Systemic immune response after open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis: a prospective randomized study

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic surgery is thought to reduce the postoperative immunologic effects of surgical trauma. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of surgical trauma on systemic inflammation and the immune response in acute cholecystitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with acute calculous cholecystitis were assigned to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC, n=18) or open cholecystectomy (OC, n=15). Blood samples were obtained preoperatively and on postoperative day 1 (24 h after surgery) and day 3 (72 h after surgery), and blood concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), leukocyte subpopulations, as well as levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) ex vivo secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured in both groups. RESULTS: Hospitalization was significantly shorter in the LC group than in the OC group (LC group: 3.7+/-1.2 days versus OC group: 6.3+/-2.7 days, p=0.010). There was no postoperative morbidity in the LC group, but two patients in the OC group had postoperative complications. Postoperative TNF-alpha ex vivo secretion by PBMCs and PBMC counts in the OC group were significantly lower than those in the LC group (p=0.002). The CRP level declined by postoperative day 3, but was significantly less in the OC group than in the LC group (p<0.001). Postoperative monocyte counts significantly decreased in the OC group compared with those in the LC group (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A laparoscopic approach appears to cause less surgical trauma and immunosuppression than open surgery in patients with acute cholecystitis.     

急性结石性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除手术临床分析

目的探讨结石性胆囊炎急性炎症期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的手术技巧及手术指征。方法对急性炎症期LC 221例与同期急性炎症期开腹胆囊切除术（OC）158例作对照,回顾性总结379例急性结石性胆囊炎手术治疗临床资料,体会炎症期LC手术技巧。结果LC组术中情况、切口感染情况、术后平均住院时间均优于OC组。结论急性炎症期LC在具备熟练手术技巧时,是一种安全有效的术式。     

Effects of open vs. laparoscopic cholecystectomy on oxidative stress

Elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is established as the treatment of choice for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis and is now proposed for the treatment of acute cholecystitis. The aim of this study is to evaluate biochemical aspects of open (OC) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). We measured the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the levels of nitrite+nitrate as stable end products of nitric oxide (NO). MDA and nitrite+nitrate levels were increased at both surgical procedures compared to preoperative period, but the rise was more significant in OC than LC. These results showed that both OC and LC caused an increase in oxidative stress. However LC caused significantly less oxidative stress and the changes during surgery returned to preoperative values after LC in a shorter period. The beneficial effects of laparoscopic surgery may be related, partially, to less oxidative stress in the immediate postoperative period.     

急性胆囊炎126例手术治疗的回顾性研究

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的可行性。方法2003年1月至2007年12月行胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎／26例,其中腹腔镜胆囊切除术52例,开腹胆囊切除术74例,比较两种手术的手术时间、术中出血量、下床活动时间、术后排气时间、切口感染率、住院时间、住院综合费用。结果126例急性胆囊炎患者均手术成功,两组病例除手术时间、术中出血两项指标无显著差异,但腹腔镜胆囊切除术组术后下床活动时间、术后排气时间、住院时间、切口感染率、放置引流管比率和住院综合费用等各项指标均优于开腹胆囊切除术组,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论和开腹胆囊切除术相比,腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎具有创伤小、并发症少和平均住院时间短等优点,是治疗急性胆囊炎可行的手术方式。     

经脐单孔与三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术疗效对比

【摘要】目的：探讨经脐单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术 ( transumbilical single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy， TUSPLC) 的手术可行性和经验体会。方法：回顾性分析我院2020 年3月～2021年11月开展TUSPLC 51例患者及三孔法LC 51例患者的临床资料。结果：TUSPLC组手术时间显著长于三孔法LC组[(49.4±13.3)min Vs (31.2±11.51)min]，TUSPLC组增加戳孔的例数显著多于三孔法LC组[(5（9.8%)]Vs [1(1.96%))]，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；但TUSPLC组较三孔法LC组，术后止痛剂使用例数更少[4（7.85%）Vs[17(33.3%)]，术后腹壁疤痕满意度评分更高[(3.88±0.11)分 Vs (2.75±0.31)分]，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；TUSPLC组的手术出血量、术后并发症及住院天数与三孔法LC组比较没有差异（P>0.05）。 结论：TUSPLC在有丰富的二孔LC经验的基础上是安全可行的，也是现阶段最能体现NOTES理念的手术，选择合适的患者可做推广。     

Laparoendoscopic single-site cholecystectomy: A randomized controlled study

Abstract

This study reports the initial experience with laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) cholecystectomy and compares it with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) through a randomized controlled trial. Sixty selective patients diagnosed with cholelithiasis or polyp lesion of the gallbladder (PLG) were randomly divided into two groups undergoing either LESS cholecystectomy or LC separately. The clinical data about operations and recovery of the two groups were compared. In the LESS group 28 of 30 patients underwent LESS cholecystectomy successfully and the remaining two (6.7%) were converted to standard laparoscopic surgery. LC was successfully performed in all patients in the control group. Mean operative time of LESS cholecystectomy group and LC group was 55.6 ± 25.7 versus 42.7 ± 18.6 (p < 0.05). Mean postoperative hospital stay was 3.7 ± 1.3 versus 3.8 ± 0.8 days (p < 0.05). Mean pain index was 2.8 ± 0.6 versus 3.7 ± 1.1 (p < 0.05). A questionnaire revealed that the mean scores of satisfaction with the operation were 8.9 ± 0.7 versus 8.1 ± 1.5 (p < 0.05). LESS cholecystectomy is safe, feasible, minimally invasive, and cosmetic. It is a reasonable alternative to selective patients with uncomplicated cholelithiasis and PLG. But larger controlled studies are still needed.     

LAPAROSCOPIC TREATMENT OF ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

Objctive: To assess the current treatment of AC in a single institution in the series, which the best treatment modality for acute cholecystitis (AC) is still under debate, whereas early cholecystectomy is accepted as the optimal timing for surgery. Methods: From December 1996 to December 2001, 138 (102 women and 36 men) patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis confirmed by histopathological examination. The patients ranged in age from 21 to 85 years of age ( mean age: 45.3 years). Patients were divided into 2 groups (similar in age and ASA classification): group 1 (98 patients) underwent LC within 3 days after the onset of symptoms of acute cholecystitis and group 2 (40 patients) underwent LC after 3 days. Results: Approximately one half of the cases were uncomplicated, 26 %were empyema, 13 % had gangrenous changes and 7% had hydrops of the gallbladder. Conversion to open cholecystectomy was required in 21 (15.2%) cases. The principal reason for conversion was anatomic uncertainty (14 cases), uncontrolled bleeding (7 cases). The conversion rates in patients who underwent surgery before and after the onset of symptoms were respectively 6 : 15. There was no significant difference in operative time (122.0 min in 1 group versus 124.0 min in 2 group) and postoperative stay ( 5.1 days in group 1 vs 6.8 days in group 2). The hepatorenal space was drained in 78 (56.5 % ), and the drain is removed in 3rd postoperative days. Twenty six patients (18.8%) had undergone previous abdominal surgery. Thirty seven patients (26.8%) had spillage of bile and/or stones during the procedure. There were no deaths and major complications. Conclusions: LC for acute cholecystitis should be done immediately after the diagnosis is established because delaying surgery allows inflammation to become more intense, thus increasing the technical difficulty of LC. Intraoperative spillage of bile and stones does not lead to an increase in early complications. LC is safe and effective for acute cholecystitis even when complicated previous surgery, inflammatory adhesions and gangrene. LC has significantly fewer operative complications and provides shorter hospital stay which are medical and economic benefits. LC is safe and effective for acute cholecystitis.     

LC和OC在高龄高危高难度胆囊炎治疗中的对比研究

目的探讨高龄高危高难度胆囊炎的最佳手术方法。方法将69例高龄高危高难度胆囊炎患者随机分成两组,分别为腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)和开腹胆囊切除(OC)两种手术方法治疗,LC组32例,OC组37例,观察手术恢复及并发症等情况。结果LC组较OC组的创伤小、痛苦小、恢复快、并发症发生率低等。从手术时间、术中出血量、疼痛指数、肠功能恢复时间、住院时间、并发症发生率等,LC组明显优于OC组(P<0.001或P<0.05)。结论对高龄高危高难度胆囊炎的外科治疗LC与OC比较,从避免并发症,减轻病人痛苦,提高治疗效果及病人生活质量等方面来看,LC为首选。     

腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆囊炎的手术时机与疗效探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎的手术时机与疗效。方法回顾性分析该院2000年1月~2003年12月间收治的137例行腹腔镜手术的急性胆囊炎病例临床资料。依据发病至手术的时间长短分成早期手术组(48 h内手术,n=43)和晚期手术组(48 h后手术,n=94),并比较两组间各项临床资料。结果早期手术组和晚期手术组的中转开腹率分别为2.3%和17.0%(P<0.05),早期手术组的手术时间,术后住院天数和总住院时间明显短于晚期手术组(P<0.01)。结论腹腔镜手术是治疗急性胆囊炎安全有效的术式。自发病起48 h内施行腹腔镜手术是最佳手术时机,具有极低的中转开腹率,更短的手术时间、术后住院天数和总住院时间等优点。     

A randomized controlled trial for evaluation of lower abdominal laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: To improve minimally invasive outcomes, we designed a new procedure, lower abdominal laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LALC). This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of LALC versus classical (CLC) and single-incision (SILC) laparoscopic cholecystectomy on reducing systemic acute inflammatory response, improving cosmesis, and postoperative pain relief.

Material and methods: Beginning from July 2014, 105 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to three groups: LALC, CLC, and SILC. The primary endpoint was the determination of systemic inflammatory response to the surgery. Other outcome measures included cosmesis, postoperative pain, and perioperative indices.

Results: Each of the three groups consisted of 35 patients. The duration of the operation was significantly longer in the SILC group (p= .005). The rates of adverse events were similar. Changes in interleukin-6 (p?= .001) and tumor-necrosis factor-α (p?= .016) measured before and after surgery differed significantly; patients who underwent LALC had the smallest change in inflammatory response. Cosmesis scores at one (p?= .002) and 12 (p?= .004) weeks after surgery favored LALC and SILC. Significant differences in pain scores at four (p?= .011) and 12?h (p?= .024) postoperatively were also observed.

Conclusions: In selected patients, LALC shows more advantages in terms of lower systemic inflammatory response, improved cosmesis, and a favorable postoperative pain profile when compared with CLC and SILC.     

小切口直视下胆囊切除术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较研究

目的：比较小切口胆囊切除术(MC)与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)创伤应激反应的程度差异、代谢改变以及术式特点。方法：选择62例慢性胆囊炎、胆囊结石、胆囊息肉患者，随机分为MC组和比组，每组各31例，圈手术期分别测定血清胰岛素、生长激素、皮质醇水平，并监测手术前后动脉血气和酸碱平衡，记录平均手术时间、肠蠕动恢复时间及住院时间和医疗费用。结果：MC与比组创伤应激反应的程度无显著差异。PO2在MC组圈手术期无明显变化，比组术后第1天明显下降。SO22组术后第1天均较术前明显下降，第3天2组均恢复至术前水平。H2CO3和BE在LC组术后第3天明显低于MC组；PH值在比组术后第1天明显低于MC组。MC与LC两种术式在手术时间、肠蠕动恢复时间以及住院时间上无显著差异，但在医疗费用方面比明显高于MC。结论：MC与LC所引起的创伤应激反应的程度相近，MC对呼吸及代谢的影较LC小，与LC相比MC更为安全、简单、经济并且适应症广泛。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术与传统开腹术治疗急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎的临床疗效比较

[目的]对比腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）与传统开腹术（OC）治疗急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎的临床效果.[方法]回顾性分析2011年5月至2013年12月在本院手术治疗的158例急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎临床资料.在知情同意的原则下,由患者自主选择治疗方案,将其分为LC治疗的观察组（82例）和OC治疗的对照组（76例）.比较两组患者手术成功率、术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间、并发症率等.[结果]观察组手术成功率98.9％,1例患者中转开腹手术;对照组手术成功率100.0％,略优于观察组,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;观察组手术时间及住院时间为（67.1±14.8）min和（4.9±1.9）d,均明显较对照组（92.5±17.8）min和（7.9±2.0）d短;术中出血量为（43.7±12.4）mL,明显较对照组（77.9±16.5）mL少;术后并发症发生率为4.9％,明显较对照组19.7％低,两组间上述各指标对比差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.[结论]在急性结石嵌顿性胆囊炎的手术治疗中,LC手术较OC手术有显著的优势,值得临床推广应用.     

Immunological status of patients before and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A number of immune complexes are known to become significantly altered following surgical stress. The degree of immunosuppression has been reported to be less following laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) as compared to open cholecystectomy (OC). These complex immunological changes were therefore studied in 31 patients (10 male and 21 female) with uncomplicated gall-stones, undergoing either OC (n=15) or LC (n=16). The duration of symptoms and sex distribution were similar in the two groups. The OC group patients were relatively older than the LC group. The types of anaesthetic agents used and duration of surgery were also the same in the two groups. Ten healthy volunteers were studied to serve as control for the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT). Blood samples were drawn preoperatively and at various time intervals after surgery. Both the humoral (immunoglobulins and complements) as well as cellular components (LTT) of the immune system were studied. All patients with cholelithiasis were found to have significantly depressed LTT response to mitogen in the preoperative period as compared to the control group. tmmunoglobulin IgG and complement C3 values fell significantly immediately after surgery, in the OC group. These, however, returned to normal on the third post-operative day. LTT response in the OC group did not show any significant change from the preoperative value. In the LC group a significant drop following surgery was seen only in IgG level. The LTT response on the other hand showed significant increase following LC. The duration of surgery in the LC group (≤90 vs >90min) did not have any effect on immune parameters. The present study has thus confirmed that patients with gall-stones have depressed immune status to start with. Following LC, the immune status has been shown to be better than preoperative status and even quickly returned to normal level while significant depression had persisted following OC.     

Impact of timing of bile duct interventions on resource use and clinical outcome of cholecystectomy patients in Japan

Aims Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is increasingly used for acute cholecystitis, in conjunction with staged bile duct interventions (BDIs). However, few studies have evaluated the impact of BDI timing on costs and clinical outcomes during hospitalization. This study assessed the effects of several types of BDI and their timing on resource utilization and complications. Methods A total of 13 738 cholecystectomy patients were treated for benign gallbladder diseases in 66 academic and 376 community hospitals in Japan in 2006. Variables analysed included: BDIs including endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneous gallbladder or common bile duct drainage (external drainage), endoscopic sphincterotomy, clearance of choledocholithiasis (internal drainage); and length of stay (LOS), total charges (TCs), procedure‐related complications, and hospital function. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the impact of LC or BDIs on LOS, TCs and complications. Results A total of 11 690 (85.1%) patients underwent LC. Inflammation was diagnosed in 70.7% of open cholecystectomy (OC) and 42.1% of LC patients. Complications were 7.7% in OC and 5.4% in LC patients. LC was associated with reduced LOS and TCs. BDIs were performed in more OC than LC patients. Preoperative was more costly than postoperative ERCP. Postoperative external drainage was significantly associated with LOS, TCs and complications. Advantages of pre‐ or postoperative internal drainage were not proven. Conclusions External drainage should be completed preoperatively. Postoperative ERCP may be preferable for bile duct scrutiny alone. Further evaluation of the timing of cholecystectomy will determine precisely the superiority of pre‐ or postoperative BDIs in terms of quality of care for complicated patients.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gangrenous cholecystitis in around nineties: Two case reports

BACKGROUNDGangrenous cholecystitis is a form of acute cholecystitis which involves gangrenous alterations in the gallbladder wall and it often follows an acute and serious course. We herein report on two cases of very elderly people diagnosed early with gangrenous cholecystitis, who safely underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and both demonstrated a good outcome.CASE SUMMARYCase 1: An 89-year-old female. She underwent abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) due to abdominal pain and diarrhea. Her gallbladder wall indicated the absence of contrast enhancement, thus leading to diagnosis of gangrenous cholecystitis and she therefore underwent LC. Although her gallbladder demonstrated diffuse necrosis and it was also partly perforated, she was able to be discharged without any serious complications. Case 2: A 91-year-old female. She made an emergency visit with a chief complaint of abdominal pain. Abdominal CECT revealed swelling of the gallbladder and an ambiguous continuity of the gallbladder wall. She was diagnosed with gangrenous cholecystitis and underwent LC. Her gallbladder had swelling and diffuse necrosis. Although her preoperative blood culture was positive, she showed a good outcome following surgery.CONCLUSIONAlthough a definite diagnosis of gangrenous cholecystitis is difficult to make prior to surgery, if an early diagnosis can be made and appropriate treatment can be carried out, then even very elderly individuals may be discharged without major complications.     

超声检查在急性胆囊炎腹腔镜胆囊切除术前的应用价值

目的 评价术前超声检查对预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗急性胆囊炎难度的价值。方法 对180例因急性胆囊炎接受LC的患者,术前超声检查综合分析胆囊轮廓、胆囊颈部、囊壁厚度、囊壁回声、囊内回声情况,评估胆囊周围、Calot三角区的粘连程度,并与手术病理进行对照。结果 超声检查综合性评估胆囊与周围组织粘连程度的敏感度为92.78%(90/97),特异度为93.98%(78/83),准确率为93.33%(168/180)。结论 术前超声检查对预测LC治疗急性胆囊炎的难度有重要价值。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗老年急性结石性胆囊炎的体会

目的:评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic cholecystectomy,简称LC)治疗老年急性结石性胆囊炎的效果。方法:2006年～2008年对我院56例老年急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后对其疗效进行评价。结果:对56例66岁～91岁、发病时间在48小时内的老年性急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后随访3月以上,均恢复良好,未发生不良反应。结论:老年结石性胆囊炎急性发作,发病在48小时内如及时就诊,合理治疗合并症,老年人均可耐受LC,手术成功的关键在于术前准备充分,治疗合理、及时,术中操作仔细、认真,术后严密观察病情,积极对症治疗合并症、处理并发症,均可取得良好的效果。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术对急性结石性胆囊炎患者炎症反应、免疫功能及近期生活质量的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术对急性结石性胆囊炎患者炎症反应、免疫功能及近期生活质量的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年6月至2019年5月于我院普外科接受开腹胆囊切除术(对照组,40例)与腹腔镜胆囊切除术(观察组,40例)的急性结石性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。比较两组的治疗效果。结果观察组的手术时间短于对照组,术中出血量少于对照组(P<0.05)。术后12、24、36、48 h,观察组的VAS评分均低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后第1~3天,观察组的C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。术后,观察组的CD3+、CD4+/CD8+均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的术后并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的生理领域、心理领域、环境领域、社会关系领域评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术用于急性结石性胆囊炎患者中具有微创性的优点,可切实减少术中出血量,减轻术后疼痛感和炎症反应,保护免疫功能,有利于减少术后并发症的发生,提高近期生活质量。     

老年人腹腔镜与剖腹胆囊切除术临床分析

目的比较老年人胆囊良性疾病行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）与剖腹胆囊切除术（OC）的临床效果。方法对120例60岁以上的老年病人行LC,并与同期行OC的56例老年病人临床资料进行回顾性对比分析。结果两组病人均无手术死亡及严重并发症发生,LC组平均手术时间、术中出血量、肠功能恢复时间以及术后平均住院天数均较OC组低,差异有统计学意义（t分别=2．36、2．26、2．88、2．47,P均〈0．05）。结论LC创伤小、恢复快、安全可靠,疗效明显优于OC,应作为老年人胆囊良性疾病行胆囊切除术的首选术式。     

西藏超高海拔地区外科住院患者疾病特征分析

目的:分析超高海拔地区外科住院患者的疾病特点。方法:收集西藏自治区岗巴县人民医院2016年11月至2019年9月的外科住院患者临床资料进行统计分析。结果:共收集住院患者77例,男性44例,女性33例,男女比例1.33∶1,平均年龄为(36.82±19.30)岁,排名前10位的疾病依次为:急慢性阑尾炎、骨折及外伤、胆囊结石及胆囊炎、浅表肿物、术后切口感染、腹股沟疝、热烧伤及电烧伤、肠梗阻、骨关节炎、多指畸形。住院患者中接受手术治疗的有35例(45.45%),手术组患者治愈率100%,保守治疗组患者治愈率83.33%,手术组治愈率明显高于保守组,组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。手术患者的术后平均住院时间为(11.46±5.48)d。7例患者出现术后并发症(20.00%)。结论:超高海拔地区患者平均就诊时间较晚,手术意愿较低,术后切口感染率较高,需做好急慢性阑尾炎等10种外科疾病的防治及宣传工作,加强医护人员无菌操作的培训。