顶空气相色谱法同时测定保泰松原料药中6种溶剂残留量

目的:建立同时测定保泰松原料药中6种溶剂残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法。色谱柱为Agilent HP-5毛细管柱,程序升温,进样口温度为200℃,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,温度为250℃,载气为氮气(纯度:99.99%),载气流速为2.0 mL/min,分流比为5∶1,顶空平衡温度为60℃,顶空平衡时间为30 min,顶空进样量为1 mL。结果:甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯和N,N-二甲基甲酰胺检测质量浓度线性范围分别为0.15～4.5μg/mL(r=0. 999 9)、0.25～7.5μg/m L(r=0. 999 7)、0.25～7.5μg/mL(r=0. 999 7)、0.03～0.9μg/m L(r=0. 999 3)、0.25～7.5μg/mL(r=0. 999 3)、0.044～1.32μg/mL(r=0. 999 3);检测限分别为0.05、0.08、0.08、0.01、0.08、0.015μg/mL,定量限分别为0.15、0.25、0.25、0.03、0.25、0.044μg/mL;精密度试验的RSD<2.0%,稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<3.0%;加样回收率分别为98.75%～100.12%(RSD=0.56%,n=9)、98.07%～101.20%(RSD=1.12%,n=9)、98.36%～100.80%(RSD=0.92%,n=9)、98.33%～101.67%(RSD=0.98%,n=9)、98.11%～100.40%(RSD=0.72%,n=9)、98.75%～101.05%(RSD=0.89%,n=9)。结论:该方法操作简便、准确,精密度、稳定性、重复性、耐用性好,可用于保泰松原料药中6种溶剂残留量的同时测定。     

顶空气相色谱法同时测定法匹拉韦原料药中5种有机溶剂的残留量

目的:建立同时测定法匹拉韦原料药中乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、N,N-二异丙基乙胺、甲苯5种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法。色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱,程序升温,进样口温度为220℃,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃,载气为氮气,载气流速为2.0 mL/min,分流比为10∶1,顶空平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间为20 min,顶空进样量为1mL。结果:乙醇、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、N,N-二异丙基乙胺和甲苯检测质量浓度线性范围分别为10.0～501.4μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、10.0～501.4μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、10.1～502.6μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、0.2～11.4μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、1.8～89.4μg/mL(r=0.999 7);定量限分别为5.3、3.4、5.2、6.1、20.4μg/mL,检测限分别为1.4、1.1、1.3、1.6、5.9μg/mL;精密度试验的RSD<4.0%,稳定性、重复性试验中只检出丙酮,其RSD<4.0%;加样回收率分别为96.61%～99.70%(RSD=1.01%,n=9)、95.81%～99.50%(RSD=1.29%,n=9)、96.42%～99.76%(RSD=1.24%,n=9)、96.36%～99.30%(RSD=1.19%,n=9)、97.00%～99.51%(RSD=0.82%,n=9)。结论:该方法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于法匹拉韦原料药中5种有机溶剂残留量的同时测定。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法同时测定阿瑞匹坦原料药中6种有机溶剂的残留量

目的:建立同时测定阿瑞匹坦原料药中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇、甲基叔丁基醚、四氢呋喃6种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法。色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱,程序升温,进样口温度为180℃,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为260℃,载气为氮气,氮气流速为3.0 mL/min,分流比为5∶1,顶空进样量为1.0 mL,顶空平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间为40 min。结果:甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、异丙醇、甲基叔丁基醚、四氢呋喃检测质量浓度线性范围分别为6.052～605.232μg/m L(r=0.999 9)、9.987～998.718μg/m L(r=0.999 9)、9.998～999.768μg/m L(r=0.999 8)、9.986～998.634μg/m L(r=0.999 9)、9.991～999.090μg/m L(r=0.999 7)、1.461～146.133μg/m L(r=0.999 5);定量限分别为1.782 1、2.079 0、0.749 8、1.777 8、0.223 1、0.607 0μg/m L,检测限分别为0.594 0、0.693 0、0.249 9、0.592 6、0.074 4、0.202 3μg/m L;精密度试验的RSD<2.0%,稳定性、重复性试验中只检出丙酮和异丙醇,RSD<2.0%;加样回收率范围分别为99.34%～100.75%(RSD=0.52%,n=9)、98.20%～100.24%(RSD=0.69%,n=9)、98.07%～100.07%(RSD=0.84%,n=9)、99.86%～101.32%(RSD=0.58%,n=9)、97.87%～104.02%(RSD=2.13%,n=9)、98.26%～100.58%(RSD=0.75%,n=9)。结论:该方法简便、准确、重复性好,适用于同时测定阿瑞匹坦原料药中6种有机溶剂的残留量。     

卡马西平中残留溶剂的研究

目的:用气相色谱的顶空进样法建立卡马西平中的残留溶剂氯苯、甲醇和乙醇的测定方法.方法:使用配置顶空进样器的气相色谱仪,采用HP-INNOWAX(交联聚乙二醇),30m×0.32mm×0.25μm色谱拄,以氮气为载气,FID检测器,顶空进样.通过外标法计算残留溶剂的含量.结果:卡马西平中有残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇检出.标准曲线的线性范围:氯苯为0.07～3.62μg·mL-1(r=0.9992),甲醇为0.60～30.1μg·mL-1(r=0.9978),乙醇为1.00～50.08μg·mL-1(r=0.9986),定量限氯苯为0.1μg·mL-1,甲醇为0.7μg·mL-1,乙醇为0.4μg·mL-1;平均回收率氯苯为99.12%(RSD=2.52%,n=6),甲醇为97.51%(RSD=4.31%,n=6),乙醇为98.52%(RSD=3.12%,n=6).结论:本方法简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,结果准确.     

毛细管顶空进样法测定更昔洛韦中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立以正丁醇为内标物,测定更昔洛韦中甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和甲苯殘留量的顶空气相色谱法。方法用AgilentHP5毛细管柱(30m×0.32mm×0.25μm);载气为N2,柱流量为0.8mL/min,分流比为5:1,柱温为50℃;检测器为FID,检测器温度为250℃;Agilent7694E顶空进样器,顶空瓶加热温度为90℃,加热30min;进样口温度为200℃。结果甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和甲苯的线性范围分别为:20.23～202.3μg/mL(r=0.9995),30.05～300.5μg/mL(r=0.9992),29.82～298.2μg/mL(r=0.9993)和5.05～50.5μg/mL(r=0.9996);最低检出浓度分别为:1.95,2.52,0.18和0.12μg/mL;平均回收率分别为97.22%(RSD=2.13%),96.35%(RSD=1.65%),101.2%(RSD=3.02%)和95.45%(RSD=1.05%)。结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于更昔洛韦中有机溶剂殘留量的测定。     

毛细管柱顶空气相色谱法测定培美曲赛二钠中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立以外标法测定培美曲塞二钠中溶剂残留量的顶空气相色谱法,可同时测定该化合物中正己烷、丙酮、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、乙醇、乙腈、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺9种有机溶剂的残留量。方法以交联聚乙二醇为固定相的毛细管柱,氢火焰离子检测器,顶空进样方式,柱温起始温度为40℃,保持10 min,然后以每分钟10℃的速率升至120℃,保持2 min。结果正己烷、丙酮、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、乙醇、乙腈、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺9种溶剂分离良好,线性范围分别为2.98～59.60μg/mL(r=0.9990),50.21～1 004.20μg/mL(r=0.999 9),50.33～1 006.60μg/mL(r=0.999 5),50.17～1 003.40μg/mL(r=0.999 4),30.11～602.20μg/mL(r=0.999 9),6.11～122.20μg/mL(r=0.998 8),50.33～1 006.60μg/mL(r=0.999 8),4.15～83.00μg/mL(r=0.999 5),8.74～174.80μg/mL(r=0.999 2);最低检测浓度分别为5.8,2.5,2.0,2.0,3.0,6.0,2.0,1.6,8.9μg/mL;9种溶剂的回收率良好。结论所用方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于培美曲塞二钠有机残留量的测定。     

毛细管气相色谱和HPLC法检测头孢美唑中的残留溶剂

目的 建立测定头孢美唑原料药中残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醚、N,N-二甲基苯胺的检测方法.方法 用Agilent HP-5毛细管气相色谱柱和氢焰离子化检测器,按顶空进样的方式同时测定了头孢美唑中甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醚的残留量.用高效液相色谱法,以甲醇-水(75:25)为流动相,检测波长254nm,测定头孢美唑中N,N-二甲基苯胺.结果 甲醇、乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醚、N,N-二甲基苯胺的线性范围分别为121.5～607.5μg/mL(r=0.9997,n=5)、199.8～998.9μg/mL(r=0.9998,n=5)、199.5～1247.1μg/mL(r=0.9999,n=5)、15.6～125.2μg/mL(r=0.9993,n=6)、249.5～1247.7μg/mL(r=0.9993,n=5),0.096～0.256μg/mL(r=0.9995,,n=5);3种浓度的平均加样回收率(n=3)为91.34%～104.84%(RSD为1.2%～6.5%).结论 两种检测方法简单,可靠,可以用于头孢美唑原料药的质量控制.     

HPLC法测定五维赖氨酸颗粒中四种维生素的含量

目的:建立离子对RP-HPLC法测定五维赖氨酸颗粒中烟酰胺、维生素B6、维生素B2、维生素B1的含量。方法:用Zorbax Eclipe XDB-C18柱(250 mm×4．6 mm,5μm),流动相为0．005 mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠溶液(含0．5％冰醋酸和0．05％三乙胺)-甲醇(72:28)为流动相,流速为1．0 ml·min-1,检测波长为280 nm。结果:烟酰胺、维生素B6、维生素B2及维生素B1的线性范围分别为0．32-15．77μg(r=0．999 7),0．05～2．61μg(r=0．999 9)、0．05-2．65μg(r=0．999 9)及0．45-22．37μg(r= 0．999 9),平均回收率分别为98．3％(RSD 1．3％,n=9)、101．1％(RSD 1．9％,n=9)、99．3％(RSD 1．0％,n=9)、98．9％(RSD 1．1％,n=9)。结论:本法简便,快速,可用于五维赖氨酸颗粒产品的质量控制。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定苦参素注射液中乙醇和丙酮的残留量

目的:建立苦参素注射液中乙醇及丙酮残留量的测定方法。方法:采用气相色谱法,用固定液为6%氰丙基苯基94%二甲基聚硅氧烷(DB-624)的毛细管柱,载气为氮气,氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃,柱温采用程序升温,初始温度40℃,保持10 min,再以50℃.min-1的升温速率升温至120℃,保持5min。载气流速2.0 mL.min-1,顶空温度为70℃,顶空时间为30 min,顶空进样体积为1 mL。结果:乙醇浓度在9.769～156.3μg.mL-1的范围内,丙酮浓度在16.85～269.6μg.mL-1的范围内具有良好的线性关系。乙醇、丙酮的平均回收率(n=6)分别为93.6%(RSD=1.6%),102.8%(RSD=0.96%)。结论:本方法准确、可靠,灵敏度高,适用于苦参素注射液中乙醇及丙酮残留量的检测。     

顶空气相色谱法同时测定艾司奥美拉唑镁原料药中6种有机溶剂的残留量

目的:建立同时测定艾司奥美拉唑镁原料药中甲醇、异丙醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲苯6种有机溶剂残留量的方法。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法。色谱柱为DB-624毛细管柱,程序升温,进样口温度为200℃,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器,检测器温度为250℃,载气为氮气,氮气流速为2.0 mL/min,分流比为5∶1,顶空进样量为1 mL,顶空平衡温度为80℃,平衡时间为20 min。结果:甲醇、异丙醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲苯检测质量浓度线性范围分别为12.56~628.00μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、20.22~1 011.20μg/mL(r=0.999 9)、1.96~97.76μg/mL(r=0.999 7)、3.10~154.88μg/mL(r=0.999 8)、20.69~1 034.56μg/mL(r=0.999 8)、3.53~176.72μg/mL(r=0.999 8);定量限分别为1.00、0.91、0.47、0.93、0.41、0.35μg/mL,检测限分别为0.31、0.30、0.14、0.31、0.12、0.11μg/mL;精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<3%;加样回收率分别为94.53%~101.29%(RSD=2.15%,n=9)、97.78%~103.42%(RSD=1.77%,n=9)、96.99%~105.76%(RSD=2.59%,n=9)、96.83%~102.05%(RSD=1.86%,n=9)、97.98%~101.13%(RSD=0.88%,n=9)、97.80%~102.40%(RSD=1.41%,n=9)。结论:该方法灵敏、准确,可用于艾司奥美拉唑镁原料药中甲醇、异丙醇、乙腈、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、甲苯6种有机溶剂残留量的同时测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.