HLA-DRB1基因多态性与HBV宫内感染的相关性

目的 探讨HLA-DRBl等位基因多态性与HBV宫内感染的关系.方法 选择HBsAg阳性孕妇分娩的新生儿中发生HBV宫内感染的母亲21例(A组),而未发生宫内感染的母亲46例(B组)以及正常母亲42例(C组),采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物(PCR-SSP)技术扩增HLA-DRB1四对等位基因,计算各刑别出现频率.结果 (1)HLA-DRB1*11在A组的等位基因频率明显高于B组(38.1% vs 13.0%)(P<0.05);(2)HLA-DRB1*13、HLA-DRB1*03在A、B两组的等位基因频率明显低于C组(4.5% vs 33.3%,9.0%vs 28.6 0A)(P<0.01):(3)HLA-DRB1*07等位基因频率在A、B、C三组间差异无显著性.结论 HLA-DRB1*11与HBV宫内感染有关;HLA-DRB1*03、13可能与HBV清除有关.     

909例儿童胃镜检测结果分析及胃镜护理配合要点

目的探讨儿童胃镜检测结果临床特点及护理配合要点。方法 909例儿童由专科医生及护士相互行配合行胃镜检查。结果 909例患儿胃镜检查结果慢性浅表性胃炎102例,十二指肠球炎171例,慢性浅表性胃炎合并十二指肠球炎516例;消化性溃疡87例,其中胃溃疡6例,十二指肠溃疡51例,复合溃疡15例,球部多发性溃疡15例;,HP阳性率33.7%,0～2岁组0%(0/24),2～5岁组20%(27/135),5～8岁组28.7%(99/345),8～12岁组42.2%(138/327),12～16岁组46.2%(36/78);结论慢性浅表性胃炎及十二指肠球炎为儿童上消化道疾病的主要病种,消化性溃疡发生率8岁后发生率明显增加,较8岁前的发生率差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.72P<0.001),HP感染儿童中HP感染率一般随年龄增加而增加,     

隆起糜烂性胃炎的临床及与幽门螺杆菌感染的相关性研究

目的探讨隆起糜烂性胃炎的临床及与幽门螺杆菌(HP)感染的相关性。方法对71例隆起糜烂性胃炎进行胃镜分型、病理学检查及HP检测,并对根治HP治疗的62例进行1～24月的胃镜随访。结果71例隆起糜烂性胃炎HP感染率87.3%。经根治HP治疗,62例患者上消化道症状缓解率为100%,胃镜随访中有1例癌变。结论HP感染是隆起糜烂性胃炎的主要致病因素之一,隆起糜烂性胃炎与胃癌关系密切,应引起重视,积极治疗。     

高灵敏HBV-DNA技术在乙肝两对半检测中的应用价值

目的：分析高灵敏乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)-DNA技术在乙肝两对半检测中的价值。方法：选取濮阳市人民医院2018-11～2020-10 HBV感染患者94例，根据乙肝两对半检测结果分为3组，A组(n=21)均为大三阳患者，B组(n=45)均为小三阳患者，C组(n=28)为其他类型患者，均行高灵敏HBV-DNA及乙肝两对半检测，统计3组HBV-DNA阳性率及HBV-DNA浓度分布情况，比较HBsAg、HBeAg检出结果与HBV-DNA阳性符合率。结果：3组HBV-DNA阳性率比较差异有统计学意义，且A组85.71%(18/21)>B组28.89%(13/45)>C组7.14%(2/28)(P<0.05);3组不同HBV-DNA浓度分布情况比较差异有统计学意义，且A组HBV-DNA浓度分布>B组>C组(P<0.05);HBV-DNA阳性患者中，HBsAg阳性符合率为93.94%(31/33),明显高于HBeAg阳性符合率54.55%(18/33)(P<0.05)。结论：高灵敏HBV-DNA技术与乙肝两对半检测具有互补作用，其HBV-DNA与HBsAg存...     

恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗对肝癌HBV感染患者的疗效及其对HBV-DNA和肝功能水平的影响

目的:探究恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗对肝癌患者乙肝病毒(HBV)感染的疗效及其对HBV-DNA和肝功能水平的影响。方法:选取2015年4月—2018年5月间收治的肝癌手术患者120例资料,根据其HBV-DNA指标水平(以1.7×10~4U/mL为界限),将其分为高病毒复制组(n=60()A1组30例和A2组30例)和低病毒复制组(n=60)(B1组30例和B2组30例);将A1组和B1组患者均给予恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗,而A2组和B2组未给予恩替卡韦治疗;比较4组患者治疗后术后并发症的发生率差异,以及肝功能、HBV-DNA指标水平测得值的变化情况。结果:A1组和B1组患者恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗后其肝功能水平均显著低于A2组和B2组(P<0.05),并发症的发生率也明显低于A2组和B2组(P<0.05),HBV-DNA指标水平测得值也明显低于A2组和B2组(P<0.05)。结论:针对肝癌HBV感染患者,术后采用恩替卡韦抗病毒治疗有助于改善其肝功能及HBV-DNA指标水平,且安全性较高。     

不同疗程三联疗法治疗小儿慢性浅表性胃炎的疗效观察

目的:探讨奥美拉唑、克拉霉素、阿莫西林三联不同疗程治疗儿童幽门螺杆菌(HP)相关性慢性浅表性胃炎的疗效.方法:将93例HP相关性慢性浅表性胃炎患儿随机分为A、B两组,均口服服奥美拉唑、克拉霉素、阿莫西林,A组疗程为1周,B组疗程为2周.结果:临床有效率:A组93.75%,B组97.78%,P＞0.05,HP根除率A组91.67%,B组95.56%.P＞0.05差异均无显著性.结论:奥美拉唑、克拉霉素、阿莫西林三联治疗小儿HP相关性慢性浅表性胃炎临床疗效好,HP根除率高,不良反应少,安全性好.     

冠脉造影术后股动脉Y-M-1229型动脉压迫器止血和手法压迫止血的对照研究

目的 评价经股动脉冠状动脉造影术(CAG)后股动脉穿刺部位应用Y-M-1229型动脉压迫器止血的效果和安全性.方法 经股动脉途径行CAG的160例患者,随机配对分为两组,A组术后采用Y-M-1229型动脉压迫器压迫止血6小时,B组采用手法压迫30分钟后弹力绷带加压包扎6小时,两组抗血小板和抗凝治疗完全相同,对比分析开始活动时间、止血效果、并发症和对患者舒适度的影响.结果 ①A组止血的成功率为98.8%(79/8 0),B组止血的成功率为9 7.5%(78/80),两组比较x2=0.00,P=1.00,无统计学差异.床上开始活动时间:A组为(21.96±1.91)分钟,B组为(114.76±10.23)分钟,两组比较T =1.00,T=3239.00,P=0.00.②A组主要并发症发生率为1.3%(1/79),B组11.3%(9/71),两组比较x2=6.83,P=0.01,有统计学意义;③患者的舒适度:A组1例尿潴留;B组3例尿潴留,8例背痛,4例腹胀便秘.两组比较x2=105.64,P=0.00,有统计学差异.结论 经股动脉冠状动脉造影术后股动脉穿刺部位应用Y-M-1229型动脉压迫器压迫止血效果好,并发症少,尿潴留、背痛和腹胀便秘等不适的发生率低,值得临床推广.     

思密达联合奥美拉唑在急性糜烂性胃炎引起的上消化道出血治疗中的疗效观察

目的观察思密达联合奥美拉唑在急性糜烂性胃炎引起的上消化道出血的疗效。方法将我院2012年6月至2014年3月住院的急性糜烂性胃炎引起的上消化道出血患者71例纳入本组研究,其中男52例,女19例,年龄16~72岁,平均45.25岁。随机分为两组,A组36例,在常规治疗的基础上加用奥美拉唑20 mg,静脉滴注2次/天,思密达3 g,口服3次/天;B组35例,给予常规治疗的基础上只用奥美拉唑20 mg,静脉滴注2次/天。观察两组上消化道出血72 h后的治疗效果。结果两组上消化道出血的治愈率分别为A组75%(27/36),B组51.4%(18/35)。两组之间有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论思密达联合奥美拉唑在急性糜烂性胃炎引起的上消化道出血的治疗中疗效好,且思密达价格低廉、服用方便、患者耐受性好,便于操作,值得临床推广。     

抗-HBe阳性的HBV携带孕妇所生婴儿感染调查

本文分别对22例 HBsAg 及抗 HBe 双阳性携带孕妇及30例 HBV 感染标志阴性的健康孕妇所生婴儿出生时取脐血和静脉血及3、6、12、24月各作体检和取静脉血检测 HBsAg、抗HBs、HBeAg、抗 HBe、抗-HBc、HBV—DNA 及 SGPT。观察组22例出生婴儿 HBsAg 阳转率为27.3%(6/33),HBV 感染率为68.2%(15/22),SGPT 除1例升高,其余正常。对照组30例出生婴儿 HBsAg 阳转率为3.3%(1/30),HBV 感染率为10%(3/30),SGPT 均正常。两组HBsAg 阳转率有显著性差异(χ~2=6.24;0.01相似文献   

乙肝疫苗联合乙肝免疫球蛋白阻断HBV母婴传播的效果观察

目的探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性,同时血HBV-DNA阳性的母亲经乙肝高效价免疫球蛋白(HBIG)和乙肝疫苗联合免疫后所产婴幼儿的免疫效果。方法 214例双阳性孕妇分为孕期阻断组(A组)(126例),孕妇于孕28周始每4周肌内注射高效免疫球蛋白HBIG200U,共3次;孕期未阻断组(B组)(88例),孕期未进行任何阻断乙肝母婴传播的干预。所有分娩的新生儿于出生6h内注射HBIG100U,并按照0、1、6免疫程序接种乙肝疫苗,5μg/次。随访至12个月,检测婴儿血清乙肝标志物。另外,根据孕妇HBV-DNA载量不同分为:HBV-DNA>1E+5copies/ml组(C组)和HBV-DNA<1E+5copies/ml(D组),分析其婴儿免疫阻断效果。结果 A组孕妇所分娩婴儿12月龄时乙肝表面抗原阳性率为5.56%,HBV阻断率为94.66%,HBsAb阳性率89.68%;B组88例婴儿中,婴儿乙肝表面抗原阳性率为11.36%,阻断率为88.64%,HBsAb阳性率为78.41%;2组乙肝表面抗原阳性率差异无统计学意义,而HBsAb阳性率差异有统计学意义(分别为χ2=2.39,P=0.132;χ2=5.178,P=0.023)。然而,孕妇组婴儿12月龄时乙肝感染率为14.29%,HBV阻断率为85.71%,显著低于C组的94.7%(χ2=4.91,P=0.027)。结论 HBsAg伴HBV-DNA双阳性孕妇HBV母婴阻断成功与否与孕妇HBV-DNA高病毒载量有关,而与母亲孕期应用HBIG阻断是否有关需要进一步研究。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.