基层综合ICU呼吸机相关肺炎原因分析与防治策略

目的 研究基层综合ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的原因及并提出防治策略,以降低VAP的发生率,缩短了住院天数,降低了医疗费用及死亡率.方法 对36例机械通气发生VAP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析及问卷调查.结果 呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的原因是多方面.如:机械通气、患者及医务人员、侵入性操作、使用制酸剂、病房环境等.结论 尽可能缩短呼吸机通气治疗时间有利于降低VAP的发生率,加强预防措施是减少呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的关键,采取综合的防治措施是减少其发生的最佳策略.     

机械通气治疗新生儿并发呼吸机相关性肺炎相关因素及预防措施探讨

：目的：探讨机械通气治疗新生儿并发呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素及预防措施。方法：回顾性分析2018年1月~2020年12月行机械通气治疗的200例新生儿临床资料,根据呼吸机相关性肺炎发生情况分为呼吸机相关性肺炎组与非呼吸机相关性肺炎组。统计两组资料,分析机械通气患儿并发呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关危险因素,并探讨相关预防措施。结果：200例行机械通气治疗的新生儿中,有70例发生呼吸机相关性肺炎,占比为35.00%（70/200）;呼吸机相关性肺炎组胎龄＜37周、出生体质量＜2.5 kg、营养不良、通气时间≥5 d、吸痰次数≥6次、合并败血症占比均高于非呼吸机相关性肺炎组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析,胎龄＜37周、出生体质量＜2.5 kg、营养不良、通气时间≥5 d、吸痰次数≥6次、合并败血症是机械通气患儿并发呼吸机相关性肺炎的独立危险因素（P＜0.05且OR≥1）。结论：胎龄＜37周、出生体质量＜2.5 kg、营养不良、通气时间≥5 d、吸痰次数≥6次、合并败血症是机械通气患儿并发呼吸机相关性肺炎的独立危险因素,临床需予以高度重视,做好预防措施。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎患者发病危险因素研究

目的探讨重症监护病房(Intensive Care Unit,ICU)呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的发病危险因素。方法选取2016年1月~2017年7月该院ICU收治采用有创呼吸机进行机械通气的患者120例作为研究对象,根据患者是否发生呼吸机相关肺炎将其分为研究组与对照组。研究组患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎62例,对照组未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎58例。记录患者在治疗期间的相关临床参数,包括生化指标、APACHEⅡ评分、药物使用情况、插管时间等。结果在所有患者中发生VAP的患者为52例,早发性VAP 15例,晚发性VAP 47例。与对照组比较,在机械通气时间、ICU入住时间、APACHEⅡ评分、Glasgow评分等指标方面,研究组显著优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);Logistic回归结果显示:年龄、机械通气时间较长、住院时间较长、患者昏迷、使用糖皮质激素、使用抑酸剂、使用抗生素是患者发生VAP的重要危险因素。结论有创呼吸机机械通气患者若不采取科学的预防措施,将导致呼吸机相关性肺炎发生,甚至可导致患者死亡。呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的主要危险因素是年龄较高、机械通气时间和住院时间过长、昏迷、未能科学使用抗生素药物等。因此,针对危险因素,可采取有效的措施,可提出相应的预防措施,从而改善患者的临床治疗效果。     

ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素分析

目的探讨ICU机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的危险因素。方法采用一般资料问卷、疾病相关资料调查表对2017年1月至2018年8月ICU收治的236例机械通气患者进行回顾性分析。结果呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率为33.05%,Logistic回归分析显示:年龄、基础疾病、鼻饲方式、低蛋白血症、机械通气时间、APACHE-Ⅱ评分是导致患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的独立危险因素(P0.01或P0.05)。结论机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率较高,护理人员应根据其危险因素采取有效的护理措施,提高患者自身免疫力,降低机械通气患者呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生风险。     

RICU呼吸机相关性肺炎相关因素分析及护理预防

目的:探讨R ICU机械通气患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素。方法:选取2009年7月~2010年4月我院R ICU机械通气患者81例,其中发生呼吸机相关性肺炎者31例,未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎者50例,对两组患者的性别、年龄、入院诊断、伴随疾病、APACHEⅡ评分、住R ICU时间、机械通气时间等进行了回顾性分析。结果:发生呼吸机相关性肺炎组与未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎组在APACHEⅡ评分、住ICU时间、机械通气时间之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在年龄、性别、原发病及伴随疾病等方面的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:患者的APACHEⅡ评分、住ICU时间、机械通气时间可能是呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素。护士加强重点患者的监测,对于呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防具有重要意义。     

基层综合ICU呼吸机相关肺炎原因分析与防治策略

目的研究基层综合ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的原因及并提出防治策略,以降低VAP的发生率,缩短了住院天数,降低了医疗费用及死亡率。方法对36例机械通气发生VAP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析及问卷调查。结果呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的原因是多方面。如：机械通气、患者及医务人员、侵人性操作、使用制酸剂、病房环境等。结论尽可能缩短呼吸机通气治疗时间有利于降低VAP的发生率,加强预防措施是减少呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的关键,采取综合的防治措施是减少其发生的最佳策略。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎高危因素分析及预防

目的:研究呼吸机相关性肺炎的发病率、病死率以及发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素,探讨预防措施,减低院内呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率,降低病死率.方法:采用回顾性的分析方法,对本院ICU机械通气下并发呼吸机相关性肺炎的病人的临床资料及痰培养结果进行分析,并提出应对策略.结果:152例接受人工机械通气的ICU患者中,40例发生呼吸机相关性肺炎(26.3%);在机械通气后发生呼吸机相关性肺炎时间最短3 d,最长10 d,其中第5～7 d内发病占90.5%.40例中死亡12例(30%).痰培养主要致病菌为革兰阴性菌,其次为真菌.生存组与死亡组对照,发现患者年龄、疾病严重程度、合并症(昏迷、糖尿病)、免疫力低下是发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的内在因素;人工气道管理、机械通气时间、无菌操作技术、抗生素应用是发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的外部因素.结论:昏迷、机械通气大于7 d、糖尿病、应用免疫抑制剂、抗生素不合理应用致耐药菌产生为呼吸机相关性肺炎高危因素;主要致病菌:不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希氏菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌.     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防

目的：探讨减少呼吸机相关性肺炎发生的预防方法，进一步降低发生率及病死率。方法：收集ICU病房住院的机械通气患者92例，总结降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率和病死率的预防措施。结果：30例呼吸机相关性肺炎得到控制的占83％，6例肺炎短期死于原发病或呼吸循环衰竭；一种或多种致病菌感染，大部分细菌对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、苯唑青霉素、头孢哌酮耐药。结论：充分认识呼吸机相关性肺炎的高危因素并采取措施全程预防，可以降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率和病死率。     

EICU呼吸机相关性肺炎相关因素分析及护理预防

目的 探讨EICU机械通气患者发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的相关因素和护理预防.方法 回顾性分析2009年1月～2011年12月我院EICU机械通气患者173例,随机分为两组,发生呼吸机相关性肺炎组78例,未发生呼吸机相关性肺炎组95例,分析年龄、性别、原发疾病、伴发疾病、危重病评分系统表(APACHEII)评分、机械通气时间对呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响.结果 呼吸机相关性肺炎发生率45.1％,与呼吸道疾病、留置鼻胃管、机械通气时间相关,P＜0.05.结论 呼吸道疾病、长时间机械通气、留置鼻胃管是发生呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素.加强重点患者的监测和护理,对呼吸机相关性肺炎的预防具有重要意义.     

PICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及护理措施

PICU呼吸机相关性肺炎作为患儿机械通气的主要并发症,可导致严重的后果和不良预后．该文对其近年来在危险因素、诊断及预防措施的相关研究进行综述,以求更好地防治PICU内呼吸机相关肺炎的发生,缩短机械通气的时间,减少患儿住院的费用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.