抑郁障碍的睡眠脑电图研究

目的探讨抑郁障碍患者睡眠脑电图的变化。方法应用多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图等技术,对21例抑郁障碍患者的睡眠脑电图(PSG)进行整夜监测,并与22名正常受试者对照。结果抑郁障碍组PSG主要指标表现为睡眠维持率下降(正常组99%±3%,抑郁障碍组90%±5%,P<0.01),第二阶段睡眠降低(正常组57%±5%,抑郁障碍组45%±17%,P<0.05)及快眼动睡眠(REM)睡眠参数存在变异。结论抑郁障碍患者具有PSG多项睡眠脑电指标的改变。其中REM变化是本病的特点。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与缺血性脑卒中

<正>阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)是一种以睡眠中反复出现上呼吸道阻塞为特征的睡眠障碍,可诱发呼吸暂停或呼吸浅慢、反复间歇性缺氧引起高碳酸血症,从而导致睡眠的中断。OSAS严重程度根据呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)评定:轻度OSAS(AHI 5～15次/h);中度OSAS(AHI 16～30次/h);重度OSAS(AHI 30次/h以上)。多项研究显示OSAS可增加缺血性脑卒中(以下简称卒中)的发病率,是卒中发生的独立危险因素[1],并影响其预后,本文就OSAS与卒中的相关研究进展进行了综述。1 OSAS与卒中相关的流行病学研究     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停诊治流程——案例分析

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停是指阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS）,是一种常见的睡眠呼吸障碍,在人群中的流行率约为5%.经整夜多导睡眠监测（polysomonography,PSG ）发现呼吸暂停低通气指数（Apnea Hypopnea Index,AHI）大于5次/h即可确诊[1].鼾声大、睡眠中被观察到的呼吸暂停、高血压和日间嗜睡是阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者常见的伴随症状.由于睡眠呼吸暂停的临床症状表现多样化,故患者选择就诊的临床科室分布甚广,包括神经内科、精神科、耳鼻喉科和呼吸内科等.但是又由于目前一般国人甚至临床医护人员对该病的认识不够深入,往往造成患者就医诊治过程的波折及医疗资源的浪费.下面,以1例重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停患者的诊治流程为例,说明广大医务人员对OSAS认识的必要性.     

抑郁障碍的多导睡眠图监测研究

目的 探讨抑郁障碍患者睡眠生理的变化.方法 应用日本1518K多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图等技术,对19例抑郁障碍患者的多导睡眠图(PSG)进行整夜监测,并与21名正常受试者对照.结果 抑郁障碍组PSG主要指标表现为REM睡眠潜伏期(RL)前移,正常组(84±11)min,抑郁障碍组(61±19)min(P＜0.01);睡眠维持率(SMT)下降(正常组(99±3)%,抑郁障碍组(90±5)%,P＜0.01),第二阶段睡眠降低(正常组(56±4)%,抑郁障碍组(45±17)%,P＜0.05)及REM4个睡眠参数存在变异.结论 抑郁障碍患者具有PSG多项睡眠脑电指标的改变.其中REM睡眠潜伏期前移是本病的特点.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并失眠患者的睡眠结构特征分析

目的 分析阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAS)共病失眠患者的睡眠结构特征研究,探讨OSAS共痛失眠的睡眠结构变化在临床上的意义.方法 本研究共60例患者,其中20例为单纯OSAS组,20例单纯性失眠组(INS),20例为OSAS共病失眠组(CIO).所有患者均做两夜PSG检查及一些量表的检测包括睡眠量表(包括PSQI,ESS)等,比较分析3组患者睡眠结构(包括总睡眠时间、睡眠效率、觉醒时间、入睡潜伏期、各期睡眠组成百分比、呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI).结果 CIO组睡眠结构变化、嗜睡评估与INS组无明显差别,与OSAS组比较差异有统计学意义.结论 失眠可能是OSAS的并发症,嗜睡在OSAS共病失眠患者中表现不明显,可作为OSAS共病失眠区别于单纯OSAS患者的筛选指标.     

双相谱系诊断量表在鉴别单相抑郁和双相抑郁中的应用研究

目的评估双相谱系诊断量表(bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale,BSDS)中文版在鉴别单相抑郁和双相抑郁中的应用价值。方法使用BSDS对抑郁发作期患者进行评定,以《精神障碍诊断与统计手册第四版》轴Ⅰ障碍临床定式检查-病人研究版(structured clinical interview for DSM-Ⅳ Axis Ⅰ Disorders,research version for patients,SCID-I/P)对患者进行诊断,并将SCID-I/P诊断与BSDS筛查结果比较,分析BSDS筛查双相障碍的准确率、敏感度和特异度。结果 582例抑郁发作期患者完成BSDS评分及诊断。以BSDS得分≥13分标准判断为双相障碍患者238例(40.20%),根据SCID-I/P标准诊断为双相障碍患者261例(44.80%),其中BSDS得分≥13分者162例。BSDS筛查双相障碍的准确率为69.59%,敏感度为65.13%,特异度为73.21%。结论采用BSDS从抑郁发作期患者中筛查出双相障碍患者有一定的应用价值,对临床早期识别双相障碍患者有重要意义。     

精神障碍患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的风险因素

目的:探讨精神障碍患者阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)的风险因素。方法:对167例住院的精神障碍患者进行多导睡眠监测(PSG),根据监测结果将患者分为OSAS组(28例)及非OSAS组(139例),分析两组睡眠结构及OSAS风险因素。结果:两组间年龄、性别、吸烟史、躯体疾病和职业情况比较差异有统计学意义(P均0.05);PSG监测显示,两组间Ⅰ期睡眠(S1)时间和入睡后清醒时间(WASO)以及S1占睡眠周期(SPT)百分比(S1/SPT)差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析发现WASO(OR=0.981,95%CI:0.962～1.000,P=0.048)、代谢性疾病(OR=0.034,95%CI:0.005～0.225,P=0.000)、心脑血管疾病(OR=0.123,95%CI:0.020～0.767,P=0.025)和焦虑障碍(OR=6.033,95%CI:1.156～31.479,P=0.033)与精神障碍患者OSAS发生相关。结论:精神障碍患者OSAS风险因素为代谢性疾病、心脑血管疾病、焦虑障碍及WASO延长。     

睡眠时长和睡眠质量与卒中后抑郁状态的关系研究

目的 探讨睡眠时长和睡眠质量与卒中后抑郁状态的关系。 方法 前瞻性连续纳入2017年7月-2019年5月在天津医科大学总医院神经内科住院的卒中患者为 研究对象，根据抑郁自评量表（sel f-rating depression scale，SDS）和17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression scale-17，HAMD-17）评分将患者分为抑郁状态组和非抑郁状态组。睡眠时长和睡眠质量采 用研究人员问询和受试者主观自评方式评估，按睡眠时长分为＜7 h、7～＜8 h、8～＜9 h、9～＜10 h 和≥10 h组，睡眠质量分为好、一般和差3个等级。采用自制问卷收集患者的人口学、生活方式[吸烟、 酗酒和国际体力活动问卷（international physical activity questionnaire，IPAQ）]、BMI、疾病史等信息。 结果 共入组836例卒中患者，抑郁状态组453例（54.2%），非抑郁状态组383例（45.8%）。抑郁状 态组的睡眠质量较非抑郁状态组差（P＜0.001），但两组的睡眠时长差异无统计学意义；抑郁状态组 的I PAQ评分更低（P＜0.001），女性比例更高（P =0.034），有疾病史者比例更高（P =0.006）。logistic回 归分析显示，与睡眠质量好相比，睡眠质量一般（OR 1.729，95%CI 1.232～2.428，P =0.002）和睡眠 质量差（OR 1.817，95%CI 1.250～2.640，P =0.002）均增加卒中后抑郁状态的风险；睡眠时长对卒中后 抑郁状态的影响不显著。 结论 卒中患者抑郁状态的发生率较高，睡眠质量是卒中后抑郁状态的独立预测因素。     

阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者情绪障碍的研究进展

在临床中睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者患抑郁、焦虑的概率较高,而且同时患有抑郁、焦虑及OSAS的患者比仅患有OSAS患者病情更重。尽管许多研究评估了OSAS与情绪障碍间的关系,OSAS及情绪障碍之间一些可能的因果机制也已被提出,但是OSAS在情绪障碍的因果关系仍不清楚。对于OSAS伴焦虑抑郁状态的患者,情绪障碍的干预治疗有助于改善OSAS患者的嗜睡、疲劳症状及认知功能,提高患者生活质量。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者的睡眠障碍

目的 探讨不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者睡眠障碍和夜间缺氧的发生特点和影响因素.方法 对425例打鼾患者应用Epworth嗜睡量表进行问卷调查,计算嗜睡评分;用多导睡眠监测仪(PSG)进行整夜睡眠监测,分析患者睡眠结构和夜间反复低氧的特点与嗜睡评分及临床症状之间的相关性.结果 按呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)将425例患者分为单纯鼾症组65例(15.3%);OSAHS患者360例(84.7%),其中轻度OSAHS组96例(22.6%),中度OSAHS组77例(18.1%),重度OSAHS组187例(44.O%).OSAHS患者随着病情加重,嗜睡评分明显升高,组间比较差异均有统计学意义.OSAHS患者与单纯鼾症组比较,睡眠效率、非快速眼球运动1和2期(NREMl+2)睡眠时间增长,3和4期(NREM3+4)睡眠时间缩短;氧减指数(ODI)、脉搏氧饱和度低于90%的时间[T(SpO2<90%)]增高,最低脉搏氧饱和度(LSpO2)降低.随着OSAHS病情加重,各指标变化越大.相关分析提示,嗜睡评分与AHI呈正相关(r=0.474,P<0.01),两者与ODI、T(SpO2<90%)及NREMl+2睡眠时间呈正相关(嗜睡评分r=0.392、0.356、0.194,AHI r=0.714、0.682、0.365;均P<0.01),与LSpO2和NREM3+4睡眠时间呈负相关(嗜睡评分r=-0.414、-0.196,AHI r=-0.740、-0.385;均P<0.01),其中LSp02、ODI、T(SpO2<90%)为主要影响因素.临床上患者出现白天嗜睡、记忆力下降、疲乏、口于、夜间憋醒、晨起头痛等主要症状,重度患者白天嗜睡症状的发生率达73.3%(137/187).结论 不同程度OSAHS患者均存在睡眠障碍,患者嗜睡的严重程度与睡眠结构的改变部分相关,而与缺氧情况呈明显相关.随着疾病严重程度的加重,睡眠障碍和缺氧越明显,嗜睡评分越高.     

Comparison of NoSAS score with Berlin and STOP-BANG scores for sleep apnea detection in a clinical sample

BackgroundBecause of their high costs and low availability, sleep recordings cannot be used as routine procedures for sleep apnea screening. Therefore, it is important to have a performant screening tool allowing to select patients at higher risk for sleep apnea who need further investigations. The goal of the study is to compare the performances of the three commonly used sleep disordered breathing (SDB) screening questionnaires in a clinical sample.MethodsClinical data and sleep studies performed in consecutive adult patients referred to the Lausanne University sleep center for sleep recordings between November 2016 and February 2018 were analysed. Berlin, STOP-Bang and NoSAS screening scores were calculated and compared with the sleep studies’ results.ResultsNoSAS score showed a NPV of 0.88, a PPV of 0.43 and a correctly classified rate of 71% for an AHI >15/h. STOP-Bang score had a slightly higher negative predictive value (0.92) but a very low positive predictive value (0.30) and a poor correctly classified rate (47%). Berlin score showed globally poor results (NPV:0.85, PPV: 0.29 and a correctly classified rate: 56%). NoSAS score had the highest area under ROC curves (0.78) compared to STOP-bang (0.71) and Berlin (0.62). NoSAS score however yielded a slightly higher rate of false negative than STOP-Bang score. NoSAS false negatives were mainly female snorers with a low neck circumference.ConclusionNoSAS score showed a better discrimination capacity compared to Berlin and STOP Bang scores in an unselected clinical population referred to a sleep center.     

Performance characteristics of the French version of the severity hierarchy score for paediatric sleep apnoea screening in clinical settings

BackgroundPaediatric obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a highly prevalent condition carrying increased risk for impaired cognitive and cardiovascular function. The standard diagnosis consists of full-night polysomnography (PSG), but limited access to PSG leads to substantial under-diagnosis. The use of a validated and simple diagnostic screening tool to predict OSAS could prioritise night sleep recordings in children at risk of OSAS, and help in clinical decision-making.ObjectiveThis study aimed to prospectively assess the performance of the French version of the severity hierarchy score (SHS) in paediatric OSAS. This score consists of a discriminative subset of six respiratory items, and has already been validated in English for screening OSAS in the general paediatric population.MethodsA total of 96 children (mean age 7.1 ± 2.4 years; BMI z-score: −0.03 ± 1.50) were recruited; they had been were referred to two academic sleep centres in France for the putative diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing. The parents completed the SHS questionnaire prior to PSG. Sensitivity and specificity of the SHS for detecting moderate OSAS, defined by an apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) of ≥5/hours of total sleep time (TST), were assessed, and ROC analysis was performed.ResultsAn SHS score of >2.75 exhibited an 82% sensitivity, 81% specificity, and 92% negative predictive value for detecting an AHI of ≥5/hour TST in the cohort.ConclusionThe French version of the SHS emerged as favourably suited for the screening for OSAS in children.     

Is the Beck Depression Inventory suitable for screening major depression in different phases of the disease?

This prospective study aimed to assess the suitability of the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-21) as a screening method for current episodes of major depressive disorder in different phases of the disease. In a sample of treatment-seeking outpatients (n=125), a structured interview method (SCID) was used twice with a 2-year interval to screen whether the patient had a current episode of major depressive disorder. The validity of the BDI-21 was also analysed by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The results showed that with a cut-off point of 14/15 the BDI-21 can be used to indicate the presence of a major depressive episode regardless of the phase of the major depressive disorder. The sensitivity and specificity were quite satisfactory with this cut-off point. The areas under the ROC curves were large (0.81 at baseline and 0.93 at follow-up). The same BDI-21 cut-off point is suitable for screening major depression among outpatients in any phase of the disease.     

Factors influencing subjective sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

The aim of the present paper was to clarify the factors influencing subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Subjects included 230 adult male OSAS patients aged 20-73 years. Single and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to estimate the association between the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the following variables: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), age, body mass index (BMI), sleep duration during the preceding month and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Single linear regression analysis showed that age had a negative association with ESS score, while BMI, AHI, SDS, hypochondriasis (Hs), hysteria, psychopathic deviant, psychasthenia, schizophrenia and hypomania on the MMPI had a positive association with ESS score. However, the other remaining parameters such as nocturnal sleep duration during the preceding month, depression, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, social introversion on the MMPI had no statistical association with ESS score. Multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise elimination method was applied to choose the significant factors associated with ESS. It was found that three variables including age, AHI and Hs scores were independent factors influencing ESS score. The R(2) for the model was 0.14, suggesting that these factors account for 14% of possible variance of subjective daytime sleepiness of OSAS patients. These results suggest that subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with OSAS may be influenced not only by the severity of respiratory disorder indices but also by certain personality characteristics affecting Hs score and by age.     

Sex-specific sleep apnea screening questionnaires: closing the performance gap in women

BackgroundThe availability of poly(somno)graphy [P(S)G] for sleep apnea (SA) diagnosis is limited, making pre-test case evaluation an important challenge. The Neck, Obesity, Snoring, Age, Sex (NoSAS) and STOP-Bang (SBQ) scores are accepted screening tests, but their sex-specific performance in the general population is unknown.ObjectiveTo compare the sex-specific diagnostic characteristics of the NoSAS and SBQ scores, and to optimize the performance of these tools for men and women.MethodsParticipants from a population-based cohort (n = 2205) underwent clinical evaluation, including NoSAS, SBQ, and home polygraphy.ResultsWe obtained successful polygraphy in 1809 participants. Moderate-to-severe SA was present in 11.7%. Diagnostic performance indices of NoSAS and the SBQ calculated on the overall group (men + women) overestimated the performance in both sexes separately. The sensitivity of NoSAS for an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15 h⁻¹ was acceptable in men (87.1%), but low in women (55.3%). The reverse was true for the specificity (39.9% in men, 87.4% in women). A similar sex-specific difference in diagnostic performance was seen with the SBQ. Using women-specific cut-offs for the scores (NoSAS ≥6 or SBQ ≥2) and neck circumference (>35 cm) increased the sensitivity in women to levels similar to men (88.5 and 87.2%). Although specificity decreased, it still remained higher than in men.ConclusionIn women, the sensitivity of NoSAS and the SBQ is too low for SA screening in the general population. Sex-specific cut-offs reverse this imbalance and achieve test sensitivities in women similar to those in men, whilst still retaining higher specificities than in men. Sleep questionnaires performance reporting should be sex-stratified.     

Predicting obstructive sleep apnea using the STOP-Bang questionnaire in the general population

ObjectiveThe STOP-Bang questionnaire was developed as a quick and simple screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in preoperative clinics. We aimed to evaluate the validity of the STOP-Bang questionnaire to predict moderate-to-severe and severe OSA in the general population.MethodsA sample of 242 subjects selected from a population-based cohort in Singapore completed home-based sleep testing with a type 3 monitor. Subjects were asked to complete the STOP questionnaire while body mass index (BMI), age, neck circumference, and sex were recorded. A score of ≥3 on the questionnaire indicated high risk of OSA.ResultsA total of 68 subjects (28.1%) and 26 subjects (10.7%) had an apnea−hypopnea index (AHI) of ≥15 and ≥30 events per hour, respectively. Of the subjects, 89 (36.8%) were classified as high risk based on the questionnaire. The sensitivity of a STOP-Bang score of ≥3 was 66.2% to detect AHI ≥15 and 69.2% to detect AHI ≥30. The specificities were 74.7% and 67.1%, respectively. The negative predictive values were 85% for moderate-to-severe OSA and 94.8% for severe OSA. The corresponding positive predictive values were 50.6% and 20.2%, respectively. Using BMI cutoffs of 30 and 27.5 for Asians compared to the original cutoff of 35 did not improve the questionnaire performance significantly.ConclusionThe STOP-Bang questionnaire can be used as a screening tool in the general population in view of its moderate sensitivity and high negative predictive value for subjects with moderate-to-severe and severe OSA. The cutoff of BMI >35 can be used in Asians, as lower BMI cutoffs did not improve questionnaire performance.     

Cut-Off Scores of the Children's Depression Inventory for Screening and Rating Severity in Korean Adolescents

Objective

The aim was to establish an optimal cut-off score of the Children''s Depression Inventory (CDI) for detecting depression and rating severity in Korean adolescents.

Methods

A total of 468 students aged 12-16 years from 8 middle schools in Busan, Korea participated in this study. The Korean version of the CDI and Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version were used to evaluate depressive symptoms. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analyses were conducted to evaluate case-finding performance and set the cut-off scores.

Results

ROC analyses demonstrated that the overall discrimination power of the CDI is good enough to evaluate adolescent depression. The CDI sum score of 20 was identified as the optimal screening cut-off score, where sensitivity was 0.83 and specificity was 0.89. This cut-off score could apply regardless of subjects'' gender. The cut-off scores were examined in order of the depression severity: 15 for mild, 20 for moderate, and 25 for severe depression with high sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusion

The CDI cut-off scores of our study can be recommended for screening depressed youth and rating the severity of depressive symptoms. The high negative predictive value suggested that the cut-off score of 20 would result in a small number of missed cases. Further studies are needed to ascertain these CDI cut-off scores for different age groups.     

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity Correlates with Cellular and Plasma Oxidative Stress Parameters and Affective Symptoms

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is considered a sleep-related respiratory disorder, characterized by repetitive episodes of complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) obstruction of airflow in the upper airway (UA) during sleep. The pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction in OSAS is multifactorial, leading to a chronic recurrent state of intermittent hypoxemia and reoxygenation during sleep, maintaining a state of oxidative stress, which seems to be the key to the pathophysiological manifestations of OSAS, and is associated with the development of a number of high morbidity-mortality systematic complications, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular and neuropsychological diseases. This study is an open, cross-sectional, and comparative clinical trial, whose general objective was to assess the correlation between OSAS severity, oxidative stress markers, and the presence of affective symptoms (depressive and anxious) in OSAS patients. We studied 38 adult males, who had been diagnosed with OSAS by overnight polysomnography, between 18 and 60 years of age, divided into three groups: group 1-10 individuals with mild OSAS (AHI between 5 and 14.9/h), group 2-13 individuals with moderate OSAS (AHI between 15 and 30/h), and group 3-15 individuals with severe OSAS (AHI >30/h). All individuals were evaluated for level of subjective sleepiness using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, for depressive and anxiety symptoms by the Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) and Anxiety (HAM-A) Scales, and for parameters of the oxidative stress state, measuring superoxide radical and serum nitrates and nitrites levels. There was a progressive and significant increase in the state of oxidative stress (p?相似文献   

Predictive value of sleep apnea screenings in cardiac surgery patients

IntroductionObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder associated with increased cardiovascular risks. We explored the predictive value of OSA screening instruments in cardiac disease patients awaiting cardiac surgery.MethodsIn this prospective cohort, 107 participants awaiting cardiac surgery from Cleveland Clinic and Johns Hopkins underwent polysomnography after completing Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Sleep Apnea/Sleep Disorder Questionnaire (SA/SDQ), STOP, STOPBAG₂ and Berlin questionnaires. Score comparisons between groups based on apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥15 were performed. Logistic regression with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to investigate optimal threshold.ResultsPrevalence of OSA (AHI ≥5) was 71.9% (77/107) and 51 (47.7%) had moderate-to-severe disease (AHI ≥15). Participants were primarily male (57%) and Caucasian (76.6%). Mean age was 67.3 ± 13.3 years and BMI was 26.5 ± 6.6. Of the five screening tools, STOPBAG₂ with a cut-point of 0.381 provided 78% sensitivity and 38% specificity (AUC 0.66, 95%CI 0.55–0.77). SA/SDQ yielded a cut-point of 32 for all subjects (AUC: 0.62, 95%CI 0.51–0.73) with sensitivity and specificity of 60% and 62% respectively, while STOP score ≥2 provided sensitivity and specificity of 67% and 52% respectively (AUC: 0.61, 95%CI 0.51–0.72). Among STOP items, “observed apnea” had the strongest correlation with AHI ≥15 (OR 3.67, 95%CI 1.57–8.54, p = 0.003). The ESS and Berlin were not useful in identifying moderate-to-severe OSA.ConclusionCommon screening tools had suboptimal performance in cardiac surgery patients. STOPBAG₂ was better at predicting the probability of moderate-to-severe OSA in patients undergoing cardiac surgery compared to ESS, SA/SDQ, STOP and Berlin questionnaires.     

Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome screening in mood disorder patients

Aims:  Previous studies have reported that the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in patients with depression is higher than in the general population. We examined the risk factors to predict OSAS in mood disorder patients with depressive symptoms.
Method:  We conducted polysomnography for patients who satisfied the following criteria: (i) diagnosis of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder according to the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI); (ii) a score of ≥10 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D); (iii) fulfillment of either (a) or (b) below: (a) at least one of the following: severe snoring, witnessed apnea during sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness; (b) at least one of the following plus an oxygen desaturation index of 4% ≥5 times/h by pulse oximeter: mild snoring, sleep disturbance, headache, high blood pressure. The patients with apnea hypopnea index ≥5 were diagnosed with OSAS.
Results:  Of the 32 mood disorder patients who met the subject conditions, 59.4% had OSAS. The diagnosis rate with our criteria was significantly higher than the previously reported incidence of OSAS in patients with depression. There was no significant difference among diagnosis rates as to individual risk factors or the number of risk factors. A multiple regression test showed no significant association between apnea–hypopnea index and other clinical factors including depression severity.
Conclusion:  The present results showed that OSAS can be detected at a remarkably higher rate by considering appropriate OSAS risk factors in mood disorder patients, and suggested that there is a high rate of undetected and therefore untreated OSAS among mood disorder patients.