GlideScope可视喉镜用于重症急性有机磷农药中毒洗胃的可行性

目的探讨GlideScope可视喉镜用于重症急性有机磷农药中毒致呼吸衰竭气管插管后洗胃的安全性和有效性。方法选择92例重症急性有机磷农药中毒致呼吸衰竭的患者,采用前瞻性、单盲、半随机对照试验,按照插胃管方式的不同分为试验组(用GlideScope可视喉镜由气管入口插入气管导管通气后由食管入口插入胃管洗胃)和对照组(传统气管插管通气后盲插胃管洗胃),每组各46例,监测记录1次插管成功率及总成功率,插管时间,插管前(气管导管插管前)、插管后(胃管插管后)心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)的变化。结果试验组1次插管成功率及总成功率高于对照组(P<0.01);插管时间低于对照组(P<0.01)。对照组插管后HR、SBP、DBP较插管前增快、升高(P<0.01),SpO2有所升高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);试验组插管后HR、SBP、DBP较插管前无明显变化(P>0.05),SpO2明显升高(P<0.01)。结论 GlideScope可视喉镜用于重症急性有机磷农药中毒致呼吸衰竭气管插管后洗胃,可提高1次插管成功率及总成功率,缩短插管时间,且血流动力学更稳定,有利于提高抢救成功率。     

气管导管引导下插胃管洗胃在急性重度有机磷农药中毒急救中的使用价值

目的:探讨对急性重度有机磷农药农药中毒患者采用气管导管引导下插胃管洗胃急救的临床效果。方法:选取我院2012年3月至2015年3月收治的急性重度有机磷农药中毒急救患者40例作为研究对象,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。全部均先进行气管插管术,对照组20例采用常规方法插胃管洗胃;观察组20例采用气管导管引导下插胃管洗胃方法;对比两组急救成功率与插管时间。结果:观察组1次插管成功率,以及插管总成功率显著高于对照组(95.0%vs 30%;100.0%vs 55%,P0.05);对照组插管时间明显长于观察组(245.3±29.4s vs 95.8±16.4s,P0.05)。结论 :在急性重度有机磷农药中毒患者中采用气管导管引导下插胃管洗胃急救插管一次成功率高,且插管时间短,减轻患者痛苦,有推广价值。     

有机磷农药中毒病人洗胃方法的探讨

[目的]提高有机磷农药中毒病人抢救成功率.[方法]把169例急性有机磷农药中毒病人按来诊先后随机分组,采用不同洗胃方法进行洗胃并对效果比较分析.[结果]左侧卧位插胃管洗胃、延长胃管插入长度洗胃与低压少量洗胃液洗胃在插胃管、洗胃时间、洗胃效果方面明显优于对照组,有统计学意义.[结论]采用左侧卧位插胃管、延长胃管插入长度至55 cm～70 cm、低压少量洗胃液反复洗胃,可提高有机磷农药中毒抢救成功率.     

有机磷农药中毒病人洗胃方法的探讨

[目的]提高有机磷农药中毒病人抢救成功率.[方法]把169例急性有机磷农药中毒病人按来诊先后随机分组,采用不同洗胃方法进行洗胃并对效果比较分析.[结果]左侧卧位插胃管洗胃、延长胃管插入长度洗胃与低压少量洗胃液洗胃在插胃管、洗胃时间、洗胃效果方面明显优于对照组,有统计学意义.[结论]采用左侧卧位插胃管、延长胃管插入长度至55 cm～70 cm、低压少量洗胃液反复洗胃,可提高有机磷农药中毒抢救成功率.     

延长胃管插入长度洗胃抢救有机磷中毒的护理研究

目的：为提高急性重度有机磷农药中毒的抢救成功率，方法：采用延长胃管插入长度为55－70cm，用0．45％氯化钠溶液，每4h重复间歇洗胃3－6次，结果：延长胃管插入长度可缩短洗胃时间，两种洗胃法对重度有机磷中毒病死率的影响差别有显著意义。结论：对重度有机磷农药中毒患者采用延长胃管插入长度重复洗胃法，能提高抢救成功率。     

重度有机磷农药中毒致呼吸抑制21例的院前抢救

目的探讨气管插管在重度有机磷农药中毒致呼吸抑制的院前抢救,以提高抢救成功率。方法对21例重症有机磷农药中毒致呼吸抑制患者行院前气管插管,连接呼吸囊进行机械通气;对气管插管有抵抗者,给予丙泊芬后再行气管插管,同时进行解毒处理后转运患者。结果 21例重度有机磷农药中毒致呼吸抑制患者无一例死亡。结论气管插管是重度有机磷农药中毒致呼吸抑制院前抢救成功的关键。     

有机磷农药中毒致呼吸衰竭患者机械通气的护理

目的：探讨有机磷农药中毒致呼吸衰竭患者机械通气的护理。方法：对30例患者快速气管插管和气管切开行机械正压通气，彻底洗胃，建立静脉通道，在足量应用胆碱酯酶复能剂和阿托品化的同时及时采取对症处理。结果：抢救成功27例，死亡3例，抢救成功率90％。住院时间600d，平均18d。结论：加强对重度有机磷农药中毒致呼吸衰竭患者机械通气过程的全面观察及护理可显著提高抢救成功率和治愈率，减少并发症，缩短监护天数，促进患者早日康复。     

气管插管在重症有机磷农药中毒洗胃过程中的应用42例分析

目的探讨气管插管后洗胃在重症有机磷农药中毒患者急救中的意义。方法回顾性分析42例重症有机磷中毒患者气管插管后洗胃的临床效果,探究提高抢救成功率的方法。结果采用气管插管后洗胃均获得成功,无并发症发生。结论抢救重症有机磷农药中毒患者应先实施气管插管,确保在有效通气的前提下,实施快速、彻底的洗胃,是提高抢救成功率的关键。     

有机磷农药中毒病人洗胃方法的探讨

[目的]提高有机磷农药中毒病人抢救成功率。[方法]把169例急性有机磷农药中毒病人按来诊先后随机分组,采用不同洗胃方法进行洗胃并时效果比较分析。[结果]左侧卧位插胃管洗胃、延长胃管插入长度洗胃与低压少量洗胃液洗胃在插胃管、洗胃时间、洗胃效果方面明显优于对照组,有统计学意义。[结论]采用左侧卧位插胃管、延长胃管插入长度至55cm～70cm、低压少量洗胃液反复洗胃,可提高有机磷农药中毒抢救成功率。     

留置胃管间断洗胃救治重度有机磷农药中毒的护理

目的探讨留置胃管间断洗胃救治重度有机磷农药中毒的临床应用价值。方法将128例急性重症有机磷农药中毒患者,随机分为留置胃管组和对照组,各64例。对照组采用常规治疗方法。留置胃管组在常规治疗基础上留置胃管行间断洗胃。并对两组阿托品中毒发生率、农药中毒反跳率及死亡率进行比较。结果留置胃管组阿托品中毒发生率和农药中毒反跳率低于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论留置胃管间断洗胃能排除有机磷农药中毒患者体内残留农药,减少毒素再吸收,提高了抢救成功率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.