小儿心肺转流复温期中使用改良超滤的利弊

小儿体外循环中全身水只、一介质的释放可导致多器官功能障碍。采用超滤方法可改善器官功能，但是否适用于小儿有争议。     

小儿心肺转流复温期中使用改良超滤的利弊

小儿体外循环中因全身水蓄积、炎性介质的释放可导致多器官功能障碍。采用超滤方法可改善器官功能,但是否适用于所有小儿尚有争议。     

婴幼儿心脏手术后两种改良超滤方法对血流动力学的影响

目的 评估先天性心脏患儿体外循环术后静脉-动脉改良超滤(V-A MUF)和动脉-静脉改良超滤(A-V MUF)两种方法对血流动力学的影响.方法 40例患儿随机均分为两组,分别在体外循环术后行10 min改良超滤.分别在体外循环前、体外循环后、体外循环后10、30 min,记录心率、血压和中心静脉压血流动力学参数和血细胞压积.经食管超声心动图测定左心室后壁收缩期(LVPWs)和舒张期厚度(LVPWd)、舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩术期容积(ESV)和射血分数(EF)并进行两组比较.结果 V-A MUF患儿在体外循环术后10 min和30 min比术后即刻能维持更好的动脉收缩压.体外循环术后两组患儿EF均显著下降(P<0.05).V-A MUF组EF值在CPB术后10 min(60%)和30 min(46%)较CPB术后即刻显著升高(P<0.001).A-V MUF组EF值无上升.V-A MUF组左心室后壁厚度较A-VMUF有显著改善(P<0.05).两组在围术期血细胞压积差异无统计学意义.结论 静脉-动脉改良超滤是一种安全有效改善患儿心脏术后血流动力学的方法.

Abstract：

Objective Evaluate the effects of venous-arterial modified ultrafiltration on hemodynamics compared to arterial-venous in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for repair of congenital heart defects. Methods Forty patients underwent MUF randomly divided into two groups,group V-A MUF (n =20) and group A-V MUF (n =20) for 10 min after CPB. They were studied before CPB, after CPB, 10 min after CPB, and 30 min after CPB. Haemodynamic data including heart rate, blood pressure, central venous pressure and hematocrit were recorded. Transoesophaegeal echocardiography determined left ventricular posterior wall thickness in end-systole ( LVPWs) and end-diastole (LVPWd) , end diastolic volume (EDV) , end systolic volume (ESV) and ejection fraction (EF) were measured and compared in two groups. Results Patients in V-A MUF maintained better systolic arterial blood pressure at 10 min and 30 min compared with 0 min values after CPB. A significant decrease in EF were observed in both groups immediately after CPB ( P < 0.05 ). Significant increase in EF was observed at 10 min (60% ) and 30 min (46% ) after CPB compared with 0 min value after bypass in V-A MUF (P <0.001 ). In A-V MUF, no such increase in EF was observed. EF were significantly higher at 10 min and 30 min in V-A MUF as compared with A-V MUF (P < 0. 001). There was also significant improvement in posterior wall thickness in V-A MUF (P <0.05). Haematocrit values were not different in duration of postoperative between two groups. Conclusion Veno-arterial modified ultrafiltration is a safe and effective method of improving hemodynamics in children following cardiac surgery.     

零平衡超滤与改良超滤在婴幼儿心脏手术中的联合应用

目的探讨零平衡超滤（ZBUF）和改良超滤（MUF）联合应用于婴幼儿体外循环（CPB）手术中的管理特点及临床效果,以判定二者联合应用的可行性及其临床意义。方法20例复杂先天性心脏病患者,其中男12例,女8例;年龄12．6±7．5个月;体重8．5±3．3kg。选用Gambro FH22型血液超滤器,采用经典MUF途径,CPB期间行ZBUF,CPB结束后行MUF。观察患者血流动力学指标、血气分析、生化离子浓度、炎性介质和血浆胶体渗透压（COP）的变化,同时收集滤液测定白细胞介素8（IL-8）和肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的浓度。结果所有患者MUF结束时平均动脉压（MAP）明显升高（P=0．001）;血液乳酸、TNF-α和IL-8在ZBUF前、后差异无统计学意义;COP在MUF结束明显升高,与ZBUF结束比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．002）。MUF滤液中TNF-α浓度高于ZBUF滤液（P=0．036）。结论ZBUF与MUF联合应用于婴幼儿CPB手术中有排除炎性因子、改善机体免疫应答的能力;MUF可快速减少体内水分、提高COP和红细胞压积,从而改善心肺功能。     

超滤法在体外循环中的应用

超滤法在体外循环中的应用刘梅彭莉胡卫我科１９９２年４月～１９９６年１月在体外循环中使用超滤法浓缩血液３２例，占同期手术例数的４．５７％。１临床资料与方法本组共３２例，男１４例，女１８例。年龄５～５８岁，平均３３±１４岁。体重１４～６２ｋｇ，平均４７±...     

利多卡因对冠状动脉搭桥术患者体外循环致全身炎性反应的影响

目的探讨利多卡因对冠状动脉搭桥术患者体外循环(CPB)致全身炎性反应的影响。方法择期CPB下行冠状动脉搭桥术患者20例,男13例,女7例,年龄47-67岁,体重62-82 kg, ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为对照组(C组)和利多卡因组(L组),每组10例。L组在切开心包时开始持续静脉泵注利多卡因4 mg/min至术毕,CPB预充液中另加入利多卡因4 mg/kg,C组以同样速率输入等量生理盐水。L组随机选取5例患者,分别于CPB开始后10、60 min和术毕取桡动脉血,用气相色谱法测定血浆利多卡因浓度。分别于CPB前切开心包时(T0)、主动脉开放心脏复跳后1 min(T1)、10 min (T2)、60min(T3)抽取桡动脉血,测定血浆肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素- 10(IL-10)浓度,并进行中性粒细胞(PMN)计数。结果 L组CPB开始后10、60 min、术毕时血浆利多卡因浓度分别是4．1±0．5、4．6±0．7、(5．9±0．9)μg/ml。CPB可引起血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10浓度及PMN 计数升高,利多卡因可减轻CPB所致全身炎性反应。结论利多卡因可减轻冠状动脉搭桥术患者 CPB致全身炎症反应。     

不同剂量抑肽酶对非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术病人围术期炎性反应的影响

目的比较两种剂量抑肽酶对非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCAB)病人围术期白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和肌钙蛋白I(TnI)的影响。方法39例OPCAB病人随机分为对照组(C组)、全量抑肽酶组(AH组)、半量抑肽酶组(AL组),每组13例。AH组:抑肽酶2．0×106 KIU溶于100 ml生理盐水中,于麻醉诱导后经30min恒速静脉输注完毕,然后以0．5×106 KIU／h速率静脉输注抑肽酶至手术结束;AL组:给药方法同上,抑肽酶剂量为AH组的一半。C组:输注同等容量生理盐水。分别在麻醉诱导后即刻(基础值)、冠状动脉血管吻合结束后0．5 h、术后2 h、6 h、18 h采集中心静脉血,测定IL-6、IL-10和TnI。结果与基础值相比,血浆IL-6、IL-10和TnI术后均升高(P<0．05)。与C组相比,两用药组血浆IL-6、IL-10和TnI水平术后降低,术后18 h胸液引流量减少(P<0．05);但两用药组间差异均无统计学意义。结论全量和半量抑肽酶均能抑制OPCAB病人围术期炎性反应,减轻心肌损伤,减少术后失血。对OPCAB病人半量抑肽酶为推荐剂量。     

血液超滤策略对低体重婴幼儿心肺转流期乳酸和血糖的影响

目的 比较三种不同血液超滤(UF)方法对低体重(＜8 kg)婴幼儿心肺转流(CPB)期乳酸(LAC)和血糖(GLU)的影响.方法 196例心内直视术手术患儿分成三组.DM组,合并应用改良超滤(MUF)和稀释性超滤(DUF),117例;M组,CPB结束后应用单纯MUF,22例;C组,在CPB中应用常规超滤(CUF),57例.记录术前、升主动脉阻断后、停CPB前和术后LAC和GLU.结果 C组升主动脉阻断后、停CPB前血细胞比容(Hct)明显高于其他两组,但术后明显低于其他两组(P＜0.05);术后M组和DM组的LAC明显低于C组(P＜0.05);DM组的GLU明显低于C组(P＜0.05),术后用血量、24 h胸腔引流量明显少于M组和C组,术后拔管时间明显短于C组(P＜0.05).结论 应用复合血液UF不仅能有效地降低库血的用量、减少CPB后患儿的LAC和GLU水平,而且能改善机体的氧代谢,有效地促进CPB后患儿心肺功能的恢复.     

心肺转流中不同超滤量对心脏瓣膜替换术后乳酸水平和呼吸功能的影响

目的 观察心肺转流(CPB)中不同超滤量对心脏瓣膜替换术后乳酸水平和呼吸功能的影响.方法 60例择期心脏瓣膜替换术患者在CPB复温后进行常规和平衡超滤,根据平衡超滤量的不同均分为三组:低容量超滤组(A组),超滤液量为30 ml/kg;中容量超滤组(B组),超滤液量为50 ml/kg;高容量超滤组(C组),超滤液量为70 ml/kg.分别于麻醉诱导后(T1)、超滤前(T2)、CPB停机时(T3)、术后6 h(T4)、24 h(T5)监测患者的乳酸浓度,并于T1～T4时监测肺功能.结果 CPB开始后患者血浆乳酸有所升高,T4时达到峰值(P<0.05);T3、T4时B、C组明显低于A组(P<0.05).T4时肺动态顺应性(CD)B、C组明显高于A组(P<0.05).与T1时比较,T3、T4时三组氧合指数(OI)升高、肺泡动脉氧分压差[PA-aDO2]降低,但差异无统计学意义.结论 中等容量平衡超滤(50 ml/kg)可降低瓣膜替换患者术后血浆乳酸浓度,改善术后通气功能,对瓣膜病患者术后肺功能恢复有一定促进作用.     

Balanced Ultrafiltration: Inflammatory Mediator Removal Capacity

Ultrafiltration with a hemoconcentrator may remove excess fluid load and alleviate tissue edema and has been universally adopted in extracorporeal circulation protocols during pediatric cardiac surgery. Balanced ultrafiltration is advocated to remove inflammatory mediators generated during surgery. However, whether balanced ultrafiltration can remove all or a portion of the inflammatory mediator load remains unclear. The inflammatory mediator removal capacity of zero‐balanced ultrafiltration was measured during pediatric extracorporeal circulation in vitro. Extracorporeal circulation was composed of cardiotomy reservoir, D902 Lilliput 2 membrane oxygenator, and Capiox AF02 pediatric arterial line filter. The Hemoconcentrator BC 20 plus was placed between arterial purge line and oxygenator venous reservoir. Fresh donor human whole blood was added into the circuit and mixed with Ringer's solution to obtain a final hematocrit of 24–28%. After 2 h of extracorporeal circulation, zero‐balanced ultrafiltration was initiated and arterial line pressure was maintained at approximately 100 mm Hg with Hoffman clamp. The rate of ultrafiltration (12 mL/min) was controlled by ultrafiltrate outlet pressure. Identical volume of plasmaslyte A was dripped into the circuit to maintain stable hematocrit during the 45 min of the experiment. Plasma and ultrafiltrate samples were drawn every 5 min, and concentrations of inflammatory mediators including interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, IL‐10, neutrophil elastase (NE), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were measured. All assayed inflammatory mediators were detected in the ultrafiltrate, demonstrating that the ultrafiltrator may remove inflammatory mediators. However, dynamic observations suggested that the concentration of NE was highest among the five inflammatory mediators in both plasma and ultrafiltrate (P < 0.001). IL‐1β had the lowest concentration in plasma, whereas the concentration of TNF‐α was the lowest in ultrafiltrate (P < 0.001). Concentrations of all inflammatory mediators in the ultrafiltrate did not increase linearly compared with those in plasma. The respective ultrafiltrate to plasma concentration and amount ratios indicated that the total removal effect of hemoconcentrator on the inflammatory mediators was 4.17 ± 2.68% for IL‐1β, 0.64 ± 0.69% for IL‐6, 0.24 ± 0.18% for IL‐10, 2.84 ± 1.65% for NE, and 0.51 ± 0.81% for TNF‐α, respectively. Balanced ultrafiltration may selectively remove inflammatory mediators from serum. Respective ratios of inflammatory mediators in ultrafiltrate compared with plasma, as well as total amount of inflammatory mediators in the ultrafiltrate suggest that balanced ultrafiltration removes a limited portion of the total inflammatory mediator load.     

The Dynamic Observation of Plasma Concentration of Antimicrobial Agents During Balanced Ultrafiltration In Vitro

Routine perioperative intravenous antimicrobial agents are administered as surgical prophylaxis. However, whether balanced ultrafiltration during extracorporeal circulation has substantial effect on the concentration of antimicrobial agents remains unclear. The concentrations of antimicrobial agents in plasma and ultrafiltrate samples were measured in this pseudo‐extracorporeal circulation model. Extracorporeal circulation consisted of cardiotomy reservoir, membrane oxygenator, and pediatric arterial line filter. A hemoconcentrator was placed between the arterial purge line and oxygenator venous reservoir. Fresh donor human whole blood was added into the circuit and mixed with Ringer's solution to obtain a final hematocrit of 24–28%. Two kinds of antimicrobial agents, cefotiam (320 mg) and cefmetazole (160 mg), were bolus added into the circuit. After 30 min of extracorporeal circulation, zero‐balanced ultrafiltration was initiated and arterial line pressure was maintained at approximately 100 mm Hg with a Hoffman clamp. The rate of ultrafiltration (12 mL/min) was controlled by ultrafiltrate outlet pressure. An identical volume of Plasmalyte A was dripped into the circuit to maintain stable hematocrit during 45 min of experiment. Plasma and ultrafiltrate samples were drawn every 5 min, and concentrations of antimicrobial agents (including cefotiam and cefmetazole) were measured with high performance liquid chromatography. Both antimicrobial agents were detected in ultrafiltrate, demonstrating hemoconcentration may remove antimicrobial agents. The concentrations of plasma antimicrobial agents decreased linearly with the increase of ultrafiltrate volume. At end of balanced ultrafiltration, the concentration of plasma cefotiam was 104.96 ± 44.36 mg/L, which is about 44.38% ± 7.42% of the initial concentration (238.95 ± 101.12 mg/L) (P < 0.001); the concentration of plasma cefmetazole decreased linearly to 25.76 ± 14.78 mg/L, which is about 49.69% ± 10.49% of the initial concentration (51.49 ± 28.03 mg/L) (P < 0.001). The total amount of cefotiam in ultrafiltrate is 27.16% ± 12.17% of the total dose administered, whereas cefmetazole in ultrafiltrate is 7.74% ± 4.17%. Balanced ultrafiltration may remove antimicrobial agents from plasma and has a prominent influence on plasma concentration of antimicrobial agent. The strategy of surgical prophylaxis should consider this unique technique during extracorporeal circulation.     

不同流量改良超滤法的临床应用

目的探讨高流量改良超滤的临床应用效果及其对炎症反应的影响。方法40例先天性心脏病患者用随机数字表法分为两组,常规改良超滤(CMUF)组和高流量改良超滤(HMUF)组,每组20例。观察超滤时间、滤液量、红细胞压积(HCT)和循环指标变化,并检测肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素6的浓度。结果40例患者均顺利完成手术,术毕HMUF组超滤时间(7.83±0.75min)短于CMUF组(13.86±1.95min,P<0.01),HMUF组滤出液量(440.00±91.86ml)多于CMUF组(372.22±56.52ml,P<0.01)。两组HCT、循环指标和术后炎症因子浓度的变化均无统计学意义。结论HMUF用于小儿体外循环后安全有效,且可以明显缩短超滤时间。     

改良超滤对心瓣膜置换术后心肺功能的影响

目的探讨改良超滤对成人心脏瓣膜置换术后心肺功能的影响,以改善术后心肺功能。方法67例成人心瓣膜置换术患者随机分为改良超滤组(超滤组,n=33)和无超滤对照组(对照组,n=34),动态观察体外循环(CPB)前、CPB停机及改良超滤结束时(对照组在CPB停机20min)氧分压(PO2)及二氧化碳分压(PCO2)、术后呼吸机辅助呼吸时间、血管活性药物用量及使用时间、左心室射血分数(LVEF)等心肺功能指标。结果两组的PO2CPB前与CPB停机时相比均明显下降;超滤组在改良超滤结束时PO2明显回升,接近CPB前水平,而对照组PO2仅轻度回升,但仍明显低于CPB前;CPB停机20min时超滤组PO2高于对照组(P=0.044)。CPB停机后两组PCO2轻度升高,改良超滤后PCO2轻度下降,但组内、组间比较差异无统计学意义。术后超滤组呼吸机辅助时间、血管活性药物用量及使用时间明显低于对照组(P=0.005,0.001,0.012)。术后1周心脏超声心动图检查提示两组LVEF均较术前明显提高,但组间比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.91,P=0.367)。结论改良超滤有利于改善成人心瓣膜置换术后早期心、肺功能。     

改良超滤在婴幼儿体外循环心脏手术中的应用

目的观察改良超滤技术对婴幼儿体外循环心脏手术的影响. 方法自2003年9月～2004年4月,15例行先天性心脏病手术治疗的婴幼儿,在体外循环转流停止后采用Terumo Hc-05超滤器行改良超滤. 结果 l5例患儿均存活,无任何超滤相关并发症.超滤时间(12.6±3.1)min,超滤液量(242.6±109.3)ml.转流中HCT (0.23±0.04)L/L,停机时HCT (0.24±0.02)L/L,超滤结束时HCT (0.31±0.03)L/L. 结论婴幼儿体外循环心脏手术中采用改良超滤能在短时间内有效滤除体内多余水分,有效减轻心肺脑等脏器水肿,促进术后早期恢复.     

Modified Ultrafiltration Attenuates Dilutional Coagulopathy in Pediatric Open Heart Operations

Background. Extreme hemodilution caused by relatively large prime volumes required for cardiopulmonary bypass in infants causes a dilutional coagulopathy, characterized by low concentrations of fibrinogen and other circulating coagulation factors. Modified ultrafiltration results in hemoconcentration and is associated with decreases in postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in children. This study was undertaken to quantify the effect of modified ultrafiltration on concentrations of fibrinogen, plasma proteins, and platelets in infants and small children.

Methods. Twenty patients less than 15 kg were studied. Cardiopulmonary bypass circuits were primed with crystalloid solutions. Red blood cells were added during cardiopulmonary bypass for hematocrits less than 15%. Colloid solutions were not administered. Concentrations of fibrinogen, plasma proteins, and platelets, and hematocrit were measured before cardiopulmonary bypass, before modified ultrafiltration, and after modified ultrafiltration.

Results. Modified ultrafiltration was associated with significant (p < 0.001) increases in hematocrit (19% ± 6% to 31% ± 9%), fibrinogen (65 ± 29 to 101 ± 45 mg/dL), and total plasma proteins (2.7 ± 0.3 to 4.9 ± 0.7 g/dL), but no change (p = 0.129) in platelet count.

Conclusions. We conclude that modified ultrafiltration significantly attenuates the dilutional coagulopathy associated with cardiopulmonary bypass in infants.