单用不同剂量托吡酯与奥卡西平治疗儿科癫(癎)的疗效比较

目的 观察单用不同剂量托吡酯及奥卡西平治疗儿科癫患儿的临床疗效和不良反应.探讨单用托吡酯更安全、更有效的给药方法.方法 儿科癫患儿120例,分为奥卡西平组31例,服用奥卡西平从8～10mg/(kg·d)开始,再逐渐增量到10～30mg/(kg·d),2次/d服用;单用托吡酯组,89例患儿按服药剂量不同又分为低剂量组47例托1组从0.625mg/(kg·d)开始增加至4mg/(kg·d)为止;高剂量组42例托2组从1.5mg/(kg·d)开始,逐增至8mg/(kg·d)为止.结果 托1组总有效率81%,托2组总有效率74%;奥卡西平组总有效率77%,3组比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).托2组不良反应发生率(57%)高于托1组(34%)(P＜0.05).托吡酯组主要不良反应为胃纳差、头痛、感觉异常、嗜睡和体质量减轻.结论 单用较小剂量托吡酯治疗儿科癫发作,疗效好,不良反应少.     

单用不同剂量托吡酯与奥卡西平治疗儿科癫的疗效比较

目的观察单用不同剂量托吡酯及奥卡西平治疗儿科癫患儿的临床疗效和不良反应。探讨单用托吡酯更安全、更有效的给药方法。方法儿科癫患儿120例,分为奥卡西平组31例,服用奥卡西平从8~10mg/(kg.d)开始,再逐渐增量到10~30mg/(kg.d),2次/d服用;单用托吡酯组,89例患儿按服药剂量不同又分为低剂量组47例托1组从0.625mg/(kg.d)开始增加至4mg/(kg.d)为止;高剂量组42例托2组从1.5mg/(kg.d)开始,逐增至8mg/(kg.d)为止。结果托1组总有效率81%,托2组总有效率74%;奥卡西平组总有效率77%,3组比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。托2组不良反应发生率(57%)高于托1组(34%)(P<0.05)。托吡酯组主要不良反应为胃纳差、头痛、感觉异常、嗜睡和体质量减轻。结论单用较小剂量托吡酯治疗儿科癫发作,疗效好,不良反应少。     

托吡酯长期治疗儿童癫(癎)部分性发作疗效及耐受性的观察

目的观察托吡酯长期治疗儿童癫(癎)部分性发作的疗效、耐受性及安全性.方法对86例癫(癎)部分性发作的患儿给予托吡酯加用或单药治疗,起始剂量为0.5～1.0 mg/(kg·d),分2次口服,每周增加0.5～1.0 mg/(kg·d),经过8周加量期及18个月稳定期,观察其疗效、耐受性及安全性.结果 86例患儿完成加量期后,总有效率为61.6%,控制率为37.2%.稳定期6、12及18个月时总有效率分别为68.6%、81.9%及86.4%,控制率分别为46.5%、59.0%及60.5%,稳定期12及18个月时总有效率及控制率与加量期比较差异有显著性(均P<0.05).不良反应多发生在治疗初期,为一过性轻～中度嗜睡、厌食等.在稳定期18个月时仍有78例(90.7%)坚持服用托吡酯.结论托吡酯对儿童癫(癎)部分性发作的长期治疗,具有较高的疗效及较好的安全性与耐受性.     

托吡酯长期治疗儿童癫痫部分性发作疗效及耐受性的观察

目的观察托吡酯长期治疗儿童癫(癎)部分性发作的疗效、耐受性及安全性.方法对86例癫(癎)部分性发作的患儿给予托吡酯加用或单药治疗,起始剂量为0.5～1.0 mg/(kg·d),分2次口服,每周增加0.5～1.0 mg/(kg·d),经过8周加量期及18个月稳定期,观察其疗效、耐受性及安全性.结果 86例患儿完成加量期后,总有效率为61.6%,控制率为37.2%.稳定期6、12及18个月时总有效率分别为68.6%、81.9%及86.4%,控制率分别为46.5%、59.0%及60.5%,稳定期12及18个月时总有效率及控制率与加量期比较差异有显著性(均P<0.05).不良反应多发生在治疗初期,为一过性轻～中度嗜睡、厌食等.在稳定期18个月时仍有78例(90.7%)坚持服用托吡酯.结论托吡酯对儿童癫(癎)部分性发作的长期治疗,具有较高的疗效及较好的安全性与耐受性.     

托吡酯加用及单用治疗老年癫痫间发作的临床观察

目的观察加用及单用托吡酯二种方式治疗老年癫痫间患者的临床疗效和副反应,探讨单用托吡酯更快、更有效的给药方式。方法老年癫痫间患者124人,分为加用组(A组)52例患者,在服用卡马西平或苯妥英钠的基础上加用托吡酯25mg/d,增量25mg/周至200mg/d;单药组72例患者按初始剂量及加量速度不同又分为M1、M2、M3组,M1组患者托吡酯25mg/d,增量25mg/周至200mg/d;M2组患者托吡酯初始剂量50mg/d,增量25mg/周至200mg/d;M3组患者托吡酯初始剂量50mg/d,增量25mg/3d至200mg/d。结果各组患者托哟酯总有效率分别为加用组82.7%,单药组初始剂量25mg/d组82.6%,初始剂量50mg/d,增量25mg/周组84.0%,初始剂量50mg/d,增量25mg/3d组70.8%,加用组和M1、M2组单用托吡酯总有效率比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。发生率比较高的副反应为感觉异常、食欲差和头痛。结论可单用托吡酯并给予较大初始剂量(50mg/d),以25mg/周速度增量治疗老年癫痫间。     

托吡酯加用及单用治疗老年癫癎发作的临床观察

目的观察加用及单用托吡酯二种方式治疗老年癫癎患者的临床疗效和副反应,探讨单用托吡酯更快、更有效的给药方式.方法老年癫癎患者124人,分为加用组(A组)52例患者,在服用卡马西平或苯妥英钠的基础上加用托吡酯25 mg/d,增量25 mg/周至200 mg/d;单药组72例患者按初始剂量及加量速度不同又分为M1、M2、M3组,M1组患者托吡酯25 mg/d,增量25 mg/周至200 mg/d;M2组患者托吡酯初始剂量50 mg/d,增量25 mg/周至200 mg/d;M3组患者托吡酯初始剂量50 mg/d,增量25 mg/3 d至200 mg/d.结果各组患者托哟酯总有效率分别为加用组82.7%,单药组初始剂量25 mg/d组82.6%,初始剂量50mg/d,增量25 mg/周组84.0%,初始剂量50 mg/d,增量25 mg/3 d组70.8%,加用组和M1、M2组单用托吡酯总有效率比较无明显差异(P＞0.05).发生率比较高的副反应为感觉异常、食欲差和头痛.结论可单用托吡酯并给予较大初始剂量(50 mg/d),以25 mg/周速度增量治疗老年癫癎.     

托吡酯加用及单用治疗老年癫痫发作的临床观察

目的 观察加用及单用托吡酯二种方式治疗老年癫痫患者的临床疗效和副反应，探讨单用托吡酯更快、更有效的给药方式。方法 老年癫痫患者124人，分为加用组（A组）：52例患者，在服用卡马西平或苯妥英钠的基础上加用托吡酯25 mg／d，增量25 mg／周至200 mg／d；单药组：72例患者按初始剂量及加量速度不同又分为M1、M2、M3组，M1组患者托吡酯25 mg／d，增量25 mg／周至200 mg／d；M2组患者托吡酯初始剂量50 mg／d，增量25 mg／周至200 mg／d，M3组患者托吡酯初始剂量50 mg／d，增量25 mg／3 d至200 mg／d。结果 各组患者托哟酯总有效率分别为加用组82．7％，单药组初始剂量25 mg／d组82．6％，初始剂量50 mg／d，增量25 mg／周组84．0％，初始剂量50 mg／d，增量25 mg／3 d组70．8％，加用组和M1、M2组单用托吡酯总有效率比较无明显差异（P＞0．05）。发生率比较高的副反应为感觉异常、食欲差和头痛。结论 可单用托吡酯并给予较大初始剂量（50 mg／d），以25 mg／周速度增量治疗老年癫痫。     

单用不同剂量托吡酯与奥卡西平治疗儿科癫痫的疗效比较

目的观察单用不同剂量托吡酯及奥卡西平治疗儿科癫痫患儿的临床疗效和不良反应。探讨单用托吡酯更安全、更有效的给药方法。方法儿科癫痫息儿120例。分为奥卡西平组31例，服用奥卡西平从8～10mg／（kg&#183;d）开始，再逐渐增量到10-30mg／（kg&#183;d），2次／d服用；单用托吡酯组，89例息儿按服药剂量不同又分为低剂量组47例托1组从0．625mg／（kg&#183;d）开始增加至4mg／（kg&#183;d）为止；高剂量组42例托2组从1．5mg／（kg&#183;d）开始，逐增至8mg／（kg&#183;d）为止。结果托1组总有效率81％，托2组总有效率74％；奥卡西平组总有效率77％，3组比较无显著差异（P〉0．05）。托2组不良反应发生率（57％）高于托1组（34％）（P〈0．05）。托吡酯组主要不良反应为胃纳差、头痛、感觉异常、嗜睡和体质量减轻。结论单用较小剂量托吡酯治疗儿科癫痫发作。疗效好。不良反应少。     

托吡酯和丙戊酸钠预防小儿偏头痛的对比研究

目的探索托吡酯预防小儿偏头痛发作的有效性、安全性和耐受性。方法采用前瞻性的方法,给予小儿偏头痛患者口服托吡酯25~50mg/d,分早晚两次口服,从第1周12.5 mg/d开始,每周递增12.5mg,最大量至50 mg/d;丙戊酸钠则从200mg/d,分早晚两次口服,必要时增至400 mg/d。观察患者治疗前后头痛发作频率、天数和疼痛程度,同时将托吡酯和丙戊酸钠的上述指标进行对比。结果平均每月发作频率均较前减少,托吡酯组和丙戊酸钠组分别从12.38次减至3.52次和14.33次减至6.48次,2组差别无显著性;平均每月头痛天数均较前减少,分别从12.43d减至3.38d和14.58d减至7.19d,2组差别无显著性。头痛程度均较前减轻,分别从7.52分减轻至2.00分和7.24分减轻至3.19分,2组无显著差别。托吡酯的不良反应为记忆力下降、食欲减退、发热、上呼吸道感染、头痛加重。结论托吡酯和丙戊酸钠均能有效预防偏头痛发作,且二者疗效无显著性差异。     

奥卡西平治疗癫(癎)部分性发作的疗效观察

目的:观察奥卡西平治疗癫癎部分性发作的疗效.方法:51例部分性发作的癫癎患者采用奥卡西平治疗.成年患者起始剂量300mg/d,根据病情逐渐加量,3d后增至基本维持量(600mg/d),仍有发作者继续加量,2周后达最佳效果或可耐受的最高剂量(1800mg/d);儿童患者起始剂量8-10mg/(kg·d),根据病情每周加1次剂量,每次加量不超过10 mg/(kg·d),直至维持剂量30-40mg/(kg·d).观察治疗后癫癎发作情况及药物不良反应.结果:奥卡西平治疗5个月后,本组患者总有效率为74%,完全控制率为30%.用药1个月内,本组7例患者出现不良反应,1例因全身皮疹停用奥卡西平.结论:奥卡西平治疗癫癎部分性发作的疗效较好,但有时可产生较严重不良反应,临床应用须谨慎.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.