1997-2006年阳泉市甲乙类传染病疫情分析

目的了解阳泉市急性传染病的发病趋势和流行特点,为控制传染病的发生与流行提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对阳泉市1997-2006年传染病疫情资料进行统计分析。结果10年共报告甲、乙类传染病19种,共38626例,年均发病率306．79／10万;死亡14例,年均死亡率0．11／10万;年均病死率O．036％。发病率居前五位的分别是细菌性痢疾、病毒性肝炎、肺结核、淋病、梅毒。肠道传染病年均发病率为137．48／10万,居各类传染病首位。结论阳泉市法定甲、乙类传染病发病率呈上升趋势,特别是痢疾、乙肝、肺结核、艾滋病、梅毒。今后防治工作的重点依然是痢疾、肺结核和血源及性传播疾病。     

西藏自治区1976-2010年甲、乙类传染病流行趋势分析

目的 了解西藏自治区1976-2010年甲、乙类传染病的流行趋势,为该地区的传染病防治工作提供参考依据。方法 收集西藏自治区1976年1月-2010年12月甲、乙类传染病的疫情报告数据,根据各年的人口数计算相关传染病的发病率、死亡率和病死率,分析其流行趋势。结果 西藏自治区甲、乙类传染病的总发病率、死亡率和病死率分别从1976年的2 572.20/10万、10.49/10万和0.41%下降到2010年的530.19/10万、1.67/10万和0.31%,发病率、死亡率和病死率总体均呈下降趋势（均P<0.05）;1976-2010年西藏自治区发病率居于前5位的甲、乙类传染病依次为细菌性痢疾（909.01/10万）、麻疹（194.06/10万）、百日咳（92.49/10万）、肺结核（76.83/10万）、病毒性肝炎（60.81/10万）,占甲、乙类传染病报告数的82.31%;死亡率居于前5位的甲、乙类传染病依次为病毒性肝炎（7.78/10万）、细菌性痢疾（3.32/10万）、麻疹（2.26/10万）、百日咳（0.89/10万）和流行性乙型脑炎（0.67/10万）,占甲乙类传染病报告数的95.86%;病死率居于前5位的甲、乙类传染病依次为鼠疫（56.32%）、艾滋病（27.27%）、炭疽（13.92%）、病毒性肝炎（12.79%）和流行性乙型脑炎（10.84%）。结论 西藏自治区甲、乙类传染病的发病率、死亡率和病死率总体上均呈下降趋势,但细菌性痢疾、麻疹、百日咳、肺结核、病毒性肝炎、流行性乙型脑炎、鼠疫、艾滋病、炭疽仍为西藏自治区应重点防治的甲、乙类传染病。     

绥中县1997—2006年甲、乙类传染病疫情动态分析

目的探讨绥中县甲、乙类传染病疫情动态及流行特征，为制定和完善传染病防治策略与措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对绥中县1997—2006年甲、乙类传染病疫情资料进行统计分析。结果10年共报告乙类传染病16种6280例，年均发病率为101．40／10万。无甲类传染病报告。呼吸道传染病年均发病率为43．88／10万，居各类传染病之首；血源及性传播传染病年均发病率为35．75／10万，居各类传染病第2位；自然疫源及虫媒传染病年均发病率为12．35／10万；肠道传染病年均发病率为9．36／10万。年均发病率居前3位的病种分别是病毒性肝炎、肺结核和出血热。结论呼吸道传染病和肠道传染病是绥中县今后防治工作的重点和难点，病毒性肝炎、肺结核和出血热则为重点防治传染病。     

永州市零陵区1996-2005年甲、乙类传染病疫情分析

目的探讨永州市零陵区甲、乙类传染病的流行规律，为制定传染病预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法采取描述性流行病学方法对零陵区1996-2005年报告的甲、乙类传染病进行统计分析。结果1996-2005年零陵区共报告甲、乙类传染病15种，共计8997例，年均发病率157．41／10万，死亡58例，年均死亡率1．01／10万，10年间发病居前5位的传染病分别为肺结核、痢疾、病毒性肝炎、伤寒、麻疹，占发病总数的92．77％，死亡人数据第1位的传染病为狂犬病，占死亡总数的60．34％。结论肺结核、痢疾、病毒性肝炎、伤寒是该区流行最广泛的传染病，2000年后淋病、梅毒等性传播疾病的发病人数逐年递增，狂犬病发病率也有明显上升趋势，亟需采取有效防制措施。     

2000-2009年广西龙州县甲、乙类传染病疫情动态分析

目的探讨2000-2009年龙州县甲、乙类法定传染病疫情动态及流行特征,为制定和完善传染病防制策略与措施提供科学依据。方法应用描述性流行病学方法分析2000-2009年龙州县甲、乙类传染病发病情况。结果龙州县10 a间甲、乙类传染病年均发率为198.99/10万;年均死亡率为2.69/10万;发病以呼吸道传染病和血源及性途径传播传染病为主,两者占传染病发病总数的85.32%;传染病发病居前4位的依次为肺结核、病毒性肝炎、梅毒、痢疾。结论 2000-2009年龙州县乙类传染病总发病率呈波浪型缓慢上升趋势,肺结核、病毒性肝炎、梅毒、痢疾、麻疹、淋病、疟疾和艾滋病是龙州县传染病报告的主要病种,应积极做好相应防制措施。     

2008年长葛市甲乙类传染病疫情分析

目的了解2008年长葛市甲乙类传染病疫情发生情况。方法使用中国疾病预防控制中心开发的"疾病监测信息报告管理系统"对2008年长葛市甲乙类传染病发病与死亡情况进行统计分析。结果 2008年长葛市无甲类传染病报告,共报告乙类传染病11种1 415例,发病率为215.02/10万,与上年相比上升了7.42%;报告死亡13例,死亡率为1.97/10万,与上年相比上升了18.69%。各种传染病发病与死亡情况比较,发病以病毒性肝炎和肺结核为主;死亡以艾滋病和肺结核较多。结论当前病毒性肝炎、肺结核和艾滋病是严重危害当地居民身体健康与生命安全的主要公共卫生问题。     

永州市1997—2006年甲、乙类传染病疫情分析

目的探讨永州市甲、乙类传染病的流行规律，为制定传染病预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对永州市1997～2006年报告的甲、乙类传染病进行分析。结果1997—2006年永州市共报告甲、乙类传染病19种，共计75806例，年均发病率134．04／10万，死亡590例，年均死亡率1．04／10万。总发病呈上升趋势，发病居前5位的病种是肺结核、病毒性肝炎、痢疾、伤寒副伤寒、麻疹，占发病总数的92．9％；死亡数居首位的是狂犬病，占传染病死亡总数83．22％。结论肺结核、病毒性肝炎、痢疾、伤寒副伤寒是永州市流行最广泛的传染病，近5年来，狂犬病、HIV／AIDS疫情上升较快，急需采取有效防制措施。     

2006年辉县市甲乙类传染病疫情分析

目的了解2006年辉县市甲乙类传染病疫情发生情况。方法使用中国疾病预防控制中心开发的“疾病监测信息报告管理系统”和Excel软件对2006年辉县市甲乙类传染病发病与死亡情况进行分析。结果2006年辉县市无甲类传染病报告,报告乙类传染病11种2393例,发病率为300．65／10万,与2005年相比下降了13．45％。报告死亡6例,死亡率为0．75／10万,与2005年相比上升了49．17％。发病居前4位的依次为病毒性肝炎、肺结核、痢疾和麻疹。结论当前病毒性肝炎、肺结核、痢疾和麻疹仍是严重危害辉县市居民身体健康的主要传染病。     

2007年萍乡市甲乙类传染病监测分析

目的了解萍乡市甲乙类传染病特征,为政府制定传染病防治对策提供依据。方法对2007年萍乡市法定传染病报告系统常规疫情资料进行分析。结果2007年萍乡市共报告16种乙类传染病6814例,发病率371.46/10万,无甲类传染病报告;传染病构成以血源及性传播疾病为主;发病前五位疾病较上年度无明显变化,仍然是病毒性肝炎、肺结核、梅毒、痢疾、淋病;艾滋病已成为萍乡市传染病死亡的首位死因。结论预防控制血源及性传播疾病是今后防治工作的重点和难点,应加强病毒性肝炎、肺结核、梅毒、细菌性痢疾、淋病的监控力度,进一步抓好艾滋病防治工作,加快艾滋病救治体系建设。     

1999～2008年普兰店市乙类传染病发病动态分析

[目的]了解普兰店市乙类传染病发生、流行情况及其变化趋势,以便采取相应预防控制措施。[方法]对1999～2008年普兰店市乙类传染病疫情资料进行分析。[结果]1999～2008年累计报告乙类传染病13种、12091例,年均发病率为146.61/10万;死亡22例,年平均死亡率为0.27/10万。肠道传染病年均发病率为61.39/10万,占发病总数的41.87%;血源及性传播传染病年均发病率为44.59/10万,占发病总数的30.41%;呼吸道传染病年均发病率为39.18/10万,占发病总数的26.72%;自然疫源及虫媒传染病年均发病率为1.46/10万,占总数的0.99%。年均发病率居前3位的病种分别是病毒性肝炎(75.70/10万)、肺结核(36.26/10万)、细菌性痢疾(16.49/10万)。[结论]肺结核、病毒性肝炎和细菌性痢疾是普兰店市重点防治的传染病。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.