in cases of imminent bowel ischaemia or obstruction. The prognosis in mesenteric DT is serious, and improvement of the therapeutic strategy awaits current international studies.     

Evaluation of management of desmoid tumours associated with familial adenomatous polyposis in Dutch patients

Background:

The optimal treatment of desmoid tumours is controversial. We evaluated desmoid management in Dutch familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients.

Methods:

Seventy-eight FAP patients with desmoids were identified from the Dutch Polyposis Registry. Data on desmoid morphology, management, and outcome were analysed retrospectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) rates and final outcome were compared for surgical vs non-surgical treatment, for intra-abdominal and extra-abdominal desmoids separately. Also, pharmacological treatment was evaluated for all desmoids.

Results:

Median follow-up was 8 years. For intra-abdominal desmoids (n=62), PFS rates at 10 years of follow-up were comparable after surgical and non-surgical treatment (33% and 49%, respectively, P=0.163). None of these desmoids could be removed entirely. Eventually, one fifth died from desmoid disease. Most extra-abdominal and abdominal wall desmoids were treated surgically with a PFS rate of 63% and no deaths from desmoid disease. Comparison between NSAID and anti-estrogen treatment showed comparable outcomes. Four of the 10 patients who received chemotherapy had stabilisation of tumour growth, all after doxorubicin combination therapy.

Conclusion:

For intra-abdominal desmoids, a conservative approach and surgery showed comparable outcomes. For extra-abdominal and abdominal wall desmoids, surgery seemed appropriate. Different pharmacological therapies showed comparable outcomes. If chemotherapy was given for progressively growing intra-abdominal desmoids, most favourable outcomes occurred after combinations including doxorubicin.     

Surgical treatment of familial adenomatous polyposis: Experience from a single institution in China

Aim: Surgical options for familiar adenomatous polyposis (FAP) have been standardized in developed countries but are still controversial in China. The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the results of patients with FAP treated in a university hospital. Methods: In all 42 consecutive patients with FAP were operated on between May 1988 and June 2008. Median follow up was 7.2 years (2.2–20 years). Of these 33 patients were treated by proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal anastomosis. A total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis was undertaken in six and a proctocolectomy with ileostomy in three patients who had invasive rectal cancer. Results: Postoperative morbidity was insignificant. There were five wound infections, one intestinal obstruction, one anastomotic leakage, one anastomotic stenosis and one refractory pouchitis. One patient died from stroke. Five died from FAP‐related disorders, namely, abdominal desmoids, liver metastases and advanced rectal cancer. Desmoid tumor occurred in five patients. Periampullary adenoma and carcinoma developed in four patients. In those with pouch procedure the 24‐h bowel movement was 7.14 ± 1.28 (range 5–11) and their 10‐year overall survival was 87.5%. Conclusion: A proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis maybe the best choice for FAP patients in China. Surgical expertise, good teamwork and careful long‐term follow up are mandatory.     

A nation‐wide study comparing sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis‐related desmoid‐type fibromatoses

Desmoid‐type fibromatoses are neoplasms of fibroblastic origin, occurring sporadically or associated with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) coli. By comparing sporadic and FAP‐associated desmoid‐type fibromatoses, we tried to identify clinical characteristics, which may indicate FAP. Histopathology data of all Dutch patients with desmoid‐type fibromatoses diagnosed between 1999 and 2009 were retrieved from PALGA, the nation‐wide network and registry of histopathology in the Netherlands. For calculation of incidence rates, person‐years from the general matched population were used. Based on polyp counts in pathological records, the cohort was divided into a FAP group and a non‐FAP group. Patient‐ and tumor characteristics were compared between the two groups. A total number of 519 patients older than 10 years with a confirmed diagnosis of desmoid‐type fibromatoses were included. Thirty‐nine (7.5%) desmoid patients were documented of having FAP. The incidences of sporadic and FAP‐related desmoid‐type fibromatoses were 3.42 and 2,784 per million person‐years, respectively. The majority of FAP patients developed desmoid‐type fibromatoses after the diagnosis of FAP. Having FAP was associated with male gender [odds ratio (OR) 2.0, p = 0.034], desmoid diagnosis at an earlier age (mean 36 vs. 42 years, p = 0.031), and desmoid localization intra‐abdominally (OR 18.9, p ≤ 0.001) or in the abdominal wall (OR 4.8, p ≤ 0.001), compared to extra‐abdominal desmoid localization. In conclusion, patients with desmoid‐type fibromatoses are at risk of underlying FAP. Especially cases with desmoid localization intra‐abdominal or in the abdominal wall, and all patients younger than 60 years, have a substantial increased risk and should be referred for colonoscopy.     

Single colon metastasis from breast cancer: a clinical case report

Metastatic involvement of the extrahepatic digestive system is rare. We here report the case of a 62-year-old woman who presented with a bowel obstruction related to a metastasis of breast cancer occurring 12 years after a mastectomy for lobular carcinoma. No other distant metastases were detected except for two nodules of 20 and 5 mm on the right chest wall. Biopsy of the larger nodule showed a lobular carcinoma. The patient underwent a right hemicolectomy and then received chemotherapy combined with letrozole, resulting in a partial response. The literature revealed only a few cases of breast cancer metastatic to the colon. Patients with known breast cancer, particularly of the lobular histological type, who present with specific or less specific abdominal symptoms or signs such a microcytic anemia, should be endoscopically explored in order to detect possible metastases of the primary breast tumor.     

Evaluation of diagnostic algorithm and therapeutic interventions for intra-abdominal desmoid tumors

Desmoid-type fibromatosis (DF) is a distinctly rare condition, mostly of younger adults, characterized by the development of locally aggressive tumors of mesenchymal origin. Desmoid tumors (DT) arise either sporadically or in association with FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis), although certain risk factors have also been identified, including pregnancy and antecedent surgical trauma. They can emerge from any connective tissue including muscle, fascia and aponeurosis and are therefore classified, according to location, as intra-abdominal, of the abdominal wall and extra-abdominal. Despite the lack of metastasizing potential, the course can be unpredictable. Various mutations of APC and β-catenin genes, among others, play a catalytic role in the pathogenesis of this neoplastic entity. Surgery has lost its traditional role as first line treatment of the disease and several other treatment methods are being considered. Cytotoxic chemotherapy, non-cytotoxic systemic therapy and targeted therapy have been revealed as part of different treatment regimens. Recent progress regarding DT biology and molecular pathways has led to the development of promising novel biological agents. In any case, a multidisciplinary approach is required and is gradually employed, espe-cially in intra-abdominal DTs. In this review, we aim to present current knowledge on DF and summarize current treatment regimens as well as their effectiveness, with emphasis on the intraperitoneal type of DT.     

老年侵袭性纤维瘤的临床特征与外科治疗

目的探讨60岁以上老年侵袭性纤维瘤(AF)患者的临床特征、手术疗效及生存预后。方法回顾性分析中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院2008年1月至2019年1月收治的22例老年AF患者的临床病理资料。结果22例患者中男10例,女12例;年龄60～80岁,平均年龄649岁。腹内型AF 6例,肿瘤均位于小肠系膜;腹壁型AF 1例;腹外型AF 15例,其中肿瘤位于胸壁4例,肩背臀部5例,头颈部6例。平均肿瘤直径为55 cm。切缘阳性者4例,分别位于头颈部2例、臀部1例、胸壁1例,其中3例患者术后行化疗／放疗。全组中位随访时间为37个月,共4例患者在我院手术后复发,均为腹外型AF。其中,复治者3例,切缘阳性者2例。中位复发时间为25个月,随访期间1例患者死于肿瘤复发。结论老年AF患者通过根治性手术切除可获得令人满意的治疗效果。初次手术疗效对老年AF患者至关重要,在尽可能保留器官组织功能的前提下确保足够手术切除范围。对于无法达到R0切除的患者,应考虑术后辅助治疗以控制局部复发。     

Recurrent idiopathic pancreatitis in familial adenomatous polyposis: Report of a case-series and review of the literature

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is characterized by the development of multiple adenomatous polyps predominantly in the colon but also in the duodenum. Scattered case reports indicate that there is a risk for pancreatitis in FAP. The most likely cause of pancreatitis in FAP is obstructing ampullary adenomas. We describe 7 FAP patients who experienced one or more episodes of pancreatitis. Two patients experienced pancreatitis after endoscopic treatment of ampullary adenoma. The cause of the pancreatitis in 5 of 7 patients could not be determined, as none of the patients had obstruction of the ampulla. Furthermore, other risk factors for pancreatitis such as pancreatic serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1) gene mutations were ruled out. A review of literature identified 20 FAP patients who developed the first episode of pancreatitis at a mean age of 45 years (range 23–72 years). Some 55% had recurrent episodes of pancreatitis. Eight patients had (peri) ampullary adenomas or carcinomas. In most cases, the course of pancreatitis was mild with an uneventful outcome, but one patient died after an episode of acute pancreatitis. Grant support: Joost P.H. Drenth is a recipient of a NWO-VIDI grant     

Colorectal cancer in pregnancy: a case report and literature review

Colorectal cancer (CRC) in pregnancy is rare. The clinical manifestations of CRC during pregnancy are not specific, and diagnosis and treatment pose a significant challenge. Patients are often found to have advanced tumors, and have a poor prognosis. In this case study, the patient was 36 years old, and had no obvious clinical manifestations in the first and second trimesters. Since gestational week 38, she experienced left upper abdominal pain and constipation, with no nausea or vomiting. Imaging examinations revealed malignant tumors of the sigmoid colon (colon cancer was highly suspected), multiple liver metastases, omental metastases, and multiple swollen lymph nodes in the abdominal cavity. After discussion, the patient received lower cesarean section. A large amount of hematochezia with a volume of approximately 1,000 mL occurred 8 days after the operation. In the emergency department, superior and inferior mesenteric angiography was performed, and the inferior mesenteric artery was continuously pumped with pituitrin to stop bleeding. After the condition was stabilized, she underwent surgery for radical sigmoid resection and colon single-cavity fistula. During the operation, light bloody ascites were observed inside the abdominal pelvis, approximately 500 mL, with multiple touchable stiff metastatic nodules in the liver. At the side of the sigmoid mesocolon, a giant tumor of approximately 12 cm diameter was found, continued by the intestinal wall, and the sigmoid mesocolon was almost occupied by the tumor. The mesentery was hard to recognize, with possible movement of the tumor, and no sign of infiltration into the abdominal pelvic wall or adnexa. The surgical pathological stage was Dukes’ stage D, which was an advanced tumor. Postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy were not performed, and the patient died of systemic multiple organ failure 32 days after colon cancer surgery (postpartum day 43). So for patients with digestive system symptoms during pregnancy, CRC should be considered in differential diagnosis. Auxiliary examinations should be actively carried out to strive early diagnosis and treatment to improve patient prognosis.     

结直肠癌术后急性肠梗阻的危险因素分析

目的:探讨结直肠癌术后急性肠梗阻的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析我院248例行择期结直肠癌根治术的结直肠癌患者临床资料,根据术后1个月内是否发生急性肠梗阻分为急性肠梗阻组和非急性肠梗阻组,对两组相关因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:248例行择期结直肠癌根治术的结直肠癌患者中,35例（14.11%）发生急性肠梗阻（急性肠梗阻组）,213例（85.89%）未发生急性肠梗阻（非急性肠梗阻组）。两组性别、肿瘤直径、胃肠手术史、手术方法、手术时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;急性肠梗阻组年龄＞60岁、肿瘤分期偏高、开腹手术发生率均高于非急性肠梗阻组（P＜0.05）,而术后生长抑素使用率低于非急性肠梗阻组（P＜0.05）;其中年龄＞60岁、肿瘤分期偏高、开腹手术为影响结直肠癌根治术后急性肠梗阻发生的独立危险因素（OR=3.564、3.149、2.895,P＜0.05）,而术后使用生长抑素为影响结直肠癌根治术后急性肠梗阻发生的独立保护因素（OR=0.271,P＜0.05）。结论:对年龄＞60岁、肿瘤分期偏高、开腹手术治疗等术后急性肠梗阻高危的结直肠癌患者,应在术后予以生长抑素等防治措施,以减少急性肠梗阻等并发症发生,促进患者术后康复。