Spindly和Bub3在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨Spindly和Bub3在口腔鳞状细胞癌（oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC）中的表达水平及意义。方法：选取河北医科大学第四医院2017年3月—2019年3月收治的65例OSCC患者的口腔鳞癌组织及癌旁正常组织,采用RT-PCR检测口腔鳞癌组织及癌旁正常组织中Spindly、Bub3 mRNA的表达水平;对OSCC细胞株进行培养,siRNA转染干扰Spindly、Bub3基因表达后,采用MTT法检测细胞增殖能力,划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力。采用SPSS 22.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：Spindly和Bub3 mRNA在人口腔鳞癌组织中的表达水平显著高于癌旁组织（P<0.05）;Spindly和Bub3 mRNA表达量与T分期、临床分期、淋巴结转移有关（P<0.05）;Spindly、Bub3、Spindly/Bub3高表达患者的5年生存率高于低表达患者,且Spindly/Bub3高表达患者的5年生存率低于Spindly、Bub3高表达患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;siRNA-Spindly组的Spindly表达水平低于Spindly阴性对照组、空白对照组,siRNA-Bub3组的Bub3表达水平也低于Bub3阴性对照组、空白对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;siRNA-Spindly组细胞在24、48、72、96 h的增殖能力低于Spindly阴性对照组、空白对照组,siRNA-Bub3组细胞在24、48、72、96 h的增殖能力低于Bub3阴性对照组、空白对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;siRNA-Spindly组细胞在24、48 h的迁移能力低于Spindly阴性对照组、空白对照组,siRNA-Bub3组细胞在24、48 h的迁移能力低于Bub3阴性对照组、空白对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：Spindly和Bub3在口腔鳞癌中呈高表达,且与临床、病理分期相关;特异性抑制Spindly和Bub3基因表达,可降低癌细胞的增殖和迁移能力,有望作为治疗口腔鳞癌的靶点之一。     

p53 expression in oral precancer and cancer

Expression of the p53 tumour suppressor gene is a frequent finding in human malignancies, including oral cancer, and it has been detected in some potentially malignant lesions. The results of the present project showed that 35 of the 41 (85 per cent) oral mucosal lesions with histological evidence of epithelial dysplasia expressed p53, but the presence or absence of p53 staining could not be used to predict the outcome of potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions.     

表皮生长因子受体在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及临床意义

目的：探讨表皮生长因子受体在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其与临床的关系，材料和方法，手术切除４０例口腔鳞状细胞癌组织标志，经用表皮生长因子受体单克隆抗体和免疫组织化学方法进行观察，分析其表达特点及临床表现，结果：表皮生长因子受体表达与患者的性别，年龄，发病部位，ＴＮＭ分期和淋巴细胞结转移无关（Ｐ〉０．０５）。高分化鳞状细胞癌的表达低于低分化（Ｐ〈０．０１），结论：表皮生长因子肥体表达状况与口腔鳞状细胞     

口腔鳞癌Stat3基因的表达研究和SH2功能区编码序列测定

目的：探讨Stat3基因在口腔鳞癌发生发展中的作用。方法：RT-PCR检测20例鳞癌的癌组织及相应正常口腔黏膜新鲜组织中Stat3 mRNA的相对含量。DNA序列测定方法分析7例鳞癌组织中Stat3 SH2功能区的编码序列。结果：Stat3 mRNA在口腔鳞癌中的表达显著高于其相应正常组织（P〈0.05）。鳞癌测序结果5例未发现碱基突变;2例与Genbank的标准序列分别存在2个和5个位点的变异。结论：Stat3在口腔鳞癌形成早期,部分行使信号传导和转录激活功能;检测Stat3 mRNA表达可能有助于口腔鳞癌淋巴结转移和肿瘤临床分期的预测。口腔鳞癌发生发展中SH2功能区编码序列的突变可能起了一定的作用。     

口腔黏膜癌前病变及口腔鳞癌中bFGF的表达及意义

目的　探讨口腔黏膜癌前病变及口腔鳞癌的发生、发展过程中bFGF的表达及意义。方法　应用免疫组织化学方法对 10例正常口腔黏膜、2 7例口腔扁平苔藓、2 4例口腔白斑及 3 0例口腔鳞癌分别进行检测。结果　口腔鳞癌组织中bFGF高表达 ,明显高于正常口腔黏膜、口腔扁平苔藓和口腔白斑组织 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;口腔扁平苔藓和口腔白斑组织中bFGF表达高于正常口腔黏膜 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　bFGF的过表达在口腔鳞癌的发生、发展过程中起着十分重要的作用 ,可以将其作为预测口腔黏膜恶变潜能的重要标志物     

肿瘤抑制蛋白Maspin在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨Maspin蛋白在口腔鳞状细胞癌（OSCC）发生发展过程中的作用,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法采用鼠抗人Maspin单克隆抗体及SP免疫组化法检测45例OSCC、33例癌旁组织及15例正常口腔组织中Maspin蛋白的表达水平,用半定量积分法判断结果。结果在正常口腔组织、癌旁组织和OSCC组织中Maspin蛋白表达阳性率分别为86.67％（13/15）、72.73%（24/33）和37.78%（17/45）。Maspin蛋白在OSCC组织、癌旁组织和正常口腔组织中表达逐渐增高,其中OSCC组织和正常口腔组织、OSCC组织和癌旁组织、癌旁组织和正常口腔组织之间表达差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。Maspin蛋白的表达与OSCC淋巴结转移和组织学分级有关（P＜0.05）,与TNM分期无关（P＞0.05）。结论Maspin蛋白在OSCC的发生发展过程中可能起着重要作用,检测OSCC组织中Maspin蛋白的表达水平可能有助于对淋巴结转移潜能的预测。     

Midkine expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma and leukoplakia

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41 : 21–26 Background: Midkine (MK), a 13‐kDa heparin‐binding growth factor, is overexpressed in various human cancers. However, its role in the development and progression of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is still unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of MK in samples of OCSCC, leukoplakia, and healthy oral mucosa (control). Methods: Surgically excised specimens from patients with primary OCSCC (n = 28) were immunostained for MK, Ki‐67, PCNA, p53, bcl‐2, Bax, and CD31. Besides this, MK expression was also investigated in leukoplakia and normal oral mucosa. The relationship of MK⁺ cells with clinical parameters (tumor location, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and survival) and microscopic parameters (WHO histological grading, intensity of inflammation, proliferation index, apoptosis, and angiogenesis) was also evaluated. Results: The results showed that MK expression was increased in OCSCC in relation to leukoplakia and normal mucosa. Furthermore, MK expression was increased in late‐stage tumors (T3/T4) compared with early‐stage lesions (T1/T2). MK‐positive lesions also showed increased expression of the anti‐apoptotic protein bcl‐2. Conclusion: OCSCC, particularly late‐stage tumors, exhibits increased MK expression, which may be involved in tumor progression via upregulation of anti‐apoptotic genes, as shown by the augmented bcl‐2 positivity in MK‐positive tumors.     

Risk factors for oral epithelial dysplasias to become malignant: clinical implications

There is a lack of effective clinical management of oral epithelial dysplasias to reduce their risk of malignant transformation and considerable gaps in knowledge regarding the most effective means of treating such lesions. A retrospective cohort of biopsy-confirmed oral epithelial dysplasias consecutively diagnosed in the period 1995–2014 and followed-up until 2017 was identified from pathology department files. Demographic, clinical and follow-up information was collected. Multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models were performed to evaluate sociodemographic, clinical and pathological factors associated with progression to oral squamous cell carcinoma. The study included 144 oral epithelial dysplasias, of which 42% progressed to oral cancer at the end of follow-up (21 years). Clinical aspect of the lesion was described for 77 (53.5%) of the patients. Treatment, age, grade of the lesion and diagnostic period were independent prognostic factors for progression. When considering only patients with described clinical aspect, only treatment and grade of the lesion were independently associated with cancer. The results from this non-selected retrospective cohort of oral epithelial dysplasias underscore the existing limitations of the current standard-of-care of the patients and provide novel insights on the management of these lesions with and without described clinical aspect. Well-designed, robust prospective studies, a homogenized staging system and multidisciplinary treatment guidelines are warranted.     

Distinct expression of perforin and granzyme B in lip and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma

J Oral Pathol Med (2011) 40 : 380–384 Background: Perforin and granzyme B (GB) are the main constituents of cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte granules, and they have important roles in preventing the initiation and progression of cancer. Methods: The aim of this study was to compare the expression of CD8⁺/perforin⁺ double‐staining and GB⁺ cells, by immunohistochemistry, in primary oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), non‐dysplastic leukoplakia (LK), dysplastic LK, actinic cheilitis (AC), oral lichen planus (LP) and normal oral mucosa. Results: Our results showed a higher expression of CD8⁺/perforin⁺ and GB⁺ cells in LSCC when compared with the samples of OCSCC, non‐dysplastic and dysplastic LK, AC, oral LP and normal oral mucosa. In addition, increased CD8⁺/perforin⁺ and GB⁺ cell numbers were observed in all pre‐malignant lesions (non‐dysplastic LK, dysplastic LK, AC) when compared with the control. Conclusions: Perforin and GB proteins may contribute to antitumoural immunity, leading to the direct killing of tumour cells; however, it seems to occur more effectively in LSCC than OCSCC.     

Patient's delay in oral cancer: A systematic review

Detecting oral cancer at an early stage is the most effective means of improving survival and reducing morbidity from this disease, yet a significant proportion of patients delay seeking help after the self-discovery of symptoms of oral cancer. The literature on factors associated with patient delay was searched systematically to access relevant data published between 1975 and 2005. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. In these studies, most clinical/tumour factors, sociodemographic variables, and patient health-related behaviours were not related to the duration of patient delay. Healthcare factors and psychosocial factors may play a role but the research in this area is sparse, atheoretical and of poor quality. Patient delay is a problem in oral cancer and yet at present the reasons for such delays are poorly understood and under-researched. Systematic, high-quality and theory-driven research in this area is urgently required.     

Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have resulted in an increasing number of biomarkers that can be used to predict the behaviour of this disease. The authors conducted a literature review of studies examining the role of immunohistochemistry-based protein biomarkers in predicting OSCC outcome. Only articles published in PubMed-indexed journals over the past 5 years were considered. 22 molecular biomarkers were identified and classified into five groups based on their biological functions: cell cycle acceleration and proliferation; tumour suppression and apoptosis; hypoxia; angiogenesis; and cell adhesion and matrix degradation. The cell cycle acceleration and proliferation biomarkers showed the most divergent prognostic findings. Studies on tumour suppression and apoptosis biomarkers were the most prevalent. There were only a few studies examining molecular biomarkers of hypoxia and angiogenesis, and studies examining cell adhesion and matrix degradation biomarkers have shown that this group has the greatest potential for assessing prognostic parameters. Amongst the several proteins analysed, the immunohistochemical expression levels of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have demonstrated the greatest potential for survival prediction in OSCC, but this review demonstrates that their prognostic relevance is debatable and requires further standardisation.     

不同癌基因在口腔白斑和鳞癌中表达的研究

目的 研究正常口腔黏膜，口腔黏膜白斑及口腔鳞癌组织中不同癌基因的表达。方法 通过HE染色确定口腔黏膜组织类型，提取组织中RNA，采用RT－PCR的方法研究不同组织中c-myc、ras、cyclinD1及bcl-2基因的表达。结果 正常口腔黏膜中未见c-myc、ras、cyclinD1及bcl-2基因表达；轻、中、重度异常增生白斑和鳞癌组织中c-myc、ras、cyclinD1及bcl-2基因表达显著增加。结论 c-myc、ras、cyclinD1及bcl-2基因的表达增加与口腔黏膜白斑及鳞癌的发生相关。     

Shared epigenetic alterations between oral cancer and periodontitis: A preliminary study

Introduction

We recently developed a non-invasive sampling procedure for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) detection based on DNA methylation analysis of a panel of 13 genes. Oral cancer, as well as acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, may influence the methylation level of several genes in the oral cavity. In the present study, we evaluated the presence of periodontal disease (PD) and the methylation status using our 13-gene panel.

Methods

Oral brushing specimens were collected from three different patient groups: 23 gingival OSCC patients, 15 patients affected by PD, and 15 healthy volunteers lacking evidence of PD. DNA methylation analysis was performed and each sample was determined to be positive or negative based on a predefined cut-off value.

Results

Positive results were found for 23/23 OSCC patients, 3/15 PD patients, and 0/15 samples from healthy volunteers. The GP1BB and MIR193 genes in the PD group exhibited mean methylation levels similar to OSCC patients. ZAP70 showed different methylation levels among three groups.

Conclusion

Preliminary data identified shared epigenetic alterations between PD and OSCC patients in two inflammatory genes (GP1BB and MIR193). This study may help to identify potential links between the two diseases and serve as a starting point for the future research focused on pathogenesis.     

Insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3 expression promotes tumor formation and invasion and predicts poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma

J Oral Pathol Med (2011) 40 : 699–705 Background: Insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3), an oncofetal RNA‐binding protein, has been implicated in the enhancement of proliferation and invasion in various cancers. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance and functional role of IGF2BP3 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: IGF2BP3 expression in 93 OSCC patients was investigated using immunohistochemical staining and correlated with clinical parameters and patients’ survival. The effect of IGF2BP3 on cell invasion ability was evaluated by RNA interference in OSCC cell line. Results: High expression of IGF2BP3 in OSCC was significantly correlated with large tumor size and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan‐Meier analysis revealed that oral cancer patients with high IGF2BP3 expression had a significantly lower 5‐year survival (P = 0.0017). Multivariate analysis of clinical samples demonstrated IGF2BP3 to be an independent prognosis factor (P = 0.003). Moreover, the IGF2BP3 shRNA significantly suppressed the invasion ability of OSCC in vitro, and the knockdown of endogenous IGF2BP3 expression also inhibited tumor formation in vivo. Conclusions: IGF2BP3 enhances cell invasion ability and tumorigenicity in human OSCC in vitro and in vivo. IGF2BP3 is an independent prognostic factor in patients with OSCC. Targeting of IGF2BP3 could potentially suppress the tumor growth and metastasis to improve the outcome of patients with OSCC.     

E—cadherin在口腔鳞状细胞癌中的表达及其临床意义

应用E—cadherin（E—CD）单克隆抗体通过免疫组织化学ABC方法，对石蜡包埋的40例口腔鳞状细胞癌标本进行分析，探讨E—CD基因的表达与口腔鳞状细胞癌临床病理的关系。结果表明：E—CD阴性表达和弱阳性表达共16例，占40％，细胞膜和细胞浆均见表达。E—CD基因表达与口腔鳞状细胞癌患者性别、年龄、肿瘤临床分期均无明显关系。而E—CD基因表达减弱或阴性口腔鳞状细胞癌患者比阳性者分化低，浸润深．易见淋巴结转移。提示E—CD表达对判断口腔鳞状细胞癌生物学行为有重要作用，是临床判断其恶性程度和制定治疗方案有价值的参考指标。     

Effects of small interfering RNAs targeting Fascin on gene expression in oral cancer cells

Background:  Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common head and neck cancers. The prognosis of OSCC is usually poor because of extensive local invasion at initial diagnosis. In the literature, Fascin has been reported responsible for cell motility and over-expression of Fascin contributes to an unfavorable clinical course. Nevertheless, the roles of Fascin protein playing in aggressiveness of OSCC and their potential mechanisms need to be elucidated.
Methods:  Two cell lines of OSCC (OECM-1 and SCC-25) via the vector-based small interfering RNA (siRNA) to suppress the expression of the Fascin gene were used. Subsequent analyses and observation regarding the expression of Fascin protein and cyto-morphological alterations were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescent microscopy. Boyden chamber invasion assay, cell migration assay and adhesion assay were also applied to investigate the functional changes of OSCC.
Results:  There were statistically significant differences ( P  < 0.05) of Fascin expression before and after silencing. Down-regulation of Fascin protein directly led to changes of cell surface protrusions under immunofluorescent microscopy and resulted in suppression of migration, invasion and increase of adhesion in both cell lines ( P  < 0.05). Furthermore, down-regulation of Fascin expression also resulted in alterations of E-cadherin, β-catenin and TWIST at certain level, implicative of an association with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
Conclusions:  Our results suggest that expression of Fascin protein may play an essential role in regulation of progression of OSCC and contributes to the event of EMT in the early aggressiveness of OSCC.