应用于rRNA第Ⅰ超种细菌的数值分类法──rR_(1-11)系统

本文以11项常用生化反应．（在8种培养基上观察）结果组成的数值分类法，在鉴定发酵型革兰氏阴性细菌中，经1643株菌株（分属于肠圩菌科、弧菌科和气单胞菌科）包括58株标准菌种的实验验证，与常规鉴定方法的结果符合率为100％。表明了该数值分类法的准确性和实用价值，它便于迅速推广，尤其适于基层工作的开展。     

数值鉴定法在肠杆菌科,弧菌科细菌鉴定中的应用

本文报告了引进法国Bio Merieux公司1991年版数值编码,利用国产微量生化培养基组成的鉴定系统,对照常规鉴定方法对肠杆菌科、弧菌科的部分标准菌株和1687株临床菌株的鉴定结果。两种方法的定种率分别为94.43％和91.58％,显著性检验无显著意义。在弧菌属鉴定中,微量生化培养基中的赖氨酸、鸟氨酸脱羧酶、精氨酸双水解酶、靛基质,V—P中的NaCl含量需达到1％。50套进口系列培养基和国产微量生化管的性状对比中,1050对生化性状完全符合1031对,符合率98.19％。 实践证明,该技术具有操作简便,鉴定准     

肠杆菌科细菌微量快速生化鉴定系统的研制

〔目的〕研制快速鉴定肠杆菌科细菌的生化鉴定系统。〔方法〕利用计算机对 75种肠杆菌科细菌的 15种生化反应模式 (E75 15 )及 40种肠杆菌科细菌的 12种生化反应模式 (E40 12 )进行分析、编码 ,建立数据库 ,对未知菌用 15种或 12种生化反应测定后 ,查阅数据库得出鉴定结果。〔结果〕E75 15和E40 12细菌鉴定系统检测标准菌株 ,符合率分别为 86.7%和 84.6%。〔结论〕该鉴定系统用于肠杆菌科细菌的鉴定简便、快速、准确。     

从人体中分离的14株梅氏弧菌的鉴定报告

<正> 国际上对于弧菌科弧菌属的分类有两种方法。一种是将弧菌分为 OI 群霍乱弧菌,不典型 OI 型霍乱弧菌,非 OI 群霍乱弧菌和其他弧菌。另一种是按细菌分类学的方法,如“伯杰氏细菌学分类手册”(第一版1984)将弧菌属的细菌分为20个种或亚种。我们对14株不凝集弧菌用常规方法和 V—18B 细菌快速生化鉴定系统进行鉴定,其结果为梅契尼柯夫弧菌(V.metsehnikovu)。现报告如下:     

L-M琼脂结合KIA用于肠杆菌科细菌的初步判定

目的推荐一种快速、简易的初步判定肠杆菌科细菌的鉴别培养基。方法 7株肠道标准菌株和经系统生化和血清学鉴定的277株肠道地方株分别接种KIA琼脂和L-M琼脂,37℃、24 h培养。结果肠道地方株各菌属在2种培养基上的生化反应与肠道标准株结果100.00%一致。结论 L-M琼脂是一种适合肠杆菌科细菌各属初步判定,尤其对肠道病原菌有初筛作用的鉴别培养基。     

全自动细菌生化鉴定分析仪与细菌微量生化管鉴定细菌的结果

目的:研究分析全自动细菌生化鉴定分析仪与细菌微量生化管鉴定细菌的结果。方法:2019年8月~2019年9月,选取本中心获取的50株肠杆菌科菌株为研究对象,其中大肠埃希菌23株,肺炎克雷伯菌12株,阴沟肠杆菌10株、不发酵和需氧革兰阴性杆菌5株,分别采用全自动细菌生化鉴定分析仪、细菌微量生化管进行鉴定,对比两种方法的鉴定结果。结果:全自动细菌生化鉴定分析仪的鉴定符合率与细菌微量生化管的鉴定符合率比较,不存在差异(P>0.05);两种鉴定方法鉴定大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌的准确率比较,不存在差异(P>0.05)。全自动细菌生化鉴定分析仪鉴定不发酵和需氧革兰阴性杆菌的准确率高于细菌微量生化管鉴定(P<0.05)。结论:全自动细菌生化鉴定分析仪与细菌微量生化管均可快速有效地鉴定常见肠杆菌科菌株,但在鉴定不发酵和需氧革兰阴性杆菌时,全自动细菌生化鉴定分析仪更具应用价值。     

肠杆菌科细菌微量生化数码鉴定板研制及应用研究

目的：研制一种肠杆菌科细菌微量生化数码鉴定板,为微生物鉴定提供一种新的检测手段。方法：作者根据不同细菌的生化反应特性,利用微生物代谢产物,配制高纯度生化基质、采用无菌脱水干燥技术,使不同生化反应培养基吸附在相应结构坚实、透明度高、反应易见的聚苯乙烯载体内。选用15项细菌生化反应按一定顺序排列构成YKS-15 e肠杆菌科细菌微量生化数码鉴定板,同时编制了相应的细菌编码鉴定手册,并进行了真实性、可靠性评价。结果：经6株标准菌株验证：阳性、阴性生化反应明显,结果准确。所有反应均可12 h内完成。60株从各类临床标本分离鉴定临床菌株经肠杆菌科细菌微量生化数码鉴定板与VITEK32法检测,符合率达96.97%。可对24个属85种肠杆菌科细菌进行鉴定。结论：该鉴定板使用方便、具有简易化、标准化、快速化、生化反应明显、结果准确等特点。     

应用细菌鉴定仪鉴定弧菌若干问题的探讨

由于计算机的广泛应用促进了微生物自动化的实现,自70年代开始即有多种微生物自动鉴定系统问世。ATB-Ex-Pression（以下简称ATB细菌鉴定仪）是法国生物梅里埃公司（bio Merieux）产品,很大程度上代替了数百年来烦琐的手工操作,缩短了鉴定周期,提高了鉴定效率,在中国甚至在世界范围已有较为广泛的应用。我们遴选出15株肠杆菌科菌株和13株弧菌科菌株用ATB细菌鉴定仪与手工法对比,肠杆菌科菌株基本符合;弧菌科菌株符合率不到85％,并在鉴定过程中碰到了一些问题,受标本数量、种类以及经济因素的影响,这些问题可能只是冰山一角,在此列举一二,供同行讨论。     

厌氧菌微量快速生化鉴定系统A—20的研究

厌氧菌常规生化鉴定是比较复杂的检验方法。国外出现了许多商品化的生化试剂盒,这些微量快速方法不仅给细菌检验工作者提供了一个简明,科学的鉴定程序,而且对提高细菌检验质量也具有一定意义。我们在参考国外文献和实物的基础上,研制了A-20厌氧菌生化鉴定系统。它包括菌株准备,接种培养,生化反应结果,编码检索,确定菌名等。A-20法与常规生化管法相比,经362株厌氧菌验证,其符合率为91.16%,可达国外同类产品的效果。在计算机上对28种厌氧菌进行了系统仿真试验,模拟了50080株菌,平均符合率达92.35%,仅有7.65%不符合,说明这套系统的设计基本上能满足对常见厌氧菌鉴定的要求。     

两种培养基对腹泻病人肛拭标本中副溶血性弧菌检测的比较

目的比较科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基和TCBS琼脂平板对副溶血性弧菌的检测效果。方法依据WS271—2007《感染性腹泻的诊断标准》,对100份腹泻病人肛拭标本进行副溶血性弧菌分离鉴定,比较其效果。结果 100份腹泻病人肛拭标本中,TCBS分离出28株可疑菌株,科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基分离出30株可疑菌株。对可疑菌株进行生化鉴定,最后有20件标本确认为副溶血性弧菌。科玛嘉弧菌显色培养基和TCBS琼脂筛查出的可疑阳性标本中真阳性符合率分别为66.7%和71.4%,其差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.15,P>0.05)。结论两种培养基在检测副溶血性弧菌中具有相同的检测效果。     

质控样品中检出沙门菌属胥伐成格隆血清型的分析

目的探讨沙门菌胥伐成格隆生物型3型的血清学和生化特性以及鉴定方法。方法采用细菌鉴定的常规方法及位相变异法进行鉴定。结果在血清学鉴定中必需做辅助试验才能得出结论，O抗原12、17需要经过3—5次传代才能凝集，d抗原（鞭毛抗原）须用软琼脂做位相试验才能诱导出来。结论对沙门菌胥伐成格隆生物型的鉴定应根据细菌形态、生化反应及血清学结果综合判断，必要时需做位相变异等辅助试验才能得出正确的结论。此菌经粪口传播，易引起腹泻、食物中毒，因此对此菌准确的鉴定具有重要意义。     

Reliability and credibility of an angoff standard setting procedure in progress testing using recent graduates as judges

INTRODUCTION: Progress testing is an assessment method that samples the complete domain of knowledge that is considered pertinent to undergraduate medical education. Because of the comprehensive nature of this test, it is very difficult to set a passing score. We obtained a progress test standard using an Angoff procedure with recent graduates as judges. This paper reports on the reliability and credibility of this approach. METHODS: The Angoff procedure was applied to a sample of 146 progress test items. The items were judged by a panel of eight recently graduated students. Generalizability theory was used to investigate the reliability as a function of the number of items and judges. Credibility was judged by comparing the pass/fail rates resulting from the standard arrived at by the Angoff procedure with those obtained using a relative and a fixed standard. RESULTS: The results indicate that an acceptable error score can be achieved, yielding a precision within one percentage on the scoring scale, by using 10 judges on a full-length progress test (i.e. 250 items). The pass/fail rates associated with the Angoff standard came closest to those of the relative standard, which takes variations in test difficulty into account. A high correlation was found between item-Angoff estimates and the item P-values. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the Angoff procedure, using recently graduated students as judges, is an appropriate standard setting method for a progress test.     

Growth and metabolism of infants born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus and fed acidified whey-adapted starter formulas

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of a biologically and chemically acidified formula with or without probiotics with a standard formula on growth of infants negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS: This was a double-masked, randomized, clinical trial. Infants born to consenting HIV-positive women who had decided not to breast-feed before being approached for participating in the study were randomized to receive one of four milk formulas: a chemically acidified formula with or without probiotics (Bifidobacterium lactis), a biologically acidified formula, or a standard whey formula. Infants who subsequently became HIV-positive according to polymerase chain reaction at 6 wk were excluded. Their growth and biochemical status were monitored for 4-6 mo. The z scores at the last visit of infants in each of the four formula groups were compared using analysis of covariance correcting for the z scores at baseline. Blood gases and pH were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance corrected for center. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-two HIV-negative infants were monitored for growth and biochemical parameters for 4-6 mo. There was an improvement of z scores for all formulas, and there were no differences in weight for age (P = 0.22), length for age (P = 0.56), head circumference for age (P = 0.66), or weight for length (P = 0.13). There were no differences in blood pH and biochemical parameters among the formula groups. CONCLUSION: The growth of infants fed one of the three acidified formulas was not inferior to the standard formula. Growth and metabolism in HIV-negative infants fed the acidified formulas were not affected by the method of milk acidification.     

Effects of vitamin B12 deficiency on lipid metabolism of the rat liver and nervous system

1. Rats bred from vitamin B12-depleted dams were fed on a vitamin B12-deficient diet for 12-15 months and developed a severe vitamin B12 deficiency, as judged from methylmalonic acid excretion and tissue vitamin B12 levels at slaughter. Control rats were supplemented with vitamin B12 in the drinking-water. 2. Neurological signs were recorded after 7 months but the motor nerve conduction velocities remained normal. Neuropathological examination revealed mild changes in the peripheral nerves but no changes in the central nervous system. 3. The amounts of total lipids and phospholipids were normal, but in all examined tissues the proportions of pentadecanoate (C15 fatty acid) and heptadecanoate (C17 fatty acid) were considerably increased in vitamin B12 deficiency. 4. 3H2O was incorporated to the same extent into the fatty acids of nervous tissue from vitamin B12-deficient and control rats after 48 h. Less 3H was found in the liver fatty acids of the vitamin B12-deficient rats. 5. Neurological dysfunction can be demonstrated in the vitamin B12-deficient rat; the relation of the biochemical and neuropathological changes to the neurological signs needs further study.     

正己烷干扰苯检测管检测苯的特异性

目的 探讨正己烷气体对苯检测管特异性的影响,为苯检测管的选择和快速检测提供科学依据。
方法 在30~200 mg/m3的范围内,通过动态配气仪分别设定4个不同质量浓度的苯或正己烷的气体环境,同时使用国家标准方法和检气管法进行检测,通过比较检测结果,评价苯检测管检测结果的准确度,并分析正己烷气体对苯检测管特异性的影响。
结果 和国家标准方法所得检测结果相比,4种苯检测管相对误差范围为12.1%~41.1%。正己烷设定质量浓度为30 mg/m3时,2种苯检测管发生显色反应;在50 mg/m3、100 mg/m3和200 mg/m3 3个设定的质量浓度进行检测时,3种苯检测管均发生显色反应,且随着正己烷设定质量浓度的增加,苯检测管检测到的质量浓度也随之增加。
结论 使用苯检测管应注意正己烷对其检测结果的干扰作用。
     

微波免疫荧光法快速检测血清抗体

目的　建立快速检测血清中肾综合征出血热 (HFRS)抗体和狂犬抗体的微波免疫荧光方法。方法　通过直接免疫荧光技术筛选出微波免疫荧光方法最适的反应条件 ;收集临床诊断疑似HFRS病人的血清和注射狂犬疫苗 5针免疫后 10d的血清各 5 0份 ,采用微波免疫荧光法快速检测血清中的HFRS抗体和狂犬抗体 ,其结果与常规的间接免疫荧光方法做比较。结果　筛选出微波免疫荧光法最适的反应条件是 40 %的微波强度反应 1min ,其次是 2 0 %的微波强度反应 2min ,其余反应条件不适合。微波免疫荧光法检出HFRS抗体阳性血清 16份 ,阳性率为 3 2 .0 % ,GMT为160 .0 ,常规免疫荧光法检出的阳性率与微波免疫荧光法一致 ,GMT为 167.1,经统计学处理 ,二者之间差异无显著性 ;微波免疫荧光法检出狂犬抗体阳性血清 43份 ,阳性率为 86.0 % ,GMT为 83 .93 ,常规免疫荧光法检出狂犬抗体阳性血清 45份 ,阳性率为 90 .0 % ,GMT为 87.70 ,经统计学处理 ,二者之间差异亦无显著性。结论　微波免疫荧光法快速、简便 ,具有高敏感性和特异性 ,可应用于快速诊断中 ,适合基层单位推广使用。     

Contaminated first-aid dressings: report of a working party of the PHLS.

In a collaborative study 12 Public Health Laboratory Service laboratories and the Division of Hospital Infection, Central Public Health Laboratory, investigated the degree of contamination of standard dressings produced by manufacturers in India or in England by a comparison of the results of culture of 25 sterilized dressings with those of 25 untreated dressings. Of the 38 batches of dressings made in India 27 (71%) were judged contaminant and another six could be so judged when Bacillus species were examined. In two batches laboratory contamination precluded a judgement and only three batches passed the test. Of the 27 batches made in England, only three gave any evidence of contamination at the lowest level of significance. Repeat investigation of one of these batches gave no evidence of contamination. Organisms of the genus Bacillus and fungi were associated with contamination; micrococci and propionibacteria were laboratory contaminants. There was evidence for both failure and sterilization and of contamination after sterilization during the manufacture of dressings.     

Supplement use: vitamin intakes and biochemical indexes in 40- to 108-month-old children

Intakes and related biochemical indexes of ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B-12, and folic acid were examined for adequacy in 30 normal children aged 40 to 108 months. Comparisons were made between intake and biochemical index values of children who reported regular use of vitamin supplements and those who reported none. Three-day food records provided nutrient intake data; blood samples, drawn following an overnight fast, were analyzed for biochemical indexes. Student's t-test and the Pearson r were used for comparisons. Mean intakes of most nutrients differed significantly between the supplemented and nonsupplemented groups only when supplements were considered. Mean biochemical indexes differed significantly for riboflavin (p less than .005). Correlations between intakes and respective biochemical indexes were significant for riboflavin (p less than .01) and vitamin B-12 (p less than .01) in the supplemented group and for folate with RBC folate (p less than .005) in the nonsupplemented group. No deficiencies in either group were evident from biochemical indexes; improvement in indexes with supplement use was interpreted as being only relative and not suggestive that such use is beneficial.     

Contaminated first-aid dressings: report of a working party of the PHLS

In a collaborative study 12 Public Health Laboratory Service laboratories and the Division of Hospital Infection, Central Public Health Laboratory, investigated the degree of contamination of standard dressings produced by manufacturers in India or in England by a comparison of the results of culture of 25 sterilized dressings with those of 25 untreated dressings. Of the 38 batches of dressings made in India 27 (71%) were judged contaminant and another six could be so judged when Bacillus species were examined. In two batches laboratory contamination precluded a judgement and only three batches passed the test. Of the 27 batches made in England, only three gave any evidence of contamination at the lowest level of significance. Repeat investigation of one of these batches gave no evidence of contamination. Organisms of the genus Bacillus and fungi were associated with contamination; micrococci and propionibacteria were laboratory contaminants. There was evidence for both failure and sterilization and of contamination after sterilization during the manufacture of dressings.     

日立生化分析仪保养与维护

目的：探讨了全自动日立生化分析仪的保养与维护,并在使用过程中总结经验。方法：按照标准操作规程执行仪器的日常维护保养。结果：通过正确维护保养生化分析仪,建立并执行日常保养维护制度,确保了设备正常使用。结论：制定完善的日常维护保养标准操作规程,严格按规程对设备进行良好的保养,才能确保设备正常使用,获得准确、可靠的生化检验结果,延长仪器使用寿命。