A Meta‐Analysis Examining the Influence of Pro‐Eating Disorder Websites on Body Image and Eating Pathology

Previous research has indicated that exposure to pro‐eating disorder websites might increase eating pathology; however, the magnitude of this effect is unknown. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine the effect of exposure to pro‐eating disorder websites on body image and eating pathology. Studies examining the relationship between exposure to pro‐eating disorder websites and eating pathology‐related outcomes were included. The systematic review identified nine studies. Findings revealed significant effect sizes of exposure to pro‐eating disorder websites on body image dissatisfaction (five studies), d = .41, p = .003; dieting (six studies), d = .68, p < .001, and negative affect (three studies), d = 1.00, p < .001. No effect emerged for bulimic symptoms (four studies), d = .22, p = .73. Findings confirmed the effect of pro‐eating disorder websites on body image and eating pathology, highlighting the need for enforceable regulation of these websites. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.     

Treatment of obesity,with a dietary component,and eating disorder risk in children and adolescents: A systematic review with meta‐analysis

This review aimed to investigate the impact of obesity treatment, with a dietary component, on eating disorder (ED) prevalence, ED risk, and related symptoms in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity. Four databases were searched to identify pediatric obesity treatment interventions, with a dietary component, and validated pre‐post intervention assessment of related outcomes. Of 3078 articles screened, 36 met inclusion criteria, with a combined sample of 2589 participants aged 7.8 to 16.9 years. Intervention duration ranged from 1 week to 13 months, with follow‐up of 6 months to 6 years from baseline. Prevalence of ED was reported in five studies and was reduced post‐intervention. Meta‐analyses showed a reduction in bulimic symptoms (eight studies, standardized mean difference [SE], ?0.326 [0.09], P < 0.001), emotional eating (six studies, ?0.149 [0.06], P = 0.008), binge eating (three studies, ?0.588 [0.10], P < 0.001), and drive for thinness (three studies, ?0.167 [0.06], P = 0.005) post‐intervention. At follow‐up, a reduction in ED risk (six studies, ?0.313 [0.13], P = 0.012), emotional eating (five studies, ?0.259 [0.05], P < 0.001), eating concern (three studies, ?0.501 [0.06], P < 0.001), and drive for thinness (two studies, ?0.375 [0.07], P < 0.001) was found. Structured and professionally run obesity treatment was associated with reduced ED prevalence, ED risk, and symptoms.     

Investigation of quality of life and family burden issues during insulin pump therapy in children with Type 1 diabetes mellitus—a large‐scale multicentre pilot study1

Aims To investigate psychosocial aspects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy in children with Type 1 diabetes and to identify relevant and sensitive measures. Methods We performed a multi‐centre prospective pre‐/post‐study with children (53 girls, 64 boys, age 10.5 ± 3.7 years, mean ± sd ) with Type 1 diabetes and their main carer from 18 German diabetic centres. Twenty‐five children aged 8–11 years and 63 adolescents aged 12–16 years and their parents, plus 29 parents of children aged 4–7 years completed standardized questionnaires on generic and diabetes‐specific quality of life (QOL), generic parenting stress, mealtime behaviour, fear of hypoglycaemia and family conflict immediately before and 6 months after transition to CSII. Results After transition to CSII, diabetes‐specific QOL of children increased significantly (P < 0.001) in all age groups, with moderate to large effect sizes (children aged 4–7 years: Cohen’s effect sized = 1.3; 8–11 years: d = 0.9, adolescents 12–16 years: d = 0.6). Parents reported reduced frequency (P < 0.01, d = 0.4–0.7) and difficulty (P < 0.01, d = 0.3–0.6) of overall parenting stress and decreased worries about hypoglycaemia (P < 0.01, d = 0.4–0.6). Parents of younger children (4–7 years) reported reduced problems with nutrition management (frequency: P < 0.001, d = 1.1; difficulty: P < 0.05, d = 0.7). Conclusions CSII may have substantial psychosocial benefits. Controlled studies are needed.     

Influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on children's dietary intake and preference: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials

Marketing of foods and beverages high in fat, sugar and salt are suggested to contribute to poor dietary behaviours in children and diet‐related diseases later in life. This systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials aimed to assess the effects of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on dietary intake (grams or kilocalories) and dietary preference (preference score or percentage of participants who selected specific foods/beverages) among children 2 to 18 years of age. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO up to January 2015 for terms related to advertising, unhealthy foods or beverages among children. Randomized trials that assessed the effects of unhealthy food and beverage marketing compared with non‐dietary advertisement or no advertisement in children were considered eligible. Two authors independently extracted information on study characteristics and outcomes of interest and assessed risk of bias and the overall quality of evidence using grade methodology. Meta‐analysis was conducted separately for dietary intake and preference using a random‐effects model. We identified 29 eligible studies, of which 17 studies were included for meta‐analysis of dietary preference and nine for meta‐analysis of dietary intake. Almost half of the studies were at high risk of bias. Our meta‐analysis showed that in children exposed to unhealthy dietary marketing, dietary intake significantly increased (mean difference [MD] = 30.4 kcal, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9 to 57.9, and MD = 4.8 g, 95%CI 0.8 to 8.8) during or shortly after exposure to advertisements. Similarly, children exposed to the unhealthy dietary marketing had a higher risk of selecting the advertised foods or beverages (relative risk = 1.1, 95%CI 1.0 to 1.2; P = 0.052). The evidence indicates that unhealthy food and beverage marketing increases dietary intake (moderate quality evidence) and preference (moderate to low quality evidence) for energy‐dense, low‐nutrition food and beverage. Unhealthy food and beverage marketing increased dietary intake and influenced dietary preference in children during or shortly after exposure to advertisements. © 2016 World Obesity     

Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta‐analytic review

According to learning‐based models of behavior, food cue reactivity and craving are conditioned responses that lead to increased eating and subsequent weight gain. However, evidence supporting this relationship has been mixed. We conducted a quantitative meta‐analysis to assess the predictive effects of food cue reactivity and craving on eating and weight‐related outcomes. Across 69 reported statistics from 45 published reports representing 3,292 participants, we found an overall medium effect of food cue reactivity and craving on outcomes (r = 0.33, p < 0.001; approximately 11% of variance), suggesting that cue exposure and the experience of craving significantly influence and contribute to eating behavior and weight gain. Follow‐up tests revealed a medium effect size for the effect of both tonic and cue‐induced craving on eating behavior (r = 0.33). We did not find significant differences in effect sizes based on body mass index, age, or dietary restraint. However, we did find that visual food cues (e.g. pictures and videos) were associated with a similar effect size to real food exposure and a stronger effect size than olfactory cues. Overall, the present findings suggest that food cue reactivity, cue‐induced craving and tonic craving systematically and prospectively predict food‐related outcomes. These results have theoretical, methodological, public health and clinical implications.     

Dairy consumption and pre‐school,school‐age and adolescent obesity in developed countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Childhood obesity, the primary health problem affecting children in developed countries, has been attributed in part to changes in dietary patterns. Secular trends suggest a decrease in childhood dairy consumption coinciding with the rise in obesity prevalence. The objective of the present systematic review and meta‐analysis was to consider evidence of associations between dairy intake and adiposity in pre‐schoolers, school‐age children and adolescents in developed countries. Of 36 studies included in the systematic review, sufficient data for effect size estimation and inclusion in the meta‐analysis were obtained from 22 studies. No significant association was found between dairy intake and adiposity in the aggregated data, although statistical heterogeneity was high (I² = 0.72). Among adolescents, however, dairy intake was inversely associated with adiposity (effect size ?0.26, [?0.38, ?0.14], P < 0.0001). Effect size was not predicted by exposure variable (milk vs. dairy), study design, statistical methods, outcome variables or sex. Interpretation of results was complicated by variability in study methods and insufficient adjustment for relevant confounders, particularly dietary reporting accuracy, sweetened beverage intake and pubertal development. Despite limitations, available data suggest a neutral effect of dairy intake on adiposity during early and middle childhood and a modestly protective effect in adolescence.     

Efficacy of very low‐energy diet programs for weight loss: A systematic review with meta‐analysis of intervention studies in children and adolescents with obesity

The objective of this review was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of very low‐energy diet (VLED) programs for weight loss in children and adolescents with obesity. Six electronic databases were searched identifying 24 eligible studies (16 pre‐post studies, four nonrandomized trials, two randomized controlled trials [RCTs], and two chart reviews) published up to October 2018. Studies were in English, implemented a VLED (≤3360 kJF/day [≤800 kcal/day] or <50% estimated energy requirements) in 5‐ to 18‐year‐olds with obesity, and reported at least one weight‐related outcome. Weight‐related outcomes significantly improved postintervention in all studies. Meta‐analysis of 20 studies indicated a mean 10.1 kg (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.7‐11.4 kg, P < 0.001; I² = 92.3%) weight loss following interventions lasting 3 to 20 weeks. Moderator analysis indicated greater weight loss in adolescent‐only studies (10‐18 years) and formulated meal replacement interventions and inpatient settings. Meta‐analysis of seven studies reporting weight at follow‐up (5‐14.5 months from baseline) indicated 5.3 kg mean weight loss (CI, 2.5‐8.0 kg, P < 0.001; I² = 50.6%). Details of adverse events were limited. VLED programs are effective for treating children and adolescents with obesity. However, conclusions on their safety cannot be drawn from the existing literature at this time. Future studies should include long‐term follow‐up with ongoing support and comprehensive monitoring of all adverse events.     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of digital game-based or influencer food and non-alcoholic beverage marketing on children and adolescents: Exploring hierarchy of effects outcomes

Videogame livestreaming platforms are an emerging form of digital media, popular with young people, where users watch gaming influencers play videogames. Food and non-alcoholic beverage (hereafter: food) brands have a substantial presence on these platforms, yet no studies have examined the impact of this food marketing on young people. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the evidence (quantitative or mixed-method) for a relationship between exposure to digital game-based or influencer food marketing, and food-related (brand awareness, attitudes, preferences, purchase, and consumption), and post-consumption (weight, body mass index [BMI], and dental caries) outcomes in young people (≤18 years). Twenty-three databases were searched in March 2021. Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 20 were included in the quantitative synthesis. Meta-analyses indicated food marketing was associated with more positive attitudes and greater preferences (OR = 1.74, p < 0.001 [95%CI: 1.355, 2.232]), and increased consumption (SMD = 0.37, p < 0.001 [95%CI: 0.219, 0.529]). Narrative synthesis indicated that food marketing may increase brand awareness but not pester intent, although data were limited. Evidence suggests that there is a relationship between exposure to food marketing via influencers and digital gaming media, and several food-related outcomes. This is the first quantitative synthesis to demonstrate these relationships; this work has implications for food marketing policy.     

Maternal adiposity as an independent risk factor for pre‐eclampsia: a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies

Studies investigating the association between maternal adiposity and risk of pre‐eclampsia showed contradictory results. Therefore, we performed a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies to estimate the effect of maternal adiposity on pre‐eclampsia. We reviewed 1,286 abstracts and finally included 29 prospective cohort studies with 1,980,761 participants and 67,075 pre‐eclampsia events. We pooled data with a random‐effects model, and obtained risk estimates for five predetermined bodyweight groups: low, normal‐weight (reference), overweight, obese and severely obese. In the cohort studies that unadjusted for pre‐eclampsia risk factors, the pooled unadjusted relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) for pre‐eclampsia of overweight, obese and severely obese women were 1.58 (95% CI 1.44–1.72, P < 0.001), 2.68 (95% CI 2.39–3.01, P < 0.001) and 3.12 (95% CI 2.24–4.36, P < 0.001), respectively. In those cohorts that adjusted for pre‐eclampsia risk factors, the pooled unadjusted RRs for pre‐eclampsia of overweight, obese and severely obese women were 1.70 (95% CI 1.60–1.81, P < 0.001), 2.93 (95% CI 2.58–3.33, P < 0.001) and 4.14 (95% CI 3.61–4.75, P < 0.001), respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed maternal adiposity was associated with increased risk of pre‐eclampsia in both nulliparous and multiparas women. In conclusion, overweight or obese pregnant women have a substantially increased risk of pre‐eclampsia, and maternal adiposity is an independent risk factor of pre‐eclampsia.     

Dialysis Method Alters the Expression of MicroRNA‐33a and Its Target Genes ABCA1, ABCG1 in THP‐1 Macrophages

Atherosclerosis and accompanying cardiovascular disease are the first causes of mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Anti‐atherosclerotic effects of hemodiafiltration (HDF) have been reported. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of serum derived from a healthy group (n = 23), before and after hemodialysis (HD) therapy (n = 23), and before and after HDF therapy (n = 17) on the expression of microRNA‐33a and its target genes adenosine triphosphate‐binding cassette transporter A1,G1 (ABCA1, ABCG1) in THP‐1 macrophages. Meanwhile, blood lipids and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) were measured in these groups. Our data showed that the expression of miRNA‐33a was lower (P < 0.05) and ABCA1 and ABCG1 were higher (P < 0.05) in the healthy group than pre‐HD and pre‐HDF. miR‐33a was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) but ABCA1, ABCG1 was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in post‐HDF compared with pre‐HDF, while these parameters in pre‐ and post‐ HD groups did not show any significant change (P > 0.05). High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) was higher and hs‐CRP was lower in the healthy group than pre‐HD and pre‐HDF groups. Moreover, a significant increase of HDL‐C (P < 0.05) and decrease (P < 0.05) of hs‐CRP was shown in post‐HDF compared with pre‐HDF, but HD appeared to have no significant change in these subjects. HDF therapy can downregulate miR‐33a expression, and then result in ABCA1, ABCG1 upregulation and an increase in circulating HDL‐C, leading to a possible anti‐atherosclerosis effect to some extent.     

Review and meta‐analysis of the short‐term effects of a vegetable oil emulsion on food intake

Several short‐term studies have investigated the effects of a vegetable oil emulsion on subsequent food intake, although findings have been inconsistent. This work aimed to review all studies, and investigate differences in study outcomes based on methodology. All known studies were identified. Data were abstracted from published studies (n = 7). Details of unpublished studies were gained from investigators/sponsors (n = 5), or were unavailable for reasons of confidentiality (n = 4). Available data were combined using meta‐analyses. A combined appetite suppressant effect of the emulsion compared with control was found for test meal intake at approximately 4, 12 and 36 h post‐treatment: smallest combined mean difference (random effects model) = 0.53 MJ (95% confidence interval 0.20, 0.86), P < 0.01. However, considerable heterogeneity (variability) between study results was also found (smallest I² = 94%, P < 0.01), questioning the predictive validity of the above findings. Meta‐regression suggested this heterogeneity to be related to differences in the processed nature of the product, treatment dose and in particular year of study (smallest B = 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.06, 1.03, P = 0.04), although again heterogeneity was found. The only consistent finding was a lack of effect on food intake 4 h post‐preload in studies conducted after 2003. These results suggest a small but inconsistent appetite suppressant effect of the vegetable oil emulsion. However, due to the large heterogeneity, no definitive conclusions can be drawn.     

Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders and Related Disorders in Resource‐Limited Settings: Outcomes in a Multiethnic Single‐Center Population

We evaluated therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) efficiency in treatment of a single relapse in steroid‐refractory patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) in a multi‐ethnic resource‐limited setting. This was a historical cohort study on the clinical outcomes post‐TPE in a multiethnic cohort of 53 steroid‐refractory NMOSD patients at a single Malaysian tertiary center. Primary outcomes, assessed both pre‐ and post‐TPE, were Medical Research Council scale of muscle power, Modified Rankin Scale, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and visual acuity. Secondary outcomes were ambulatory status and target neurological deficit (TND)‐based TPE response. Significant improvements in Medical Research Council, Modified Rankin Scale, EDSS, and visual acuity (P < 0.001) were observed at 1‐month post‐TPE with further improvement of EDSS at 6 months (EDSSΔ6) post‐TPE (P < 0.001). At 6 months post‐TPE, 87% of patients has successful TND‐based TPE response and 69.8% were ambulating without support. Patients with anti‐aquaporin 4 seronegativity (P = 0.004), myelitis and brainstem features at first relapse (P = 0.004), longer cord lesions (P = 0.030), higher pre‐TPE EDSS of ≥8 (P = 0.018) and delayed TPE initiation of >14 days (P = 0.047) were significantly associated with improved EDSSΔ6. TND‐based TPE response was significant in absence of cord atrophy (P = 0.030). TPE is an effective treatment for steroid‐refractory acute relapses of NMOSD in a multiethnic Malaysian population despite its resource‐limited setting. The predictive factors of EDSSΔ6 improvement were anti‐aquaporin 4 seronegativity, longer cord lesions, and higher pre‐TPE EDSS. Absence of cord atrophy was predictive of better TND‐based TPE response. Unexpectedly, our study showed that delayed TPE initiation of more than 14 days and up to 60 days may also be beneficial.     

Mindful eating and common diet programs lower body weight similarly: Systematic review and meta‐analysis

Common strategies for reducing body weight rely on limiting energy intake and restricting food choices. However, these strategies have often been proven ineffective in achieving long‐term and sustainable weight reduction. More recently, mindful eating as an alternative weight management strategy has gained increasing attention, yet systematic reviews on intuitive or mindful eating published so far present contradictory results. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis on randomized controlled trials on weight loss programs based on mindful or intuitive eating. We analyzed results using meta‐regressions. We included a total of 10 studies and found a significant weight loss effect of mindful/intuitive eating strategies compared with nonintervention controls (?0.348 kg, 95% CI: ?0.591 to ?0.105, P = 0.005). However, there was no difference compared with conventional diet programs (P = 0.99). Reduction of BMI (?0.137 kg/m², 95% CI: ?0.365 to 0.091, P = 0.240) or waist circumference (?0.358 cm, 95% CI: ?0.916 to 0.200, P = 0.209) were not statistically significant. Mindful/intuitive eating could be a practical approach to weight control. Limitations of this study include the unbalanced sex, origin, place of residence of the participants, and the short duration of interventions. Future research should aim at investigating long‐term effects and include a more heterogeneous study population.     

Effect of self‐monitoring on binge eating: treatment response or ‘binge drift’?

The current study aimed to determine if subjective bulimic episodes (SBEs) and objective bulimic episodes (OBEs) have different reactive effects to self‐monitoring. Fourteen women with bulimia nervosa (57%) or binge eating disorder (43%) were diagnosed using the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE; version 12.0). During the 7‐days post‐interview, participants filled out daily self‐monitoring records indicating the food consumed and any episodes of loss of control over eating. These records were reviewed and coded for OBEs and SBEs using the EDE coding scheme. Paired samples t‐tests indicated that participants' average number of daily OBEs significantly decreased from baseline to the period of self‐monitoring (t = 2.41, p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.90), whereas there was a significant increase from baseline to self‐monitoring in their average number of SBEs (t = ?2.41, p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.86). Of the 12 participants who showed a decrease in OBEs, 75% showed a concurrent increase in SBEs. The data suggest that the reactivity of OBEs to minimal or brief interventions may in part be due to binge drift, or the reduction of OBEs at the expense of increasing SBEs. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.     

Association of eating while television viewing and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies

The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to examine the association between eating while television viewing (TVV) and overweight or obesity in children (<18 years). A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, PreQuest and Embase was conducted up to April 2017; pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Of 4,357 articles identified, 20 observational studies met inclusion criteria (n = 84,825) and 8 of these 20 (n = 41,617) reported OR. Eating while TVV was positively associated with obesity‐related anthropometric measurements in 15 studies (75%). The meta‐analysis revealed that eating while TVV was positively associated with being overweight (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.39). Subgroup analyses showed similar positive associations in both girls and boys, as well as in children who ate dinner while TVV. There was no evidence of publication bias. The present systematic review and meta‐analysis suggests that eating while TVV could be a risk factor for being overweight or obese in childhood and adolescents.     

The effectiveness of app‐based mobile interventions on nutrition behaviours and nutrition‐related health outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted to assess the effectiveness of app‐based mobile interventions for improving nutrition behaviours and nutrition‐related health outcomes, including obesity indices (eg, body mass index [BMI]) and clinical parameters (eg, blood lipids). Seven databases were searched for studies published between 2006 and 2017. Forty‐one of 10 132 identified records were included, comprising 6348 participants and 373 outcomes with sample sizes ranging from 10 to 833, including 27 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A beneficial effect of app‐based mobile interventions was identified for improving nutrition behaviours (g = 0.19; CI, 0.06‐0.32, P = .004) and nutrition‐related health outcomes (g = 0.23; CI, 0.11‐0.36, P < .001), including positive effects on obesity indices (g = 0.30; CI, 0.15‐0.45, P < .001), blood pressure (g = 0.21; CI, 0.01‐0.42, P = .043), and blood lipids (g = 0.15; CI, 0.03‐0.28, P = .018). Most interventions were composed of four behaviour change technique (BCT) clusters, namely, “goals/planning,” “feedback/monitoring,” “shaping knowledge,” and “social support.” Moderating effects including study design, type of app (commercial/research app), sample characteristics (clinical/non‐clinical sample), and intervention characteristics were not statistically significant. The inclusion of additional treatment components besides the app or the number or type of BCTs implemented did not moderate the observed effectiveness, which underscores the potential of app‐based mobile interventions for implementing effective and feasible interventions operating at scale for fighting the obesity epidemic in a broad spectrum of the population.     

Body checking and body avoidance in eating disorders: Systematic review and meta‐analysis

This review sought to systematically review and quantify the evidence related to body checking and body avoidance in eating disorders (EDs) to gauge the size of effects, as well as examine potential differences between clinical and nonclinical populations, and between different ED subtypes. PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycEXTRA, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE databases were searched for academic literature published until October 2017. A grey literature search was also conducted. Fifty‐two studies were identified for the systematic review, of which 34 were eligible for meta‐analysis. Only female samples were included in the meta‐analysis. ED cases experienced significantly higher body checking (d = 1.26, p < .001) and body avoidance (d = 1.88, p < .001) overall relative to healthy controls, but neither behaviour varied by ED subtype. In nonclinical samples, body checking (r = .60) and body avoidance (r = .56) were significantly correlated with ED pathology (p < .001). These findings support transdiagnostic theoretical models and approaches to ED treatment and early intervention programmes.     

Impact of tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular dysfunction on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Far less attention has been paid to the prognostic effect of right‐side heart disease on outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) when compared with the left side. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis on the impact of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and right ventricular (RV) dysfunction on outcomes after TAVR. We hypothesized that TR and RV dysfunction may have a deleterious effect on outcomes after TAVR. Article revealing the prognostic effect of TR and RV dysfunction on outcomes after TAVR were being integrated. Random or fixed effect model was adopted in accordance with the heterogeneity. There were nine studies with a total of 6466 patients enrolled after a comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. The overall analysis revealed that moderate or severe TR at baseline increased all‐cause mortality after TAVR (HR = 1.79, CI 95% 1.52‐2.11, P < 0.001). Both baseline RV dysfunction (HR = 1.53, CI 95% 1.27‐1.83, P < 0.001) and presence of RV dilation (HR = 1.83, CI 95% 1.47‐2.27, P < 0.001) were associated with all‐cause mortality. Both baseline moderate or severe TR and RV dysfunction worsen prognosis after TAVR and careful assessment of right heart function should be done for clinical decision by the heart team before the TAVR procedure.     

Cognitive training on eating behaviour and weight loss: A meta‐analysis and systematic review

Cognitive deficits play a role in the development and maintenance of overeating and obesity, and cognitive training in obesity refers to a family of interventions aimed at reducing overeating and obesity by improving these cognitive deficits. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on these issues by conducting a meta‐analysis of studies investigating the effects of cognitive trainings on eating behaviour and presenting a systematic review of studies investigating the effects of cognitive trainings on weight loss. We examined 66 independent experiments that examined the effects of cognitive training aimed at reducing cognitive bias or improving executive control on eating behaviour and weight loss. Overall, inhibition training, attention bias modification training, and episodic future thinking training significantly influenced eating behaviour; however, approach/avoidance training did not significantly influence eating behaviour. Moderator analyses indicated that the effect of inhibition training on eating behaviour was moderated by training task and food novelty, the effect of approach/avoidance training was moderated by food type, and the effect of episodic future thinking training was moderated by type of episodic future thinking. Literature reviewed on cognitive training and weight loss provided preliminary support for the effects of food‐specific inhibition training on weight loss from pre‐intervention to post intervention. However, because most of the included studies focused on short‐term outcomes in normal‐weight samples, longer duration studies in clinical populations (eg, individuals with obesity) are needed to examine the generalizability of these results.     

Food Addiction in Overweight and Obese Adolescents Seeking Weight‐loss Treatment

Some forms of overeating closely resemble addictive behaviour. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) was developed to measure such addiction‐like eating in humans and has been employed in numerous studies for examining food addiction in adults. Yet, little is known about food addiction in children and adolescents. Fifty adolescents were recruited at the beginning of treatment in a weight‐loss hospital and completed the YFAS among other questionnaires. Nineteen participants (38%) received a YFAS diagnosis, who did not differ in age, body mass and gender distribution from those not receiving a diagnosis. However, those with food addiction reported more binge days, more frequent food cravings, higher eating, weight and shape concerns, more symptoms of depression and higher attentional and motor impulsivity. Eating restraint and nonplanning impulsivity did not differ between groups. Results replicate findings from studies in obese adults such that food addiction is not related to age, gender, body mass or eating restraint, but to higher eating pathology, more symptoms of depression and higher impulsivity. Furthermore, results highlight that particularly attentional impulsivity is related to ‘food addiction’. Addiction‐like eating appears to be a valid phenotype in a substantial subset of treatment‐seeking, obese adolescents. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.