Sanfilippo type D disease: Clinical findings in two patients with a new variant of mucopolysaccharidosis III

A fourth genetic subtype of the Sanfilippo syndrome due to a deficiency of N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase which is required for heparan sulfate degradation has recently been described. The clinical findings of two patients with a deficiency of this enzyme are reported here. Differential diagnosis from the other types of the Sanfilippo syndrome cannot be made by clinical criteria, but rests on specific enzyme assays. Since patients of either sex are known and consanguinity was present in one case, autosomal recessive inheritance is most probable.     

Type III D mucopolysaccharidosis (Sanfilippo D): Clinical course and symptoms

Abstract A case of a rare form of Sanfilippo disease, mucopolysaccharidosis type III D is presented. The cause of the disease is a deficit of N-acetylglycosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase. Differences in clinical course and symptoms with type A and B Sanfilippo disease are shown (later presentation of symptoms, milder course, lack of distinct psychomotor regression and differences in characteristic phenotypic traits, such as facial features, joint contracture, tall height). It is suggested that type III D mucopolysaccharidosis be taken into account in the differentiation of mental retardation syndromes with hyperactivity.     

Sanfilippo type C disease: Clinical findings in four patients with a new variant of mucopolysaccharidosis III

A new genetic variant of the Sanfilippo syndrome due to deficiency of acetyl CoA: alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase, was recently demonstrated in four patients. The clinical findings of these patients are reported here. Differential diagnosis from other types of the Sanfilippo syndrome on clinical and routine laboratory criteria is difficult and enzyme assay is necessary to reach the diagnosis. Since two of the patients reported are females and consanguinity was present in one case, autosomal recessive inheritance is most probable.     

Severe mitral insufficiency in mucopolysaccharidosis type III-B (Sanfilippo syndrome)

Summary A 6-year-old girl with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) III-B (Sanfilippo syndrome) who developed severe mitral regurgitation and congestive heart failure requiring surgery (valvuloplasty) is reported. One year after surgery the patient remains well, with marked improvement in her physical activity, and without signs of heart failure. This is only the second report of severe mitral regurgitation in MPS III, and is the first report of a successful repair (valvuloplasty) of a dysplastic mitral valve in the MPS. Mitral valvuloplasty should be considered instead of valve replacement in any MPS patient with mitral valve regurgitation requiring surgery.     

黏多糖贮积症Ⅲ型的鉴别诊断与产前诊断

目的 建立以人工合成荧光底物测定乙酰肝素N-硫酸酯酶(SGSH),α-N-乙酰葡萄糖苷酶(NAGLU)活性的方法,应用这两种方法对黏多糖贮积症Ⅲ型中的A、B亚型(MPSⅢA和ⅢB)病例进行鉴别诊断,并对MPSⅢB高危妊娠的孕妇进行了产前诊断,同时从分子遗传学方面对MPSⅢA患儿进行了SGSH基因分析.方法 采用人工合成的荧光底物(4-甲基伞形酮-α-D-N-硫酸葡萄糖苷4-methylumbelliferyl-α-D-N-sulphoglucosaminide.Na,4-甲基伞形酮-N-乙酰-α-葡萄糖苷4-methylumbelliferyl-α-N-acetylglucosaminide)测定疑似患儿白细胞和血浆中SGSH及NAGLU活性,在收集的12例患儿中,女4例,男8例,年龄3~10岁.来自10个无相关的家庭.用MPSⅢA的患儿外周血白细胞DNA进行SGSH基因的外显子PCR扩增,并通过的序列测定确定突变位置.用绒毛或经培养的羊水细胞为检材,对MPSⅢB高危妊娠的孕妇进行产前诊断.结果 获得中国正常人白细胞中SGSH活性正常值4.4～8.1 nmot/(17 h·mg蛋白),各种组织中NAGLU活性正常值:血浆中为33.3～62.4 nmoL/(4 h·ml),绒毛组织为44.9~91.7 nmol/(17 h ·mg蛋白),经培养的羊水细胞为53.2-82.2 nmol/(17 h·mg蛋白);在12例疑似患儿中确诊了7例MPSⅢA(其中两例为同胞),5例MPS ⅢB患者(其中2例为同胞),SGSH基因分析发现6种突变类型,已知突变5种(G191R,D235N,R377C,E447K和R233X),插入突变1种(D219Wfs264X),此插入突变为新生突变.3例MPSⅢB产前诊断中,2例胎儿正常,1例胎儿受累.结论 应用荧光法测定SGSH和NAGLU酶活性是敏感、可靠、快速的方法,可用于MPSⅢA和ⅢB病例的鉴别诊断及产前诊断;SGSH基因分析方法成本低,突变检出率高,可用于MPSⅢA的诊断和产前诊断.     

Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (Sanfilippo disease) in Sweden: clinical presentation of 22 children diagnosed during a 30‐year period

Aim: The aim of this study was to present the natural clinical course in children and adolescents with MPS III diagnosed during a 30‐year period in Sweden. Methods: The patients were identified from metabolic laboratory records between 1975 and 2004. Patient data were assessed from interviews of parents and by clinical examination and records from the patients. Results: A total of 15 children, 68%, with MPS IIIA were diagnosed at a median age of 6.8 years (range 1.2–18.9 years). One boy had MPS IIIB and five children MPS IIIC, diagnosed at ages between 1.9 and 11.6 years. In one child the type was not determined. The median age of children with type IIIA who had deceased was 16.2 years (range 10.4–31.2 years). Ten individuals with MPS III are alive at ages between 5 and 29 years. In four families, two children were affected. Conclusion: In 22 Swedish children with Sanfilippo disease an early normal development followed by a delay in speech and an appearance of behaviour problems was found in most children during the early preschool period. Mental retardation was diagnosed in almost all individuals before starting school. Early diagnosis is important in this devastating, progressive disorder, not only for genetic counselling but also for participation in future treatments.     

Clinical presentation and follow-up of patients with the attenuated phenotype of mucopolysaccharidosis type I

Aim: To review the heterogeneity and severity of the clinical features at the attenuated end of the mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type I disease spectrum. Methods: The course of disease in 29 patients with attenuated mucopolysaccharidosis I who attended the MPS clinic in Manchester, UK, was reviewed. Results: For more than half of the patients, onset of symptoms was in the first 2 y of life, and the age at diagnosis ranged from 15 mo to 40 y. Joint stiffness, corneal clouding, umbilical hernia and recurrent ear, nose and throat symptoms were the commonest features at presentation. Patients experienced significant morbidity during the course of this inherited disease. Skeletal problems predominated and cardiac valve pathology, upper airway obstruction and hearing deficits were detected in a notable number of patients. Nerve decompression for carpal tunnel syndrome, cervical cord decompression, and grommet insertion for serous otitis media were the most frequent surgical interventions.

Conclusion: Clinical presentation of attenuated (“non-Hurler”) mucopolysaccharidosis type I is heterogeneous in time of onset and types of clinical features. A better understanding of the spectrum of disease and of the related disease progression will contribute to more accurate diagnosis, and patients will benefit from early intervention.     

Cephaloskeletal dysplasia (Taybi-Linder syndrome; osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type III): report of two cases and review of the literature

We report two unrelated infants with cephaloskeletal dysplasia or Taybi-Linder syndrome, also referred to as osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism Type III. They presented with peculiar facial features, microcephaly and skeletal and cerebral abnormalities documented radiographically and with cranial MRI and/or CT. Some dissimilarities were observed in the skeletal findings between the two patients, most likely reflecting phenotypic variability within the same disorder. Some radiographic features were shown to evolve with time in both patients. Also of interest is the unusually long survival of these patients, more than 4 years in the first and of over 6 years in the second. Received: 3 May 1999/Accepted: 10 December 1999     

Cerebrospinal fluid shunts in the management of behavioural problems in Sanfilippo syndrome (MPS III)

Severe behavioural disturbance is a very common feature of Sanfilippo syndrome (mucopolysaccharidosis III, MPSIII), and one of the more difficult aspects of the disease to treat. We describe a series of six patients with MPS III who had cerebrospinal shunts inserted in an attempt to ameliorate behaviour that had proved refractory to conventional treatment. Symptoms improved significantly in all six but removal of the shunt was necessitated in one patient due to shunt blockage and infection. Conclusion Our experience suggests cerebrospinal fluid shunting should be formally evaluated as an adjunct to conventional forms of treatment of extreme behavioural disturbance in MPS III. Received: 14 October 1997 / Accepted: 25 February 1998     

The presenting features of mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (Hurler syndrome)

The presenting features of 39 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IH are described. The mean age at diagnosis was approximately 9 months and it is difficult to see how this can be reduced without consideration of newborn screening. An earlier age at diagnosis is likely to lead to better results following therapy such as bone marrow transplantation. Clinical features which should arouse suspicion of MPS IH include frequent ENT surgery and recurrent herniae. Clinical vigilance is needed for early diagnosis     

Bone marrow transplantation for mucopolysaccharidosis type I: experience of two British centres

Bone marrow transplantation was carried out on 38 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I over a period of 15 years. The donor was an HLA identical relative in 10 cases, an HLA non-identical relative in 16 cases, and an HLA identical unrelated volunteer donor in 12 cases. Ten patients received a second transplant. One patient received three transplants. Thirteen engrafted patients have survived five years or more. Most patients have shown an arrest or slowing down of psychomotor regression. However, dysostosis multiplex has progressed. Careful selection of patients may be necessary to ensure optimum results.     

Enzyme replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome): a preliminary report

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II; Hunter syndrome) is an X-linked disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS), which results in the lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). This paper describes a knockout mouse model of MPS II which has been used to assess the effect of enzyme replacement therapy. Therapy with IDS results in a marked decrease in urinary GAGs, as well as reduced GAG accumulation in several tissues. These studies have been used to support the first clinical trial of recombinant IDS in patients with Hunter syndrome.     

Cardiomyopathy in glycogen-storage disease type III: Clinical and echographic study of 18 patients

Summary Cardiac examinations were performed on 18 patients with glycogen-storage disease (GSD) type III. Clinical examination was always normal and the electrocardiograms revealed nonspecific data. Similarly, serum muscular enzyme activities were not useful in indicating the presence of cardiomyopathy. Echocardiographic evidence of myocardiopathy was found in five of the 16 children studied (mean age, 9.5 years). Echocardiographic parameters remained stable during the follow-up period (at least 3 years). The other 11 children had no echocardiographic evidence of cardiomyopathy. No relationship was found between peripheral myopathy and cardiomyopathy.All patients with GSD type III should be regularly investigated by echocardiography in respect of their cardiac muscle status.     

Enzyme replacement therapy in mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome): a preliminary report

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II; Hunter syndrome) is an X-linked disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme iduronate-2-sulphatase (IDS), which results in the lysosomal accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAG). This paper describes a knockout mouse model of MPS II which has been used to assess the effect of enzyme replacement therapy. Therapy with IDS results in a marked decrease in urinary GAGs, as well as reduced GAG accumulation in several tissues. These studies have been used to support the first clinical trial of recombinant IDS in patients with Hunter syndrome.