Free transplantation of venous network pattern skin flap: an experimental study in rabbits

Free skin flaps using rabbit ear to replace rabbit scalp have been accomplished using only arteriovenous and venous-venous anastomosis, without arterio-arterial anastomosis. The technique produced excellent graft survival in 30 of 33 rabbits. Without the vascular anastomosis control grafts did poorly. The mechanism of flow reversed revascularization is discussed.     

静脉瘀血对静脉动脉化皮瓣微循环的影响

目的研究静脉瘀血对静脉动脉化皮瓣微循环的影响。方法 30只新西兰大白兔随机分为 A、B、C 3组,A 组为动脉皮瓣,B 组为静脉动脉化皮瓣,C 组为静脉瘀血的静脉动脉化皮瓣,每组各10只。术后30分钟,1,2,3,4,5小时分别应用显微电视系统通过耳窗对各组皮瓣微循环进行动态观察,7天后记录皮瓣成活情况。结果静脉瘀血的静脉动脉化皮瓣微循环血流缓慢,微血栓逐渐增多,皮瓣成活率低。结论静脉瘀血可破坏静脉动脉化皮瓣静脉系统的代偿机制,影响皮瓣血液灌流,从而导致皮瓣成活率下降。     

静脉瘀血对静脉动脉化皮瓣微循环的影响

目的研究静脉瘀血对静脉动脉化皮瓣微循环的影响。方法３０只新西兰大白兔随机分为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ３组，Ａ组为动脉皮瓣，Ｂ组为静脉动脉化皮瓣，Ｃ组为静脉瘀血的静脉动脉化皮瓣，每组各１０只。术后３０分钟，１，２，３，４，５小时分别应用显微电视系统通过耳窗对各组皮瓣微循环进行动态观察，７天后记录皮瓣成活情况。结果静脉瘀血的静脉动脉化皮瓣微循环血流缓慢，微血栓逐渐增多，皮瓣成活率低。结论静脉瘀血可破坏静脉动脉化皮瓣静脉系统的代偿机制，影响皮瓣血液灌流，从而导致皮瓣成活率下降     

Bone flap prefabrication: an experimental study in rabbits

The usual method to prefabricate a bone flap is to harvest a nonvascularized bone graft and to implant the artery and vein bundle between segments of bone graft. The basic problem of this method is sacrificing an artery for prefabrication. Another method for creating flap donor sites without using an artery is venous flap prefabrication. There are a few articles describing bone flap prefabrication, and these include implantation of both artery and vein as a vascular bundle. Also, there is no experimental study in the literature using a vein or an arterialized vein pedicle for bone flap prefabrication. As an experimental model for bone flap prefabrication, the rabbit ear vascular model was chosen. For the experiments 3 groups were formed. Each group contained 5 rabbits. In the first experimental group a vein was implanted between the halves of bone graft. In the second experimental group an arterialized vein was implanted between the halves of bone graft. To compare the viability of the bone graft of the 2 prefabrication groups, a bone graft was implanted into the subcutaneous pocket of the posterior auricular area in the third group. The authors examined 5 rabbits in each group by microangiography at the end of 6 weeks except for group 3. On microangiographic analysis, groups 1 and 2 showed patency of the vascular pedicle. There was no difference between these 2 groups from the point of view of vascular patency and bone appearance. Bone scintigraphy was performed for 5 rabbits in each group. On bone scintigraphic scans, the bone component of the flaps was visualized in groups 1 and 2, but not in group 3. A quantitative analysis of images was performed by drawing symmetric spherical regions of interest (ROIs) over both the implanted area and cranial bone. The uptake ratios were computed by dividing the mean counts in the implanted ROI by mean counts in the cranial bone ROI. The mean value was 0.86 +/- 0.02 in group 1 and 0.86 +/- 0.04 in group 2. A statistically significant uptake difference was not seen between venous and arterialized venous groups (P < 0.01). Histologic examination was performed all rabbits in each group, and demonstrated that the bony component was viable, showing osteocytes containing lacunae, osteoblasts along bony trabeculae, and vascular channels in groups 1 and 2. In group 3, the bony architecture of the graft was still apparent, but all bone within it was dead. There were no significant microangiographic, histologic, and scintigraphic differences between the 2 experimental methods.     

Retrograde arterialized venous flap: an experimental study

An experimental model was established to study circulation in retrograde arterialized venous flaps (RAVF). Venous flaps measuring 7 x 4 cm with a matching venous system were harvested from both forearms of 10 fresh human cadavers. In each trial, both flaps were simultaneously perfused with heparinized human blood driven by a pulsatile circulation model. In each trial there was one flap with retrograde perfusion, and one flap with antegrade perfusion. Clinical assessment, measurement of outflow, and angiographic examination with digitally assisted assessment after 3 h of perfusion showed better results for retrograde perfusion in 8 of the 10 trials. This study indicates that blood circulation in the periphery of arterialized venous flaps can be enhanced by retrograde arterialization.     

微元生物活性纤维对动脉化静脉皮瓣微循环的影响

目的研究微元生物活性纤维对动脉化静脉皮瓣微循环的影响.方法选用20只新西兰大白兔,随机分为A、B两组,A组为微元生物活性纤维组(n=10),B组为对照组(n=10),应用显微电视系统直接观察兔耳透明窗的方法,在放大1000倍条件下研究动脉化静脉皮瓣微循环血流.结果微元生物活性纤维组微循环血流改善较对照组明显.结论微元生物活性纤维可改善动脉化静脉皮瓣微循环.     

微元生物活性纤维对动脉化静脉皮瓣微循环的影响

目的　研究微元生物活性纤维对动脉化静脉皮瓣微循环的影响。方法　选用 2 0只新西兰大白兔 ,随机分为A、B两组 ,A组为微元生物活性纤维组 (n =10 ) ,B组为对照组 (n =10 ) ,应用显微电视系统直接观察兔耳透明窗的方法 ,在放大 10 0 0倍条件下研究动脉化静脉皮瓣微循环血流。结果　微元生物活性纤维组微循环血流改善较对照组明显。结论　微元生物活性纤维可改善动脉化静脉皮瓣微循环。     

Arterial flap (II): an experimental study in rabbits

Skin flaps are normally characterized by arterial inflow and venous outflow. However, there are several reports about experimental and clinical applications of venous and arterialized venous flaps. On the other hand, some studies evaluated the importance of different pedicle types in prefabricated flaps. It was discovered by chance that a prefabricated free flap, having arterial-only inflow, could be used successfully in eyelid reconstruction. An experimental study on arterial flaps in rabbits showed that an arterial-only inflow was adequate for flap viability until the establishment of venous neovascularization.Presented at the 14th Congress of Turkish Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ankara, Turkey, October 1992     

Pre-arterialisation of the arterialised venous flap: an experimental study in the rat.

Arteriovenous fistulae cause haemodynamic and morphological changes to the local venous channels. We have used the concept of preformed arteriovenous fistulae to study the viability improvement of arterialised venous flaps. Five groups of flaps were created using the abdominal skin of the Wistar rat (n= 10 in each group) with a silastic sheet implanted underneath. Group 1 (control) contained a flap without a vascular supply, group 2 (venous perfusion flap) contained a single pedicled skeletonised vein and a draining vein, and group 3 (arterialised venous flap) contained an arteriovenous shunt proximal to the single pedicled skeletonised vein and a draining vein; in group 4 (7 day pre-arterialised flap) the arteriovenous shunt was performed 7 days before the flap was raised in the same procedure as group 3, and in group 5 (14 day pre-arterialised flap) the arteriovenous shunt was performed 14 days before the flap was raised. The surviving surface areas of the flaps in each group, assessed 7 days after raising, were 0%, 22.21%, 54.32%, 62.21% and 97.47%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in survival between venous perfusion flaps and arterialised venous flaps (P= 0.05). Only the 14 day pre-arterialised flaps had a statistically significantly larger area of survival than arterialised venous flaps (P= 0.05). Microangioarchitecture of the pre-arterialised group, studied by the microvascular corrosion-cast technique combined with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, revealed dilatation of veins, numerous small neo-vessels and a decrease in or total absence of functioning valves. We conclude that 14-day pre-arterialisation in the rat model improved the survival of arterialised venous flaps by increasing collateral pathways for arterialised blood flow through the flap.     

Delayed prefabricated arterial composite venous flaps: an experimental study in rabbits

Prefabrication of composite arteriovenous flaps with implantation of an autologous graft (cartilage) or an alloplastic material (porous polyethylene) was studied in 40 rabbits. Abdominal flaps based on bilateral epigastric pedicles were elevated. An ear cartilage graft or a porous polyethylene implant was inserted under the flap. Two weeks after the operation, 10 flaps with cartilage graft and 10 flaps with porous polyethylene were raised, converted to arteriovenous flaps, and resutured in place in the experimental groups. In the other 20 rabbits of the control groups, the flaps (10 with cartilage graft and 10 with porous polyethylene) were raised and resutured in place as conventional axial flaps. At the end of the second and fourth week postoperatively, samples were obtained from the flap tissues (including a part of the graft or implantation material) and were prepared for histologic examination in all rabbits. The viable areas of all flaps were assessed at the end of fourth week after the second operation. The mean survival rates were 99.4%, 99.7%, 99.5%, and 99.8% in the arteriovenous and control flaps prefabricated with cartilage graft and the arteriovenous and control flaps prefabricated with porous polyethylene respectively. The features of wound healing in the experimental and control groups were similar. The study showed that arteriovenous perfusion can nourish a prefabricated flap containing an implanted material (autologous or alloplastic) and these 2-week delayed composite flaps have a similar survival rate to delayed prefabricated conventional axial flaps.     

Transfer of a pedicled venous flap containing perivenous areolar tissue and nerve: an experimental study.

In this paper, we evaluated experimentally the feasibility of transferring a pedicled venous flap with perivenous areolar tissue into an ectopic site and investigated the role of each vein, the perivenous areolar tissue and nerve in the viability of pedicled venous flaps. Three groups of flaps were created using a rabbit-ear model: Group 1 (n = 11), containing perivenous areolar tissue and a draining vein; Group 2 (n = 10), perivenous areolar tissue, a draining vein and nerve; Group 3 (n = 10), only perivenous areolar tissue. Macroscopic, angiographic and histological assessments were performed 14 days after transfer. The total survival areas including superficial necrosis of Groups 1, 2 and 3 were 52.7%, 82.5% and 0%, respectively. There were significant differences in mean survival area and mean total survival area including superficial necrosis between Group 1 and Group 2 (P < 0.05). In contrast, all flaps in Group 3 became necrotic. These data suggest that a preserved vein is the necessary condition, and additional arterial flow through the preserved nerve and a small vascular network within the areolar tissue may play an important role in flap survival.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.     

兔延迟术后脂肪瓣内间充质干细胞增殖的实验研究

目的 探讨采用脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,促使脂肪来源的兔间充质干细胞(ASCs)增殖的可能性.方法 以兔为动物模型,在一侧腹股沟处形成脂肪瓣.21 d后取出瓣内脂肪组织及对侧正常脂肪组织,消化过筛离心,收集离心后沉淀物中的细胞,用流式细胞仪检测细胞的表面标记,计算细胞CD29、CD44、CD14和CD45的表达率并进行组间比较.结果 脂肪瓣延迟术后,瓣内细胞CD29和CD44的表达率增加,分别为74.06%和90.74%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为62.88%和77.54%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);瓣内细胞CD14和CD45的表达率减少,分别为57.66%和4.84%,未经处理的对侧脂肪组织分别为72.10%和75.82%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01).结论 脂肪瓣延迟术等缺血缺氧的方法,可促进ASCs的增殖,是用瓣内组织移植后取得更好效果的机制之一;对脂肪组织先进行缺血预处理再移植,可能为一个临床脂肪移植的新方法.