Melatonin receptor‐mediated protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: role of SIRT1

Melatonin confers cardioprotective effect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury by reducing oxidative stress. Activation of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) signaling also reduces MI/R injury. We hypothesize that melatonin may protect against MI/R injury by activating SIRT1 signaling. This study investigated the protective effect of melatonin treatment on MI/R heart and elucidated its potential mechanisms. Rats were exposed to melatonin treatment in the presence or the absence of the melatonin receptor antagonist luzindole or SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 and then subjected to MI/R operation. Melatonin conferred a cardioprotective effect by improving postischemic cardiac function, decreasing infarct size, reducing apoptotic index, diminishing serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase release, upregulating SIRT1, Bcl‐2 expression and downregulating Bax, caspase‐3 and cleaved caspase‐3 expression. Melatonin treatment also resulted in reduced myocardium superoxide generation, gp91^phox expression, malondialdehyde level, and increased myocardium superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, which indicate that the MI/R‐induced oxidative stress was significantly attenuated. However, these protective effects were blocked by EX527 or luzindole, indicating that SIRT1 signaling and melatonin receptor may be specifically involved in these effects. In summary, our results demonstrate that melatonin treatment attenuates MI/R injury by reducing oxidative stress damage via activation of SIRT1 signaling in a receptor‐dependent manner.     

Cytoprotective effects of melatonin against necrosis and apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver

Abstract:  Melatonin protects against organ ischemia; this effect has mainly been attributed to the antioxidant properties of the indoleamine. This study examined the cytoprotective properties of melatonin against injury to the liver caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Rats were subjected to 60 min of ischemia followed by 5 hr of reperfusion. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) or the vehicle was administered intraperitoneally 15 min before ischemia and immediately before reperfusion. The serum aminotransferase activity and lipid peroxidation levels were increased markedly by hepatic I/R, which were suppressed significantly by melatonin. In contrast, the glutathione content, which is an index of the cellular redox state, and mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase activity, which is a maker of the mitochondrial membrane integrity, were lower in the I/R rats. These decreases were attenuated by melatonin. The rate of mitochondrial swelling, which reflects the extent of the mitochondrial permeability transition, was higher after 5 hr of reperfusion but was attenuated by melatonin. Melatonin limited the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and the activation of caspase-3 observed in the I/R rats. The melatonin-treated rats showed markedly fewer apoptotic (TUNEL positive) cells and DNA fragmentation than did the I/R rats. These results suggest that melatonin ameliorates I/R-induced hepatocytes damage by inhibiting the level of oxidative stress and the apoptotic pathway. Consequently, melatonin may provide a new pharmacological intervention strategy for hepatic I/R injuries.     

Melatonin ameliorates myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury through SIRT3‐dependent regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis

Sirtuins are a family of highly evolutionarily conserved nicotinamide adenine nucleotide‐dependent histone deacetylases. Sirtuin‐3 (SIRT3) is a member of the sirtuin family that is localized primarily to the mitochondria and protects against oxidative stress‐related diseases, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury. Melatonin has a favorable effect in ameliorating MI/R injury. We hypothesized that melatonin protects against MI/R injury by activating the SIRT3 signaling pathway. In this study, mice were pretreated with or without a selective SIRT3 inhibitor and then subjected to MI/R operation. Melatonin was administered intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg) 10 minutes before reperfusion. Melatonin treatment improved postischemic cardiac contractile function, decreased infarct size, diminished lactate dehydrogenase release, reduced the apoptotic index, and ameliorated oxidative damage. Notably, MI/R induced a significant decrease in myocardial SIRT3 expression and activity, whereas the melatonin treatment upregulated SIRT3 expression and activity, and thus decreased the acetylation of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2). In addition, melatonin increased Bcl‐2 expression and decreased Bax, Caspase‐3, and cleaved Caspase‐3 levels in response to MI/R. However, the cardioprotective effects of melatonin were largely abolished by the selective SIRT3 inhibitor 3‐(1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine (3‐TYP), suggesting that SIRT3 plays an essential role in mediating the cardioprotective effects of melatonin. In vitro studies confirmed that melatonin also protected H9c2 cells against simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury (SIR) by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis, while SIRT3‐targeted siRNA diminished these effects. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that melatonin treatment ameliorates MI/R injury by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis via activating the SIRT3 signaling pathway.     

Protective effect of melatonin‐supported adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells against small bowel ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rat

We tested the hypothesis that combined melatonin and autologous adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) was superior to either alone against small bowel ischemia‐reperfusion (SBIR) injury induced by superior mesenteric artery clamping for 30 min followed by reperfusion for 72 hr. Male adult Sprague Dawley rats (n = 50) were equally categorized into sham‐operated controls SC, SBIR, SBIR‐ADMSC (1.0 × 10⁶ intravenous and 1.0 × 10⁶ intrajejunal injection), SBIR‐melatonin (intraperitoneal 20 mg/kg at 30 min after SI ischemia and 50 mg/kg at 6 and 18 hr after SI reperfusion), and SBIR‐ADMSC‐melatonin groups. The results demonstrated that the circulating levels of TNF‐α, MPO, LyG6+ cells, CD68+ cells, WBC count, and gut permeability were highest in SBIR and lowest in SC, significantly higher in SBIR‐ADMSC group and further increased in SBIR‐melatonin group than in the combined therapy group (all P < 0.001). The ischemic mucosal damage score, the protein expressions of inflammation (TNF‐α, NF‐κB, MMP‐9, MPO, and iNOS), oxidative stress (NOX‐1, NOX‐2, and oxidized protein), apoptosis (APAF‐1, mitochondrial Bax, cleaved caspase‐3 and PARP), mitochondrial damage (cytosolic cytochrome C) and DNA damage (γ‐H2AX) markers, as well as cellular expressions of proliferation (PCNA), apoptosis (caspase‐3, TUNEL assay), and DNA damage (γ‐H2AX) showed an identical pattern, whereas mitochondrial cytochrome C exhibited an opposite pattern compared to that of inflammation among all groups (all P < 0.001). Besides, antioxidant expressions at protein (NQO‐1, GR, and GPx) and cellular (HO‐1) levels progressively increased from SC to the combined treatment group (all P < 0.001). In conclusion, combined melatonin‐ADMSC treatment offered additive beneficial effect against SBIR injury.     

Protective effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo

The production of oxygen free radicals has been strongly implicated as an important pathophysiological mechanism mediating myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Various antioxidants have cardioprotective effects. Melatonin, an indoleamine synthesized by the pineal gland, is a potent antioxidant and a direct free radical scavenger. This is the first in vivo study to evaluate the effect of melatonin (0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mg/kg, i.v. bolus) on myocardial I/R injury in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Results demonstrate that pretreatment with intermediate or high doses of melatonin (1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) at 10 min before left coronary artery occlusion markedly suppressed ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF), while reducing the total number of premature ventricular contractions and total duration of VT and VF that occurred during the 45-min ischemic period. Pretreatment with melatonin dramatically improved survival rate of rats when compared with the I/R-only group. After 1-hr reperfusion, melatonin caused a significant reduction in infarct size when compared with I/R-only group. Meanwhile, pretreatment with melatonin (1.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced superoxide anion production and myeloperoxidase activity; the latter is an index of neutrophil infiltration in the ischemic myocardium. Additionally, pretreatment with melatonin (1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg) significantly attenuated ventricular arrhythmias and mortality elicited by reperfusion following 5-min ischemia. In conclusion, melatonin suppresses ischemia- and reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias and reduces infarct size resulting from I/R injury. The pronounced cardioprotective activity of melatonin may be mediated by its antioxidant activity and by its capacity for neutrophil inhibition in myocardial I/R.     

Membrane receptor‐dependent Notch1/Hes1 activation by melatonin protects against myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury: in vivo and in vitro studies

Melatonin confers profound protective effect against myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (MI/RI). Activation of Notch1/Hairy and enhancer of split 1 (Hes1) signaling also ameliorates MI/RI. We hypothesize that melatonin attenuates MI/RI‐induced oxidative damage by activating Notch1/Hes1 signaling pathway with phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (Pten)/Akt acting as the downstream signaling pathway in a melatonin membrane receptor‐dependent manner. Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) for 4 wk and then subjected to MI/R surgery. Melatonin significantly improved cardiac function and decreased myocardial apoptosis and oxidative damage. Furthermore, in cultured H9C2 cardiomyocytes, melatonin (100 μmol/L) attenuated simulated ischemia–reperfusion (SIR)‐induced myocardial apoptosis and oxidative damage. Both in vivo and in vitro study demonstrated that melatonin treatment increased Notch1, Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), Hes1, Bcl‐2 expressions, and p‐Akt/Akt ratio and decreased Pten, Bax, and caspase‐3 expressions. However, these protective effects conferred by melatonin were blocked by DAPT (the specific inhibitor of Notch1 signaling), luzindole (the antagonist of melatonin membrane receptors), Notch1 siRNA, or Hes1 siRNA administration. In summary, our study demonstrates that melatonin treatment protects against MI/RI by modulating Notch1/Hes1 signaling in a receptor‐dependent manner and Pten/Akt signaling pathways are key downstream mediators.     

卡维地洛和庚醇对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的研究卡维地洛（CVD）、庚醇（HT）在缺血再灌注心肌损伤中作用。方法通过建立的心脏缺血再灌注模型，采用2％氯化三苯四唑（TTC）染色测量心肌梗死的重量，监测心肌型肌酸激酶同功酶（CK—MB）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）等的变化。观察CVD、HT对心肌梗死的影响。结果在缺血30min，再灌注6h后，CVD减少CK—MB、LDH及MDA的释放，稳定NO的分泌。HT组在一定程度上也减少了LDH、CK—MB的释放，但对NO、MDA的释放似乎没有太大影响。CVD组的大鼠梗死心肌仅占左心室心肌重量的（6．2±1.1）％，比对照组减少了51.6％。HT组梗死心肌占左心室心肌重量的（7．4±1.0）％，比对照组减少了42．2％。HE常规染色发现CVD组心肌细胞损伤程度明显减轻，粒细胞浸润也明显减少，大部分仅表现肌纤维肿胀和断裂。CVD可以防止内皮型一氧化氮合酶的减少。电镜下，CVD组和HT组心肌润盘肌丝、线粒体等损伤较轻。结论CVD通过B受体拮抗、抗氧化等方面的作用来保护心肌。HT可能是使缝隙连接可逆性解藕联产生心肌保护作用。     

lncRNA减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)是一类长度大于200个核苷酸且无蛋白质编码能力的RNA,但在增殖、凋亡、迁移、侵袭和分化等多种生物过程中起着非常重要的调节作用。研究发现lncRNA与心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的发生发展密切相关。本综述讨论了lncRNA减少心肌I/R损伤及其可能机制的研究进展。     

The nuclear melatonin receptor RORα is a novel endogenous defender against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Circadian rhythm disruption or decrease in levels of circadian hormones such as melatonin increases ischemic heart disease risk. The nuclear melatonin receptors RORs are pivotally involved in circadian rhythm regulation and melatonin effects mediation. However, the functional roles of RORs in the heart have never been investigated and were therefore the subject of this study on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury pathogenesis. RORα and RORγ subtypes were detected in the adult mouse heart, and RORα but not RORγ was downregulated after MI/R. To determine the pathological consequence of MI/R‐induced reduction of RORα, we subjected RORα‐deficient staggerer mice and wild‐type (WT) littermates to MI/R injury, resulting in significantly increased myocardial infarct size, myocardial apoptosis and exacerbated contractile dysfunction in the former. Mechanistically, RORα deficiency promoted MI/R‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial impairments, and autophagy dysfunction. Moreover, RORα deficiency augmented MI/R‐induced oxidative/nitrative stress. Given the emerging evidence of RORα as an essential melatonin effects mediator, we further investigated the RORα roles in melatonin‐exerted cardioprotection, in particular against MI/R injury, which was significantly attenuated in RORα‐deficient mice, but negligibly affected by cardiac‐specific silencing of RORγ. Finally, to determine cell type‐specific effects of RORα, we generated mice with cardiomyocyte‐specific RORα overexpression and they were less vulnerable to MI/R injury. In summary, our study provides the first direct evidence that the nuclear melatonin receptor RORα is a novel endogenous protective receptor against MI/R injury and an important mediator of melatonin‐exerted cardioprotection; melatonin‐RORα axis signaling thus appears important in protection against ischemic heart injury.     

PPAR agonist rosiglitazone attenuates cardiac dysfunction and oxidative stress in rats after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Background Whether pre-treatment with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ(PPAR-γ) agonist has beneficial effect on myocardial ischemia / reperfusion(I / R) injury is not well established. In this study,we try to explore the cardioprotective effect of the pre-treatment with PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone(Ros) on the hearts suffering I / R injury. Methods Experimental I / R injury was induced by Langendorff heart reperfusion model and left anterior descending artery ligation in rats. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), nitric oxide synthase(NOS), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malonaldehyde(MDA). Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Results Ros treatment significantly decreased SOD and inducible nitric oxide synthase and increased creatine kinase, LDH,MDA, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in-vivo. Both in vitro and in-vivo, Ros treatment increased Bcl-2level and decreased Bax level in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro, Ros treatment significantly increased SOD but lowered MDA and LDH in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Pre-treatment with PPARγ agonist Ros has beneficial effect on myocardial I / R injury by attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis.     

JAK2/STAT3 activation by melatonin attenuates the mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is harmful to the cardiovascular system and causes mitochondrial oxidative stress. Numerous data indicate that the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway is specifically involved in preventing myocardial IRI. Melatonin has potent activity against IRI and may regulate JAK2/STAT3 signaling. This study investigated the protective effect of melatonin pretreatment on myocardial IRI and elucidated its potential mechanism. Perfused isolated rat hearts and cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to melatonin in the absence or presence of the JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor AG490 or JAK2 siRNA and then subjected to IR. Melatonin conferred a cardio‐protective effect, as shown by improved postischemic cardiac function, decreased infarct size, reduced apoptotic index, diminished lactate dehydrogenase release, up‐regulation of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl2, and down‐regulation of the pro‐apoptotic protein Bax. AG490 or JAK2 siRNA blocked melatonin‐mediated cardio‐protection by inhibiting JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Melatonin exposure also resulted in a well‐preserved mitochondrial redox potential, significantly elevated mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and decreased formation of mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA), which indicates that the IR‐induced mitochondrial oxidative damage was significantly attenuated. However, this melatonin‐induced effect on mitochondrial function was reversed by AG490 or JAK2 siRNA treatment. In summary, our results demonstrate that melatonin pretreatment can attenuate IRI by reducing IR‐induced mitochondrial oxidative damage via the activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.     

阿利吉仑通过调控线粒体介导的凋亡通路改善心肌缺血再灌注损伤

目的通过体外构建心肌细胞缺氧复氧模型(H/R)模拟体内心肌细胞缺血再灌注,验证阿利吉仑(Aliskiren)对于改善心肌细胞缺血再灌注的药物效果,同时探究细胞凋亡在其中的机制。方法将细胞实验分为四组:正常氧供应组即对照组(Control)、缺氧复氧组(H/R)、阿利吉仑+缺氧复氧组(阿利吉仑+H/R)、NF-κB P65特异抑制剂+缺氧复氧组(bay11-7082+H/R)。使用CCK-8检测不同浓度阿利吉仑处理的心肌细胞存活率,ELISA检测各实验组炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)水平。Hoechst33258染色、Annexin V/PI双染流式细胞仪检测各组心肌细胞凋亡比例,JC-1试剂盒测量线粒体膜电位及心肌细胞ATP含量。同时采用Caspase-3试剂盒检测各组心肌细胞凋亡蛋白酶的活性。结果阿利吉仑小于20 mmol/L时,与心肌细胞活性存在正相关关系,而在20 mmol/L和80 mmol/L之间,两者之间存在负相关关系,文章中阿利吉仑的最佳处理浓度是20 mmol/L,此时的心肌细胞活性最高(76.40%±1.64%)。相比H/R组,阿利吉仑能降低TNF-α和IL-6水平[(129.33±5.86) ng/L比(319.00±4.58) ng/L,P0.05;(29.67±1.53) ng/L比(64.67±2.08) ng/L,P0.05],同时显著降低心肌细胞的凋亡率[(7.23%±1.14%)比(32.25%±3.15%),P0.05],并具有降低能量代谢障碍心肌细胞所占比例[(6.9%±1.6%)比(13.5%±1.7%),P0.05]、稳定线粒体膜电位的功能[(3.90±0.60)比(1.80±0.16),P0.05]。另外,抑制凋亡蛋白酶Caspase-3的活性[(2.26±0.35)比(3.26±0.62),P0.05],且阿利吉仑+H/R组与bay11-7082+H/R组的各项实验结果无统计学差异。结论阿利吉仑可以通过抑制炎症反应、调控线粒体受体介导的凋亡,改善缺血心肌细胞缺血再灌注损伤,且阿利吉仑的调控凋亡作用可能与NF-κB表达抑制有关。     

高血糖促进氧化应激加重大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤

目的:研究高血糖是否可通过增加大鼠急性缺血/再灌注（I/R）心肌氧化应激而加重心肌损伤,并探讨其机制。方法: 将SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(Sham)、生理盐水对照组(Vehicle)和高糖组(HG)。通过缺血30 min再灌注6 h,建立大鼠急性心肌I/R模型。通过静脉输注高浓度葡萄糖溶液,建立大鼠急性心肌I/R并发高血糖动物模型。术中监测血糖水平。再灌注结束后,检测血浆心肌酶谱水平,心肌梗死面积（IS）、心肌细胞凋亡指数（AI）和caspase 3的活性,检测心肌组织中氧化应激指标超氧阴离子、gp91phox、MDA、SOD,以及硫氧还蛋白结合蛋白（Txnip）的水平和硫氧还蛋白（Trx）的活性。结果: 与Vehicle组比较,HG组大鼠血糖水平显著升高,肌酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的水平和IS增加,AI和caspase 3的活性升高(P<0.05)。HG组I/R心肌组织氧化应激程度显著升高,超氧阴离子、gp91phox和MDA水平增加(P<0.05)。同时,HG组I/R心肌组织的Txnip表达增加而Trx活性降低(P<0.05)。结论: 高血糖可增加大鼠I/R心肌中Txnip的表达,抑制Trx的活性促进氧化应激,这可能是其加重I/R心肌损伤的机制。     

FoxO1变化对糖尿病小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的:观察心肌中插头转录因子O1（FoxO1）在糖尿病（DM）小鼠心肌中表达量变化及对小鼠心肌缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤的影响。方法: 将90只健康雄性Swiss小鼠随机分为5组:假手术（Sham）组、I/R组、DM+Sham组、DM+I/R组及DM+FoxO1SiRNA+I/R组,每组18只。采用高糖高脂饮食加链脲菌素(Streptozocin,STZ)腹腔注射诱导建立DM小鼠模型。采用FoxO1SiRNA心肌点注射下调心肌FoxO1表达。心肌I/R损伤模型的建立,采用结扎心脏冠状动脉左前降支30 min后再灌注方案实施。心肌再灌注3 h后,用原位缺口末端标法(TUNEL)检测心肌细胞凋亡。用ELISA法检测心肌中 Caspase-3的活性。用Western blot法检测心肌中FoxO1的表达量。心肌再灌注24 h后,用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑（TTC）染色法检测心肌梗死（MI）的面积。结果: 与Sham组比较,DM+Sham组心肌中FoxO1的表达量明显增高（P<0.01）。与I/R组比,DM+I/R组MI的面积增大（P<0.05）,心肌细胞凋亡数量及Caspase-3活性明显增加（P<0.01）。与DM+I/R组相比,DM+FoxO1SiRNA+I/R组心肌FoxO1的表达量下调（P<0.05）,MI面积及Caspase-3的活性减小（P<0.05）,心肌细胞凋亡数量减少（P<0.01）。结论: DM小鼠心肌中FoxO1表达量的增加可加重心肌I/R损伤;而下调心肌中FoxO1的表达量后,心肌I/R损伤减轻。     

Melatonin protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle

Abstract:  Melatonin has been shown to diminish ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in many tissues. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the protective antioxidant effect of melatonin in skeletal muscle during I/R injury. Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups. Hindlimb ischemia was achieved by clamping the common femoral artery in two groups but not in control group. Limbs were rendered ischemic for 1.5 hr; at the end of the reperfusion period of 1.5 hr muscle tissue samples were taken for the histological evaluation and biochemical analysis. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was injected i.p. in the I/R + Mel group at the onset of ischemia whereas the vehicle solution was injected in the I/R group. In I/R + Mel group histological damage was significantly less than in the I/R group ( P  < 0.001). In the I/R + Mel group, the mean malonedialdehyde level was lower than in the I/R group ( P  < 0.01) and was quite near to the levels in the control group ( P  > 0.05). Glutathione levels were found to be reduced in the I/R group compared with the control ( P  < 0.01) and I/R + Mel group ( P  < 0.01). Melatonin has a protective effect against I/R injury in skeletal muscle and may reduce the incidence of compartment syndrome, especially after acute or chronic peripheral arterial occlusions.     

环孢菌素A拮抗心肌缺血／再灌注损伤的作用

目的：研究环孢菌素A（CsA）拮抗小型猪心肌缺血／再灌注损伤（MI／RI）的作用及可能的机制。方法：经皮球囊封堵冠状动脉左前降支制备小型猪MI／RI模型。将存活的动物随机分为3组：即对照组（n=4）、CsA组（n=6）及他可英司（FK-506）组（n=6）,分别静滴生理盐水100ml、25mg／kgCsA及1mg／kgFK-506。所有动物均经90rain缺血和3h再灌注。通过病理检查评估心肌梗死（MI）面积。用免疫组化染色法检测心肌细胞凋亡。用透射电子显微镜观察各组心肌细胞线粒体的形态。结果：CsA组MI的面积比对照组[（7．5±0．6）cm。粥．（10．5±2．6）cm。]和FK-506组[（7．5±0．6）cm。掷．（9．6±2．7）cm。]明显减少（P〈0．01）;CsA组心肌细胞的凋亡率（％）比对照组[（11．9±1．88）％郴．（22．3±1．66）％]和FK-506组[（11．9±1．88）％郴．（19．2±1．82）％]明显下降（JP〈0．01）。透射电子显微镜检查显示,CsA组能维持线粒体的形态,线粒体坍塌的百分率为（20％±7％）,比对照组（53％±12％）和FK-506组（47％±9％）明显减少（P〈0．01）。结论：CsA可能对MI／RI具有拮抗作用,其机制可能是通过抑制线粒体膜通透性转换孔（mPTP）,保持线粒体形态完整而实现,此种效应不依赖于钙调磷酸酶抑制途径。