多通道经皮肾穿刺造瘘钬激光碎石术100例的术后观察与护理

目的微创经皮肾镜下钬激光治疗肾结石术后留置管道护理。方法对100例微创经皮肾镜下钬激光治疗肾结石术后患者双J管护理方法进行总结。结果68例结石一期手术取尽,13例于60 d后经二期手术取尽结石,10例有散在残留残石。结论肾结石取净率81%,肾盂梗阻解除率为100%。均顺利康复,无术后双J管护理并发症。     

侧卧位经皮肾镜取石术配合钬激光碎石治疗复杂性肾结石的临床效果分析

目的 分析总结侧卧位经皮肾镜取石术(PCN)配合钬激光碎石治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效.方法 对泌尿外科2009年6月至2011年11月收治的62例复杂性肾结石患者采用PCN技术,配合钬激光碎石治疗.结果本组62例患者,手术时间40～130 min,处理碎石时间35～85 min.Ⅰ期结石成功清除率93.5%(58/62).57例采用单通道完成手术,5例采用双通道完成手术.术中无大出血、感染等严重并发症发生.术后复查1～3个月,结石成功清除率100%.结论 侧卧位经皮肾镜取石术配合钬激光碎石治疗复杂性肾结石临床效果好,安全性好,可作为临床治疗复杂性肾结石的首选方案之一.     

B超定位经皮肾穿刺微造瘘钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石87例分析

目的:探讨B超定位经皮肾穿刺微造瘘钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石的安全性与有效性.方法:2007-01/2009-01对87例肾结石或输尿管上段结石患者行B超定位经皮肾穿刺微造瘘钬激光碎石术治疗.结果:87例患者B超定位经皮肾穿微造瘘钬激光碎石术均顺利完成,所有结石均被粉碎,其中11例输尿管上段结石清除率100%,肾结石Ⅰ期清除率78.9%(60/76),Ⅱ期清除率92.1%(70/76),其中1例术后大出血.结论:B超定位经皮肾穿微造瘘钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石具有微创、恢复快、并发症少、安全高效、结石清除率高的优点,临床值得推广.     

微创经皮输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石13例

目的:探讨微创经皮输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石的安全性和有效性.方法:回顾性分析我院2007年12月至2009年12月利用微创经皮输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗的孤立肾肾结石13例患者的临床资料.结果:Ⅰ期结石清除率84.62%(11/13),2例结石残留患者中,有1例结石移行至输尿管上段,给予ESWL治疗后结石顺利排出,另有1例结石残留肾下盏内,未作进一步处理,定期观察.随访1～3个月,本组患者术后肾功能基本恢复正常或明显好转.1例孤立肾铸型结石合并尿路感染,术后出现中毒性休克,其余患者术后未出现严重并发症.结论:微创经皮输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗孤立肾肾结石安全、有效,具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快等优点.     

钬激光结合微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石43例报告

目的:观察钬激光结合微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的疗效.方法:采用钬激光结合微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石43例.结果:1次手术取净结石38例,2次手术取净结石3例,因1次手术不成功拒行第2次手术2例.1次取石术结石取净率为89%(38/43),结石总取净率为95%(41/43).术中出血20～600 mL,中位数150 mL,输血Ⅰ例,其余患者术中均无发生并发症.对41例随访6个月～1年,肾功能均正常,无复发病例.结论:钬激光结合微创经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石安全而有效,值得临床推广应用.     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石合并肾结石效果观察

对80例输尿管上段结石合并肾结石经皮肾镜下钬激光碎石术治疗临床资料进行分析,手术时间、并发症、结石清除率及住院时间。所有患者均单通道取石,其中一期取石71例,二期取石9例,总结石清除率90.1%,取石时间为45~70(平均55)min,均未出现严重并发症,住院时间7~13(平均9)d。微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石合并肾结石,结石排净率高,创伤轻微,手术并发症少,安全可靠,值得基层医院临床推广。     

B超定位微创经皮肾输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗多发肾结石42例分析

目的 探讨B超定位微创经皮肾输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗多发肾结石的方法及效果.方法 回顾性分析42例采用B超定位微创经皮肾输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗的多发肾结石患者资料.结果 42例均手术成功,结石清除率95%,平均手术时间80 min,平均住院天数7 d,无严重并发症发生.结论 B超定位微创经皮肾输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗多发肾结石安全、有效.     

单通道经皮肾镜取石联合胆道镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石的初步体会

目的探讨单通道经皮肾镜联合胆道镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石的临床效果。方法 2013年6月-2015年12月该院收治48例复杂性上尿路结石患者,均行经皮肾输尿管硬镜联合胆道镜钬激光碎石术治疗,统计分析其碎石时间、手术时间和结石清除率以及并发症等情况。结果 48例患者均Ⅰ期顺利建立皮肾通道;平均碎石时间(64.0±10.0)min;Ⅰ期结石清除率为93.18%,手术平均时间(95.0±16.0)min;均未发生严重并发症。结论经皮肾镜联合胆道镜钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性上尿路结石一期结石清除率高,疗效显著,并发症少,值得临床推广。     

综合护理干预在经皮肾镜联合输尿管钬激光治疗复杂性肾结石患者中的应用

目的探讨综合护理干预在经皮肾镜联合输尿管钬激光治疗复杂性肾结石患者中的应用效果。方法选取于本院行经皮肾镜联合输尿管钬激光治疗的98例复杂性肾结石患者为研究对象,按照随机数表法随机分为干预组和对照组,每组各49例。对照组采用常规护理干预,干预组采用综合护理干预。对比观察两组患者结石清除率、术后并发症发生情况、手术时间及住院天数。结果干预组结石清除率为93. 88%,显著高于对照组的77. 55%,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05);患者并发症发生率为4. 08%,显著低于对照组的30. 61%,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。干预组平均手术时间为(70. 2±14. 9) min、平均术后下床活动时间为(2. 6±0. 9) d、平均住院天数为(16. 4±3. 1) d,相对于对照组用时更短,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论经皮肾镜联合输尿管钬激光治疗复杂性肾结石患者中采取综合护理模式可取得更好疗效,更快恢复及更低并发症发生率的效果。     

分次经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾脏鹿角状结石20例

目的:探讨分次经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾脏鹿角状结石的有效性及安全性.方法:对20例肾脏鹿角状结石患者采用分次经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术.结果:20例手术均获得成功,平均每次手术时间120 min,每例患者均需两次手术,结石清除率85%,患者均安全度过围手术期.结论:分次经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术创伤小,痛苦少,安全性高,是治疗肾脏鹿角状结石的良好手段.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.