Helicobacter pylori and Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer: Prevalence of the Infection and Role of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs

Background: Several authors have reported low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Our aim was to study the prevalence of H. pylori in bleeding duodenal ulcer (DU), with both invasive and non-invasive methods, and to assess the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods: Ninety-two patients with bleeding DU were prospectively studied. The use of NSAIDs was evaluated by specific questionnaire. As a control group, 428 patients undergoing outpatient evaluation for the investigation of dyspepsia and found to have a DU at endoscopy were included. At endoscopy, two antral biopsies were obtained (H&E stain). A 13C-urea breath test was carried out in all patients. Breath test was repeated in patients treated with omeprazole during the hospitalization if H. pylori was not detected with the first test. Results: Gastric biopsies could be obtained in 39 patients with UGIB. Three patients with UGIB treated with omeprazole and being H. pylori negative with the first breath test were finally considered infected with the second test. Overall, 92.4% (95% CI, 85%-96%) of the patients with UGIB were infected (89.7% with histology and 92.4% with breath test (P = 0.15)). Concordance kappa value for both diagnostic tests was 0.64. NSAID intake was more frequent in patients with UGIB (34%) than in those without UGIB (5.6%) (P < 0.001), while H. pylori infection was less frequent in patients with UGIB (92.4% (85%-96%)) than in those without UGIB (99.1% (98%-100%); P < 0.001). Even in patients with UGIB, NSAID intake was the only risk factor in 5% of cases. The proportion of cases without H. pylori infection and without NSAID intake was very low in both bleeding and non-bleeding ulcers (2% and 0.5%, respectively; P = 0.146). H. pylori prevalence in bleeding ulcers was of 84% (67%-93%) in patients with NSAID intake, and 96.7% (89%-99%) when patients taking NSAIDs were excluded. In the multivariate analysis, NSAID intake (odds ratio, 9.8 (5.2-18.4)) correlated with UGIB; however, neither H. pylori status nor the interaction between H. pylori infection and NSAID intake correlated with UGIB. In the multivariate analysis in the subgroup of patients with UGIB, NSAID use was the only variable which correlated with H. pylori prevalence (odds ratio, 0.18 (0.03-0.97)). Conclusions: The most important factor associated with H. pylori-negative bleeding DU is NSAID use, and if this factor is excluded prevalence of infection is almost 100% (97%), similar to that found in patients with non-bleeding DU (and without NSAID intake). Bleeding DU patients with neither H. pylori infection nor NSAID use are extremely rare (only 2%), which suggests that the pathogenesis of bleeding DU is similar to that of non-complicated DU disease.     

Comparison of Diagnostic Methods for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Patients with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Background: Accuracy of the most frequently used tests for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding of peptic origin is determined. Methods: Seventy-eight patients with endoscopically-proven upper gastrointestinal bleeding of peptic origin were included. The presence of H. pylori was considered when observed from the histology or, if negative, when serology and breath test were both positive. Accuracy of the rapid urease test was estimated in accordance with results obtained with other diagnostic methods. Results: Lesions causing gastrointestinal bleeding were 56 duodenal ulcers, 13 gastric ulcers, 7 pyloric channel ulcers, 13 acute lesions of the gastric mucosa and 16 erosive duodenitis. H. pylori infection was present in 68 patients (87.2%). Forty-four patients had received non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The sensitivity/specificity (%) of the diagnostic methods was 48.5/100 for the rapid urease test, 91/77.8 for the breath test, 89.5/80 for serology and 86.3/100 for histology. The prior consumption of proton-pump inhibitors and antibiotics induced false-negative results in the rapid urease test and breath test, with no effect on serology and histology. Conclusions: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding from peptic lesions is high. Sensitivity of the rapid urease test for diagnosing H. pylori is low in this setting. Cases with negative rapid urease test need the combination of two or more additional tests if diagnosis is to be achieved. Cases with positive rapid urease test do not need further investigation for diagnosis.     

难治性和复发性消化性溃疡的处理

难治性或复发性消化性溃疡的治疗对临床医师而言是一种挑战．使其得到最佳处理的帚要条件是明确引起难治性或复发性消化性溃疡的潜在因素。幽门螺杆菌感染的识别和根除以及抑酸治疗能使溃疡愈合．并预防溃疡的复发。本文对消化性溃疡病难治或复发的原因和处理策略进行详细讨论。     

Helicobacter pylori,Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Smoking in Risk Pattern of Gastroduodenal Ulcers

Background: Helicobacter pylori , NSAID and cigarette smoking are major risk factors for gastroduodenal ulcers. However, the results of studies on the interaction between these factors on ulcerogenesis are controversial. This study was designed to examine the association between gastroduodenal ulcers and H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking and age. Methods: 5967 dyspeptic patients underwent 13 C-urea breath test (UBT) and upper endoscopy, while age and dyspeptic symptoms were reported. Results: Out of 5967 patients, 31.8% were ulcerated; 9.2% had gastric, 17.2% duodenal and 5.4% both gastric and duodenal ulcers. H. pylori was found in 72.5% of gastric ulcer patients, in 83.6% of duodenal ulcer patients, in 76.9% of gastroduodenal ulcer patients and in 64.8% of dyspeptic patients. The gastric, duodenal and gastroduodenal ulcers were related to H. pylori significantly and the respective ORs were: 1.44, 2.77 and 1.81. NSAID alone was used by 6.2%-12.7% of ulcer patients, tending to raise only the risk of gastric ulcer but reducing that of duodenal and gastroduodenal ulcers. The H. pylori prevalence was significantly higher in smokers (76%) than in non-smokers (67%) and the ulcer risk was also significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. About 20% of ulcers were 'idiopathic', i.e. without NSAID and H. pylori and the ratio of these ulcers to all ulcers significantly increased during the 5 years of the study. Conclusions: Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis we conclude that: 1) H. pylori infection, NSAID use, smoking and age play major roles in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcerations; 2) there is a negative interaction between H. pylori and NSAID on duodenal ulcers, suggesting that H. pylori reduces the development of these ulcers in NSAID users, and 3) about 20% of peptic ulcers in the Polish population are unrelated to H. pylori and NSAID use (idiopathic ulcers).     

北京航空航天大学的消化性溃疡病发病情况调查报告

本文对北京航空航天大学10739人教职员工作了消化性溃疡病的发病情况的有关调查,发现消化性溃疡病的总发病率为1.3％,男女之比为3.24∶1(十二指肠溃疡2.84∶1;胃溃疡4.32∶1)。其中以教师发病率最高(62.86％),O型血的发病率为40.29％,并发症的发生率为55.71％。     

Comparison of Gastric Histology Among Swedish and Japanese Patients with Peptic Ulcer and Helicobacter pylori Infection

Background: The natural course of Helicobacter pylori gastritis may vary between different ethnic groups. Gastric histopathology and the occurrence of H. pylori organisms in the stomach were investigated in healed duodenal (DU) and gastric (GU) ulcer patients recruited in Sweden (S) and Japan (J) in an identical trial. Methods: In 203 patients (JGU?=?39, JDU?=?55, SDU?=?109), various morphological gastritis variables and H. pylori were assessed from biopsy specimens obtained using a specific sampling protocol and interpreted according to guidelines of the updated Sydney grading system. Results: The ratio of GU:DU was observed to be very different between the recruited Japanese (39:55) and Swedish (0:109) patients. A comparison of data from SDU and JDU showed that the prevalence of H. pylori infection and the antral predominant gastritis demonstrated by both SDU and JDU were essentially identical. A comparison of data from JDU and JGU demonstrated a greater prevalence of H. pylori infection in the antrum, but not corpus, of JDU compared to JGU patients. The prevalence of atrophy and intestinal metaplasia was higher in both the antrum and corpus of JGU compared to JDU in all patients. Conclusions: The site specified biopsy methodology and standardized interpretation criteria utilized in this study clearly show that the histotopographic profile of Swedish and Japanese DU patients is essentially the same.     

国产法莫替丁治疗消化性溃疡多中心双盲及开放的临床研究

我们用青岛制药厂生产的新H_2受体阻滞剂法莫替丁在北京、沈阳、大连、锦州和青岛等七家医院进行了治疗消化性溃疡的多中心临床研究。300例患者服用法莫替丁20mg一天二次共6周,并用甲氰味呱400mg一天一次共6周进行对照(179)。分双盲摸拟和开放两组进行。结果表明法莫替丁在治疗消化溃疡方面疗效与甲氰味呱相似。双盲组中愈合率分别为89.6％与80％(P>0.05),总有效率分别为95.8％与91％(P>0.05)。开放组中法莫替丁愈合率为86.9％,甲氰咪呱组为65％,两组比较P值<0.05。两组的总有效率为96.8％与92.4％(P>0.05)。结果同时表明法莫替丁对十二指肠溃疡和胃溃疡的疗效相似(愈合率为87.5％与86.8％,P>0.05)。未发现法莫替丁组有明显副作用,我们认为,法莫替丁是一种新的、强效的、作用时长的H_2受体阻滞剂,病人易耐受,副作用小,且无抗雄性激素的副作用。     

幽门螺旋杆菌感染及非甾体抗炎药对消化性溃疡出血的影响研究

目的探讨服用非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）和幽门螺旋杆菌（H.pylori）感染与消化性溃疡出血的关系。方法选取我院2007年5月—2009年4月消化内科收治的消化性溃疡患者218例,均行内镜检查确诊为消化性溃疡（复合性溃疡除外）,同时行病理学检查以排除胃癌患者。对消化性溃疡并发出血的危险因素行单因素和多因素的分析。结果在单因素分析中,出血组与未出血组患者中年龄≥60岁的患者、有消化道出血史患者、有心脑血管病史者、有多个溃疡患者所占据的比例间比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;进一步行多因素的分析发现,患者年龄≥60岁、患有消化性溃疡史、消化道出血史、心脑血管疾病史和单纯的H.pylori感染、单纯服用NSAIDs、H.pylori感染并同时服用NSAIDs为消化性溃疡并发出血的危险因素。结论幽门螺旋杆菌感染并未增加溃疡并发出血的危险性,但是当服用NSAIDs、年龄≥60岁、消化性溃疡或伴有出血病史、心脑血管疾病史等因素联合可以增加消化性溃疡出血的危险性。     

Diagnosis and Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic ulcer disease continues to be a source of significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of patients found to have peptic ulcer disease are asymptomatic. In symptomatic patients, the most common presenting symptom of peptic ulcer disease is epigastric pain, which may be associated with dyspepsia, bloating, abdominal fullness, nausea, or early satiety. Most cases of peptic ulcer disease are associated with Helicobacter pylori infection or the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or both. In this review, we discuss the role of proton pump inhibitors in the management of peptic ulcer disease, highlight the latest guidelines about the diagnosis and management of H. pylori, and discuss the latest evidence in the management of complications related to peptic ulcer disease, including endoscopic intervention for peptic ulcer-related bleeding. Timely diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcer disease and its sequelae are crucial in order to minimize associated morbidity and mortality, as is prevention of peptic ulcer disease among patients at high risk, including those infected with H. pylori and users of NSAIDs.     

幽门螺杆菌感染根除与老年消化性溃疡发生、复发关系的研究

目的　探讨老年消化性溃疡发生、复发与幽门螺杆菌 (Hp)感染的关系。方法　应用 PCR法对 78例老年性消化性溃疡幽门螺杆菌感染及幽门螺杆菌感染根除治疗后半年、 1年幽门螺杆菌再感染者进行了测定。结果　幽门螺杆菌检出率老年组明显高于青年组 ,Hp根治率青年组明显高于老年组 ,经 Hp根除治疗组溃疡愈合率明显高于未根除治疗组。结论　老年消化性溃疡发生与幽门螺杆菌感染密切相关 ,在溃疡治疗中 ,根除 Hp感染对减少溃疡复发具有重要临床意义     

浙江汉族人群Toll样受体4基因多态性与幽门螺杆菌相关消化性溃疡的关系

背景：幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori）感染是消化性溃疡的主要病因,然而其致病性存在个体差异,可能与宿主遗传易感性和先天性免疫机制有关。Toll样受体（TLR）在机体的先天性抗感染免疫中起重要作用。目的：探讨浙江汉族人群TLR4基因Asp299Gly多态性与H.pylori相关消化性溃疡的关系。方法：以聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）方法检测118例浙江汉族消化性溃疡患者和210名健康对照者的TLR4基因Asp299Gly等位基因和基因型;行快速尿素酶试验和血清H.pyloriIgG检测判断H.pylori感染情况。结果：本组浙江汉族人群TLR4基因Asp299Gly均为AA纯合子基因型,未见突变基因型AG和GG。消化性溃疡组H.pylori感染率为94.9%,显著高于正常对照组的62.4%（P=0.000）;两组Asp299Gly基因型频率差异无统计学意义。结论：浙江汉族人群TLR4基因Asp299Gly多态性与H.pylori相关消化性溃疡无相关性。     

Effect of Short-term Treatment with Regular or High Doses of Omeprazole on the Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Bleeding Peptic Ulcer Patients

Background: It is unknown whether short-term regular or high-dose omeprazole has any influence on the colonization of Helicobacter pylori in the stomach. We therefore studied the effect of 3-day treatment of 2 different doses of omeprazole. Methods: H. pylori -positive patients with peptic ulcer bleeding ( n &#114 = &#114 101) were randomized to receive either a regular dose (20 &#114 mg/day for 3 days) ( n &#114 = &#114 51) or a high dose of omeprazole (80 &#114 mg bolus &#114 + &#114 8 &#114 mg/h infusion/day for 3 days) ( n &#114 = &#114 50). H. pylori status was assessed by histology and urease testing of gastric biopsies pre-entry and after 3-day therapy. Results: With the high dose of omeprazole, tests for the diagnosis of H. pylori became negative significantly more often than with the regular dose (60% versus 27.5%, P &#114 = &#114 0.001 (any test), 67.6% versus 31.7%, P &#114 = &#114 0.003 (histology) and 82.2% versus 43.6%, P &#114 = &#114 0.001 (urease test)). Conclusion: Conversion of the H. pylori tests negative after 3-day treatment of omeprazole is dose-dependent. The diagnosis of H. pylori infection depends on the timing of biopsies in relation to the beginning of proton-pump inhibitor treatment. If samples to find H. pylori are not taken before the treatment, the presence of the bacteria may be overlooked.     

消化性溃疡患者血管活性肠肽与十二指肠胃反流和幽门螺杆菌感染关系的研究

背景：消化性溃疡（PU）和十二指肠胃反流（DGR）患者的血浆血管活性肠肽（VIP）含量常高于正常水平，而幽门螺杆菌（H.pylori)感染可能参与PU的发病。目的：探讨PU患者的VIP和DGR和H.pylori感染的关系。方法：采用放射免疫测定（RIA）检测34例胃溃疡（GU）患者、42例十二指肠球部溃疡（DU）患者和30例健康人的血浆VIP含量；放射性核素^99mTc-EHIDA显像法测定DGR；双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）检测血清H.pylori IgG抗体，Giemsa染色检测胃黏膜H.pylori。结果：GU组的血浆VIP含量显著高于DU组和正常对照组（P＜0．01）；DGR阳性率亦显著高于DU组（P＜0．05）。DGR阳性组的血浆VIP含量显著高于DGR阴性组（P＜0．01）。H.pyori阳性组的血浆VIP含量显著低于H.pylori阴性组（P＜0．05）。结论：PU患者血浆VIP含量升高可能是DGR发生的重要因素之一。     

不同细胞色素P4502C19基因型肝病合并消化性溃疡患者泮托拉唑钠血药浓度测定

细胞色素P4502C19（CYP2C19）基因多态性对第一代质子泵抑制剂（PPI）的代谢有直接影响。CYP2C19的表达具有肝脏特异性。目的：观察不同CYP2C19基因型肝病合并消化性溃疡患者泮托拉唑钠代谢的差异，探讨肝脏病变对CYP2C19活性的影响。方法：合并消化性溃疡的2l例原发性肝癌患者和22例脂肪肝患者纳入研究，25名健康志愿者作为对照。受试者口服泮托拉唑钠40mg／d一周，分别于服药ld和7d后采血，以反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆泮托拉唑钠浓度。结果：服药7d后，健康对照组、脂肪肝组和原发性肝癌组CYP2C19强代谢者的血浆泮托拉唑钠浓度均显著低于弱代谢者（P〈0．05）。无论是强代谢者还是弱代谢者，服药7d后血浆泮托拉唑钠浓度均表现为原发性肝癌组〉脂肪肝组〉健康对照组（P〈O．05）。结论：CYP2C19活性与肝病严重程度呈负相关。终末期肝病患者泮托拉唑钠血药浓度明显升高，尤其是CYP2C19弱代谢者。     

Helicobacter pylori Genotypes and Expression of Gastritis in Erosive Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease

Background: Epidemiological studies suggest a negative association between Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Moreover, cagA-positive strains are reported to protect from complications of GORD. The aim of this study was to determine virulence factors (cagA, vacA and iceA) of H. pylori strains and the pattern of gastritis in patients with GORD in comparison with patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) or functional dyspepsia (FD). Methods:H. pylori strains isolated from gastric biopsies of 105 consecutive patients with mild to moderate erosive GORD (n?=?35, LA grade A-B), and from sex- and age-matched patients with DU (n?=?35) or FD (n?=?35 without reflux symptoms) were investigated. CagA, vacA, and iceA genotypes were determined by PCR analysis of the isolates. Gastritis was classified in accordance with the updated Sydney classification. Results: The prevalence of all three H. pylori virulence factors was higher in patients with GORD (cagA[Formula: See Text] 80%, vacA s1 77%, iceA1 71%) and DU (cagA[Formula: See Text] 83%, vacA s1 80%, iceA1 74%) than in patients with FD (cagA[Formula: See Text] 40%, vacA s1 49%, iceA1 46%). Gastritis activity in the antrum and corpus did not differ between the three groups. However, lymphocytic infiltration of the gastric antral mucosa was more pronounced in DU patients than in those with GORD or FD. Conclusions:H. pylori strains obtained from patients with mild to moderate erosive GORD show a virulence pattern similar to that found in DU patients. The presence of these virulence factors does not appear to protect against erosive lesions in the oesophagus.     

An Examination of the Alcohol Consumption and Peptic Ulcer Association—Results of a National Survey

Excessive alcohol consumption causes damages to the stomach or duodenum by impairing the integrity of the mucosal barrier. The aim of this study was to estimate the association between alcohol consumption and peptic ulcer, utilizing a large representative sample of the U.S. population, while controlling for cigarette smoking and major sociodemographic variables. Results indicated that alcohol consumption only minimally increased the odds of peptic ulcer. Thus, this study offers little support for the association between ethanol intake and peptic ulcer.     

Low Frequency of Upper Gastrointestinal Complications in a Cohort of High-Risk Patients Taking Low-Dose Aspirin or NSAIDS and Omeprazole

Background: There is very little information available on the incidence of complications and on the best prevention therapy in high-risk patients taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and/or aspirin. Randomized-controlled trials in such patients are rare for ethical reasons. We studied the incidence of gastrointestinal complications in high-risk patients taking long-term low-dose aspirin or non-aspirin-NSAIDs combined with omeprazole in a real-life clinical setting. Methods: This was a multicentre, prospective and observational study including 247 consecutive high-risk patients who had a clinical indication for long-term treatment with either low-dose aspirin or non-aspirin NSAIDs and omeprazole therapy. The occurrence of gastrointestinal complications was measured. Results: In addition to a recent history of peptic ulcer bleeding, all patients had at least 1 other risk factor and 112 (45.3%) had 3 or more risk factors; 78.9% were taking low-dose aspirin and the remainder non-aspirin NSAIDs. Mean follow-up was 14.6 ± 10.38 months. Three patients taking low-dose aspirin developed upper gastrointestinal bleeding (1.2%; 95% CI 0.3-3.5; 1.0 event/100 patients/year). This was similar to the rate observed in studies involving non-high-risk patients taking low-dose aspirin and higher than that observed in patients not taking low-dose aspirin. Two additional patients developed a lower gastrointestinal bleeding event (0.81% (0.04%-3.12%); 0.67 events/100 patients/year), which was within the range expected in NSAID users. Conclusions: The use of omeprazole in the high-risk patient taking low-dose aspirin or NSAIDs seems to be a safe therapeutic approach in this population and is associated with a low frequency of upper gastrointestinal complications.