喉疣状癌的诊断与治疗(3例报告及文献复习)

目的 探讨喉疣状癌的诊断与治疗。方法对 3例喉疣状癌的临床、病理、诊断、治疗及预后进行回顾性分析。结果 3例喉疣状癌患者均为男性, 年龄 51 ~59岁, 平均年龄 56岁。喉疣状癌诊断较困难, 应反复多次活检才能确诊。其中 1例先后进行两次手术、1次放疗,终因肿瘤复发、组织间变、淋巴转移、肺感染、吞咽梗阻致全身衰竭死亡。2例行喉垂直部分切除术, 随访 5 ~6年无复发。结论　喉疣状癌容易误诊, 追踪观察肿瘤生长方式、外观形态和病理学检查可确诊。喉疣状癌以手术治疗为主, 切除力求彻底, 手术方式首选喉垂直部分切除术。放射治疗不敏感。     

声门型喉癌激光声带切除术后复发病例临床分析

目的：了解支撑喉镜下激光声带切除术治疗早期声门型喉癌复发的临床特点及如何选择再治疗方案。方法：采用波长为532nm的非接触式KTP激光,根据肿瘤大小和侵及深度选择不同术式：Ⅰ型声带切除术16例,Ⅱ型声带切除术63例,Ⅲ型声带切除术21例;对患者术后的复发时间、复发部位、选用术式及原发病变范围等进行分析。结果：1例在术后2个月复发,行激光手术切除,3个月后再复发,再行扩大垂直半喉切除,观察4年无复发。2例在术后3个月复发,1例在术后6个月复发,均行扩大垂直半喉切除,观察4年无复发。1例在术后1年复发,行全喉切除治疗。复发部位在前连合处4例,声带中部1例,其中原发病变T1a 3例,复发率为3．1％;T1b2例,复发率为50．0％。结论：激光声带切除术后复发时间多在半年内,复发部位多在前连合处,早期发现后应首选扩大的部分喉切除术;严格选择手术适应证,熟练的手术技巧是提高疗效的关键。     

喉垂直切除会厌下移喉重建术治疗早期声带癌的疗效观察

目的:评价喉垂直切除会厌下移喉重建术(Tucker技术)治疗早期声带癌(T1b,T2)的效果,明确Tucker技术的手术适应证。方法:回顾性分析139例接受Tucker技术治疗患者的临床资料,其中127例是首次接受治疗的患者(T1b48例,T279例),12例(Tr)是声带癌曾接受过放射治疗或声带切除后复发的患者。计算生存率和评估喉功能恢复情况。结果:T1期患者的5年生存率为91.0%,肿瘤局部控制率为100%;T2期患者的5年生存率为86%,肿瘤局部控制率为94.0%;Tr期患者的5年生存率为64.0%,肿瘤局部控制率为82%。喉功能保留方面:气管拔管率为100%,平均拔管时间10d。胃管拔除率为99.3%(138/139),6例因误咽施行了胃造漏术,1例因顽固性误咽导致吸入性肺炎施行了功能性全喉切除术;平均胃管拔管时间为15d。121例(87.1%)患者获得了好或较好的发声,18例患者的发声质量较差如同耳语声。结论:喉垂直切除会厌下移喉重建术(Tucker技术)是治疗T和T期声带癌的有效手术方法。     

嗓音显微手术治疗早期声门癌的远期疗效观察

目的观察应用嗓音显微手术治疗早期声门癌的远期疗效.方法1989-1997年采用嗓音显微外科技术对44例声带早期癌（T1a）进行了手术治疗.声带早期癌按病变的侵袭深度分为：原位癌（5例）、低侵袭癌（33例）和侵袭癌（6例）.原位癌和低侵袭癌采用微瓣切除技术;对侵袭癌则采取激光切除声带,切缘经过微波或激光处理的方法.每例患者均进行术前、术中和术后录像,术后常规病理送检,并进行长期随访.随访最长时间为11年,最短时间5年.结果应用微瓣切除方法的38例原位癌和低侵袭癌中有6例在手术后随访的2～3年内发现局部复发,局部复发率为15.8%.6例复发患者再次行微瓣切除,其中1例在10年内经历3次微瓣切除手术.1例失随访后1年再次因肿瘤复发就诊,后改喉全切除手术.微瓣切除术病例失访4例,其余随访5年以上均存活,5年生存率为89.5%（失访以死亡计）.应用声带切除术的6例早期侵袭癌中2例于术后2个月发现肿瘤复发而行喉切除术,1例失随访后3年复发改喉全切除术,1例梭型细胞癌术后采用局部放射治疗.声带切除术局部复发率为4/6;3例在3年内死亡,1例3年后失访,2例存活5年以上.结论对病变局限的早期癌,嗓音显微手术不仅能有效地治愈疾病,同时能保护和维持正常的发声功能.对于病变局限在黏膜表面的声带早期癌,嗓音显微手术的微瓣技术不仅是有效的微创治疗措施,同时微瓣切除的病变标本经连续切片的病理诊断也成为了早期声带癌诊断及鉴别诊断的“金标准”.     

喉垂直切除会厌下移喉重建术治疗早期声带癌的疗效观察

目的:评价喉垂直切除会厌下移喉重建术(Tucker技术)治疗早期声带癌(T1b,T2)的效果,明确Tucker技术的手术适应证。方法:回顾性分析139例接受Tucker技术治疗患者的临床资料,其中 127例是首次接受治疗的患者(T1b48例,T279例),12例(Tr) 是声带癌曾接受过放射治疗或声带切除后复发的患者。计算生存率和评估喉功能恢复情况。结果:T1患者的5年生存率为91．0％,肿瘤局部控制率为100％;T2患者的5年生存率为86％,肿瘤局部控制率为94．0％;Tr患者的5年生存率为64．0％,肿瘤局部控制率为82％。喉功能保留方面;气管拔管率为100％,平均拔管时间10d。胃管拔除率为99．3％(138／139),6例因误咽施行了胃造漏术,1例因顽固性误咽导致吸入性肺炎施行了功能性全喉切除术;平均胃管拔管时间为15d。121例(87．1％)患者获得了好或较好的发声,18例患者的发声质量较差如同耳语声。结论:喉垂直切除会厌下移喉重建术(Tucker技术)是治疗T1b和T2期声带癌的有效手术方法。表1参11     

水平性声门切除术的经验─远期效果评价

报道了1973～1984年31例水平性声门切除术的经验，并讨论了远期功能效果及肿瘤疗效（随访至少5年），证实了此手术的有效性及它在喉癌功能外科的最新策略中所处的适当地位。1978年曾报道了水平性声门切除术的操作，即前联合、声带及其软骨支架一并切除，必要时切除范围可延伸至一侧构状软骨或一侧室带。水平性声门切除术包括于水平性功能限切除术（如声门上及重建性喉切除术）之中，它以环甲固定术修复气道纵轴的连续性。手术适应症如下：①与声带原位Z癌（Ti。）有关的弥漫性角化过度症，②声门疣状癌I③双侧声带癌（T；b）】④一侧声带…     

喉癌病人喉部分切除术的远期疗效分析

目的：通过对不同类型喉切除术的临床资料进行分析，对喉部分切除术与喉全切除术的远期疗效加以比较。方法：总结了我们近年治疗的手术治疗喉癌患者中的195例，根据原发肿瘤的部位和侵及范围，对上述195例患者采取不同方法共施行喉裂开肿瘤切除术14例；声门上水平喉切除78例，其中包括声门上扩大水平喉切除术24例，垂直部分喉切除24例，其中包括额侧喉部分切除4例；喉次全切除31例，包括水平垂直喉切除28例，环状软骨舌骨会厌固定术3例，喉全切除术48例。上述病例均经3－5年随访。结果：喉全切除术患者术后5年整体生存为79．2％，部分喉切除者5年整体生存为83．7％，两组间比较无明显差异。术后癌转移和复发是主要的致死原因。颈淋巴结转移对声门上型喉癌的5年生存率有明显影响。通过施行喉部分切除术，所有患者的喉呼吸及发声功能都得到了不同程度的保留。结论：对喉部分切除术的分类及术式选择实行标准化，在彻底切除肿瘤的同时尽可能保全喉功能，对提高喉癌手术的治疗效果和患者的生存质量均具有重要意义。     

声门癌的组织病理学研究一附62例连续切片观察

目的：探讨声门癌的发病特点，生长方式及向外扩展特点，声带固定的意义，术式选择与肿瘤复发率生和生存率的关系。方法：62例中，T137例，T29例，T316例。仅1例为T3N1M0，均为喉鳞癌。手术方法：喉全切除术16例，喉垂直部分切除术25例，声带切除术21例，N1者行同侧颈廓清术。单纯声带切除标本采用石蜡包埋技术，其余采用火棉胶包埋技术，进行连续切片观察。结果：声门癌的生长方式与病理分期有一定关系。临床TNM分期与病理分期不符率为27．4％，估计过低是对喉骨架侵犯估计不足，过高是对肿瘤周围炎性浸润误为肿瘤范围。Reinke’s层、弹力圆锥、声门旁间隙、喉室、甲状软骨都有一定的“屏障”作用，前联合受侵应考虑喉骨架可能受侵。术后局部复发率为12．8％，复发时间为3个月～8年，复发病例中以T2为多。颈淋巴结转移率为4．8％，术后3年生存率98．4％，5年生存率95．2％。结论：声门癌颈部淋巴结转移率低，术后复发率低，生存率高。同侧上下扩展多见，晚期才向对侧扩展。前联合腱是肿瘤向对侧声带、甲状软骨和环状软骨侵犯的通道。声门癌侵及前联合者应考虑喉骨架可能受侵。声带固定不是喉部分切除禁忌证，而是扩大手术范围的指征。     

垂直部分喉切除术:局部复发危险的分析

早期声门癌保守的喉切除术后局部复发仍是一问题,大组病例报道复发率T_1为2～17%,T_2为4～24%。本文对早期声门癌行垂直部分喉切除者肿瘤部位与局部复发的相关性进行分析,以便术前更准确的估价和选择手术方法。共416例,年龄24～90岁。均未行颈廓清、放疗、化疗。经喉裂开声带切除术。(包括甲状软骨内侧软骨膜)168例,扩大的声带切除术包括前联合、杓状软骨声突或喉室底、或双侧声带。半喉切除术248例,行标准的额侧或额前半喉切除术。结果,65例局部复发(15.7%),补救治疗局部复发控制者55例(84.6%),总的局部     

声门水平切除胸骨舌骨肌喉功能重建术治疗T2期声门癌

目的：探讨喉部分切除后胸骨舌骨肌喉功能重建对T2期声门癌的疗效。方法：对1992－1998年66例T2期声门癌患者行喉声门水平部分切除术，同时以胸骨舌骨肌重建声带。结果：全部患者术后2－3周均顺利拔管，恢复了呼吸、吞咽和发音的全部喉功能。复发3例，复发率为4．5％；失访3例，3年生存率为97．0％（64／66例），5年生存率为93．8％（45／48）。结论：喉部分切除后胸骨舌骨肌喉功能重建术在保证患者的生存率的同时，提高了患者的生存质量。     

联合应用颈部肌筋膜及胸舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣行晚期喉癌术后修复

为探讨联合应用颈部肌筋膜瓣行晚期喉癌术后修复的可行性。自1991年2月至1996年12月我们联合应用颈部肌筋膜及胸舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣行晚期喉癌术后修复,治疗22例,术后全部病例均恢复经口进食,并获得不同程度的会话能力,术后3月统计20例拔除气管套管,恢复经口鼻呼吸功能,拔管率90．9％（20／22）,3年生存率72．2％（13／18）,5年生存率63．6％（7／11）。认为联合应用颈部肌筋膜及胸舌骨肌肌筋膜瓣行晚期喉癌术后修复方法可行,有利于保留喉功能。     

Efficacy and morbidity of partial laryngectomy and postoperative radiation therapy

In recent years, we have seen increasing use of partial laryngectomies for larger lesions that were previously treated by total laryngectomy. The resultant closer margins have made postoperative radiation therapy an important adjuvant treatment to conservation laryngeal surgery. We review the University of California, Los Angeles, experience with combination partial laryngectomy and postoperative radiation therapy between 1973 and 1987 for treatment of carcinoma of the larynx. Twenty-four such patients who underwent partial laryngectomies and postoperative radiation therapy are examined. Techniques of treatment, complications, and the functional ability of the remaining larynx are discussed. The locoregional control rate at 5 years was 80%. Risk factors associated with an increased risk of recurrence were positive margins, vascular invasion, and extranodal spread. There were no major problems with postoperative wound healing or airway management during the radiation treatment. Vocal and swallowing function were well preserved in most cases. We conclude that combination partial laryngectomy and radiation therapy permits preservation of laryngeal function without serious complications, and therefore is an effective treatment for selected patients with carcinoma of the larynx.     

声门下癌的临床及其手术治疗

目的 探讨声门下癌的临床特点、手术和重建喉功能的方法及喉声门下部分切除术的可行性。方法 总结 １９８１￣１９９７年声门下癌１３例,Ｔ１－２Ｎｏ６例,Ｔ３Ｎｏ１例,Ｔ３－４Ｎ１－２６例。４例行全喉切除术,９例行喉声门下部分切除术和扩大喉声门下部分切除术（累及气管者）,分别以单侧或双侧皮瓣、肌筋膜瓣整复,喉腔内置“Ｔ”型硅胶管扩张,２￣６个月拨除。其中６例行颈清扫术。结果 除４例全喉切除术者外,余９例     

Does Induction Chemotherapy Still Have a Role in Larynx Preservation Strategies? The Experience of Institut Catala d'Oncologia in Stage III Larynx Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin is the standard alternative to total laryngectomy for patients with locally advanced laryngeal cancer. The value of induction chemotherapy in larynx-preservation therapies remains unknown. Hyperfractionation radiotherapy might improve disease-free survival. METHODS: From August 1993 to August 2004, 71 patients with T3N0-1 larynx tumors and eligible for total laryngectomy received induction chemotherapy with three cycles of cisplatin plus fluorouracil. Clinical tumor response was assessed by indirect laryngoscopy and computed tomography scan. Patients with complete response received hyperfractionation radiotherapy, whereas those without complete response were proposed for total laryngectomy. RESULTS: A total of 71 consecutive patients were included. Thirty-three patients achieved complete response to induction chemotherapy (46.5%), four of them presented a tumor relapse, and all underwent salvage surgery. Seventy-six percent of surviving patients preserved a functional larynx. Despite not achieving complete response, 15 patients refused total laryngectomy and received hyperfractionation radiotherapy. Seven patients presented a tumor relapse and salvage surgery was performed in three of them. Fifty percent of surviving patients preserved a functional larynx. Twenty-two patients without complete response underwent total laryngectomy; three of them presented a tumor relapse but none could be rescued. With a median follow up of 68 months, 5 five-year overall survival, 5-year disease-free survival, and 5-year larynx function preservation survival rates were 68% (confidence interval [CI], 57-80), 75% (CI, 64-87), and 42% (CI, 29-54), respectively. No differences in overall survival were observed between groups. Five-year disease-free survival of patients without complete response who received hyperfractionation radiotherapy was significantly lower than that of the other two groups (P < .02). Ten patients with larynx preservation and no tumor relapse had chronic toxicity that caused the loss of larynx function: seven patients required permanent tracheotomy, two died from pneumonia, and one patient died as a result of a laryngeal necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with complete response to induction chemotherapy in laryngeal carcinoma have a high probability of cure after hyperfractionation radiotherapy. However, hyperfractionation radiotherapy induces a high degree of toxicity that reduces the laryngeal function preservation rate and may jeopardize overall survival.     

Results of treatment of 584 laryngeal cancers at the Ear-Nose-Throat Clinic of Marburg University

The results in the management of 460 vocal cord carcinomas and 124 supraglottic carcinomas are reported. Of the vocal cord carcinomas, 63.3% were diagnosed in the early Tis and T1 stage. Seventy-six tumors were resected endoscopically, 128 by laryngofissure and chordectomy. Not one of these patients has lost his life, larynx or voice. In bilateral tumors of the T1b category, 2 patients developed local recurrences and lost their larynx. Sixty-two carcinomas of the Tis, T1a and T1b categories were irradiated primarily. Two of these patients died and 14 underwent laryngectomy for local recurrence. In T2 carcinomas a 5-year cure rate of 87.5% was achieved by vertical partial resection. The 5-year cure rate after laryngectomy or laryngectomy with neck dissection for T2N0 and T2N+ carcinoma was 86.2% and 75.0% respectively. Most treatment failures were due to late metastases which could not be controlled. In T3 carcinomas with a 5-year cure rate of 71.4% (N0) and 70.0% (N+) respectively, treatment failures were also mainly seen in patients with N0 necks where we did not carry out a prophylactic neck dissection. Five-year survival rates for primary surgery in supraglottic T1-T4 carcinomas were 100%, 82.4%, 84% and 58.3%. The widely hel opinion that laryngeal carcinoma should only be subjected to surgery for irradiation failure can no longer be sustained. More patients lose their larynx or their life after irradiation of small carcinomas than after primary surgery. Furthermore, too many patients have to undergo two major cancer treatments (irradiation and salvage surgery). In larger carcinomas radiotherapy produces a lower survival rate and too many patients require two stressful cancer therapies. The number of retained larynges is not substantially higher than with primary surgery. Primary irradiation for selected cases should be part of every therapy concept that aims at an adequate and individual treatment of every patient.     

声门下癌的临床及其手术治疗

目的　探讨声门下癌的临床特点、手术和重建喉功能的方法及喉声门下部分切除术的可行性。方法　总结 1981～ 1997年声门下癌 13例 ,T1 2 N0 6例 ,T3N0 1例 ,T3 4N1 2 6例。 4例行全喉切除术 ,9例行喉声门下部分切除术和扩大喉声门下部分切除术 (累及气管者 ) ,分别以单侧或双侧皮瓣、肌筋膜瓣整复 ,喉腔内置“T”型硅胶管扩张 ,2～ 6个月拔除。其中 6例行颈清扫术。结果　除 4例全喉切除术者外 ,余 9例均恢复发音功能。 5例拔除气管套管 ,占 5 5 6% ,全部恢复吞咽功能。全喉切除和喉声门下部分切除术的 3、5年存活率分别为 10 0 %、66 7%和 88 9%、75 0 %。结论　对 4 0岁以上的男性声嘶患者应常规行纤维喉镜和动态喉镜检查 ,结合CT、MRI等 ,早期诊断是可能的。对大部分患者仍可行喉声门下部分切除术或扩大切除术。并提出对T3、T4者应酌情行颈清扫术。术后预防性放射治疗是必要的。     

保留一侧杓状软骨的喉次全切除术的远期疗效观察

目的探讨保留一侧杓状软骨的喉次全切除术的疗效。方法分析82例(Ⅲ期73例，Ⅳ期9例；声门上型71例，声门型6例，跨声门型5例)喉鳞状细胞癌患者施行保留一侧杓状软骨的喉次全切除术的远期疗效。结果82例均恢复了发音及吞咽功能，呼吸功能恢复正常者84．2％(69／82)。82例中发生咽瘘2例，创口感染6例，均保守治愈。82例随访均满5年以上，失访5例，随访率为93．9％。5年内死亡26例，其中喉癌局部复发5例，颈淋巴结转移4例，喉癌复发及颈淋巴结转移4例，其他4例(心功能衰竭、心肌梗死、肺转移、直肠癌各1例)，死因不明4例，失访5例。随访满10年者68例，死亡30例(包括5年内死亡之26例，5年后死于喉癌复发1例，死因不明2例，失访1例)，5、10年生存率分别为68．3％(56／82)及55．9％(38／68)。结论保留一侧杓状软骨的喉次全切除术对于T3及某些经过选择的T4期喉癌是可行的。     

会厌在喉部分切除喉功能重建术中的应用

目的　探讨会厌在喉部分切除喉功能重建术中的应用价值。方法　 1 992年 1 2月～1 996年 1月 32例不同分期的声门型、声门上型喉癌行喉部分切除术 ,将残存会厌下移保留喉功能。结果　 2 1例声门型喉癌术后 1 9例拔除气管套管恢复喉的全部功能 ;1 1例声门上型喉癌 5例恢复喉全部功能 ,并于术后 1 4～ 1 8d恢复吞咽功能 ,无 1例出现误吸引起严重并发症。 3年生存率 87 5 %(2 8/ 32 ) ,5年生存率 5 8 3%(7/ 1 2 )。结论　喉部分切除喉功能重建术中会厌取材方便 ,无需重新进行皮肤切口 ;其喉面有完整粘膜 ,创面愈合时间短 ;喉结构重建扩大了喉的左右径 ,提高了术后拔管率同时防止误咽发生 ,对提高喉部分切除术患者术后生存质量有一定作用。     

Anaplastic transformation of verrucous carcinoma following radiotherapy

A 58-year-old man with a verrucous carcinoma of the larynx initially underwent partial laryngectomy followed by radiotherapy when the carcinoma recurred locally. Subsequently, he developed an anaplastic spindle cell carcinoma of the larynx ten months after radiotherapy, which eventuated in his death. The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of verrucous carcinoma remains controversial, and the risk of transforming the low-grade verrucous carcinoma to an anaplastic, metastasizing carcinoma is a real, although uncommon, complication.