下肢深静脉血栓形成导管溶栓的术后护理

目的探讨下腔静脉滤器置入联合导管溶栓治疗下肢深静脉血栓的护理。方法总结37例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者置入下腔静脉滤器联合导管溶栓治疗的疗效及护理。结果 37例下腔静脉滤器置入联合导管溶栓的患者均得到有效的治疗,患肢肿胀消退,未发生肺栓塞。结论下腔静脉滤器置入联合导管溶栓后积极、细致、有效的护理是保证治疗成功的重要环节。     

Residual vein obstruction to predict the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with deep vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

See also Watson HG. RVO – Real value obscure. This issue, pp 1116–8; Le Gal G, Carrier M, Kovacs MJ, Betancourt MT, Kahn SR, Wells PS, Anderson DA, Chagnon I, Solymoss S, Crowther M, Righini M, Delluc A, White RH, Vickars L, Rodger M. Residual vein obstruction as a predictor for recurrent thromboembolic events after a first unprovoked episode: data from the REVERSE cohort study. This issue, pp 1126–32. Summary. Background: Residual vein obstruction (RVO) detected on compression ultrasonography of the leg after a few months of anticoagulation therapy might be able to identify patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) at high risk of having a recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE). Aim: To determine whether RVO is associated with an increased risk of recurrent events in patients with DVT. Patients and Methods: A systematic literature search strategy was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials. We selected 14 articles (nine prospective cohort studies and five randomized controlled trials) that included patients with DVT who had an assessment for RVO with the use of compression ultrasonography. Two reviewers independently extracted data onto standardized forms. Results: Overall, the presence of RVO was not associated with an increased risk of recurrent VTE (odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.9–1.7) in patients with unprovoked DVT who stopped oral anticoagulation therapy at the time of RVO assessment. However, RVO was significantly associated with recurrent VTE in patients with any (unprovoked or provoked) DVT (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.0). Conclusions: RVO was associated with a modestly increased risk of recurrent VTE in patients with DVT (unprovoked and provoked). However, RVO did not seem to be a predictor of recurrent VTE in patients with unprovoked DVT following anticoagulation discontinuation. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the role of RVO in patients with unprovoked DVT.     

Bilateral proximal deep vein thrombosis and COVID‐19 in a patient with absence of inferior vena cava: A case report and review of literature

Bilateral proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities of young patients should raise suspicion over pro‐thrombotic conditions and venous anatomical abnormalities, even in the presence of other precipitating factors, such as viral infection. The authors present a 33‐year‐old man with bilateral DVT and absence of inferior vena cava (AIVC), who also had concurrent COVID‐19, and discuss the management of this patient.     

Guidelines and the use of inferior vena cava filters: a review of an institutional experience

Summary.  Background and objectives:  Based on the American College of Chest Physicians 2004 antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma 2002 guidelines, placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter is indicated in patients who either have, or are at high risk for, VTE, but have a contraindication or failure of anticoagulation. Our aim is to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients receiving IVC filters within-guidelines (WG) and outside-of-guidelines (OOG). Methods:  The 558 patients who received an IVC filter were divided into two groups called WG or OOG. The WG group met the criteria described above and the OOG group did not have a contraindication to or a failure of anticoagulation. Results:  The WG group had 362 patients and the OOG group had 196 patients. The OOG group had one (0.5%) patient with post-filter pulmonary embolism (PE), two (1%) with IVC thrombosis, and seven (3.6%) with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The WG group had five (1.4%) patients with post-filter PE, 13 (3.6%) with IVC thrombosis, and 34 (9.4%) with DVT. All patients who developed post-filter PE had a DVT before filter placement, and patients who did not have a prior VTE event were at a significantly lower risk of developing post-filter IVC thrombosis and PE. Conclusion:  Our data do not support the use of an IVC filter outside of guidelines in patients without prior VTE who can tolerate anticoagulation because of the low risk of developing PE.     

The utility of pretest probability assessment in patients with clinically suspected venous thromboembolism

Summary.  The assessment of pretest probability (PTP), with stratification into low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups is an essential initial step in the current diagnostic management of patients with suspected venous thromboembolism (VTE). In combination with additional information, it reduces the need for initial and supplementary imaging, and allows considerable refinement of the posterior probability of VTE following non-invasive imaging. PTP may be assessed either empirically or by using various decision rules or scoring systems, the best known of which are the simplified Wells scores for suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and the Geneva score for suspected PE. Each of these approaches shows similar directional and categorical accuracy, and has been validated as facilitating clinically useful classification of the PTP, although an overview of data suggests that fewer patients tend to be classified as low PTP when assessed empirically. This group is the most important to identify, as several outcome studies have shown that imaging and treatment are safely obviated in outpatients with suspected DVT or PE who have a low PTP in combination with negative d -dimer testing, a subgroup accounting for up to half of all patients studied. Hence, while probably not of critical importance, the explicit approach offered by scoring systems might be preferred over empirical assessment, particularly when used by more junior staff.     

下腔静脉滤器的临床应用现状

如今对于深静脉血栓形成患者,下腔静脉滤器（IVCF）的使用率持续增加,但其临床效益和远期并发症仍有很大争议,没有证据显示使用IVCF有生存获益性。尽管在临床实践中广泛使用IVCF,但在适应症方面各个地区却有很大差异。目前我们支持更为严格的美国胸科医师学院IVCF放置指征指南,只有在高危肺栓塞、围术期高出血风险并存在药物预防禁忌的情况下才考虑IVCF,并主张对可回收的IVCF进行密切而有组织的随访,一旦不再需要预防肺栓塞,尽快将其取出。本文全面对比了有关IVC过滤功效的随机性、前瞻性研究,比较美国和欧洲指南在IVCF适应证和并发症的差别。随着时间的推移,IVCF指南也在逐渐变化。     

Incidence, risk profile and morphological pattern of venous thromboembolism after prostate cancer surgery

Summary.  Background : Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the most common non-surgical complication after major pelvic surgery. Little is known about the risk factors or the time of development of postoperative venous thrombosis. Methods: A cohort of 523 consecutive patients undergoing radical prostatectomy with lymphadenectomy was prospectively assessed by complete compression ultrasound at days −1, +8 and +21. Results: Complete data were available in 415 patients, while four patients had VTE before surgery and were excluded from the analysis. In the remaining 411 patients, 71 VTE events were found in 69 patients (16.8%). Most were limited to calf muscle veins (56.5%), followed by deep calf vein thrombosis (23.2%), proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT, 14.5%) and pulmonary embolism (PE, 5.8%). Of the 14 patients with proximal DVT/PE, 11 patients (78.6%) developed VTE between days 8 and 21. Risk factors for VTE were a personal history of VTE (OR 3.0), pelvic lymphoceles (LCs) impairing venous flow (OR 2.8) and necessity of more than two units of red blood cells (OR 2.6). Conclusion: Venous thromboembolism is common after radical prostatectomy. A significant proportion develops after day 8, suggesting that prolonged heparin prophylaxis should be considered. Since LCs with venous flow reduction result in higher rates of VTE, hemodynamically relevant lymphoceles should be surgically treated.     

Incidence of venous thromboembolism in Korea: from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database

Summary. Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), represents a major health concern in Caucasians. Although the incidence of VTE is generally known to be lower in Asians than in Caucasians, results of epidemiologic studies among Asians have been conflicting. In this study we performed a nationwide population‐based epidemiologic study to provide basic information regarding the incidence of VTE in the Korean population. Methods: Using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) database, VTE patients from 2004 to 2008 were retrospectively identified by both diagnostic codes and medication codes for drugs used in initial treatment of VTE. Results: The respective age‐ and sex‐adjusted annual incidences of VTE, DVT and PE per 100 000 individuals increased significantly from 8.83, 3.91 and 3.74 in 2004 to 13.8, 5.31 and 7.01 in 2008 (P = 0.0001), with successive increments each year. All three annual incidences also increased steadily with age (P = 0.0001 for all), particularly among those over 60 years old. Conclusions: This represents the largest epidemiologic study that demonstrates a lower incidence of VTE in Asian compared with Western populations; however, it also demonstrates a yearly increasing incidence of VTE in the Korean population.     

Retrievable inferior vena cava filter to prevent pulmonary embolism in patients with fractures and deep venous thrombosis of lower extremities: a single-center experience

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of inserting a retrievable inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) to prevent pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with bone fractures and acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) before major orthopedic surgery.MethodsClinical data of patients with fractures and acute DVT who underwent IVCF insertion were analyzed. The patients were divided into above-knee DVT (AKDVT), popliteal vein thrombosis (PVT), and below-knee DVT (BKDVT) groups.ResultsAn IVCF was successfully implanted in 964 patients, among whom 929 were followed up (335, 470, and 124 in AKDVT, PVT, and BKDVT groups, respectively). There was no significant difference in the incidence of filter thrombosis among the groups (11.04%, 11.70%, and 8.06%, respectively). No symptomatic PE occurred during follow-up. The mean filter indwelling time was 18.4 ± 4.3 days, and the total filter removal rate was 76.87%. There was no significant difference in the rate of filter implantation, retrieval, complications, or mortality among the groups.ConclusionsRetrievable filters can effectively prevent PE before orthopedic surgery in patients with fractures and acute DVT of the lower limbs. AKDVT more readily forms a ≥1-cm thrombus in the IVCF than does BKDVT, and PVT more readily forms a <1-cm thrombus than does AKDVT.     

Risk factors for venous thrombosis in medical inpatients: validation of a thrombosis risk score.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The occurrence of and risk factors for venous thrombosis (VT) complicating hospital admission in unselected medical inpatients have not been widely studied. PATIENTS and METHODS: In a 400-bed teaching hospital we identified all cases of VT complicating hospital admission between September 2000 and September 2002 using discharge codes and chart review. Controls were randomly selected adult inpatients frequency matched to cases for medical service. RESULTS: The incidence of VT complicating hospital admission was 7.6 per 1000 admissions. On average, VT was diagnosed on the fifth hospital day. The median age of the 65 cases and 123 controls was 68 years and 45% were men. Cases had a 4-fold higher death rate than controls [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9, 8.8]. At admission, trauma within 3 months, leg edema, pneumonia, platelet count > 350 x 10(3) mm(-3) and certain cancers were associated with risk of VT. Age, body mass index, and acute myocardial infarction were not associated with VT risk. One of three published VT risk models was able to risk stratify patients and was associated with a 2.6-fold increased risk of VT (95% CI 1.3, 5.5). Use of VT prophylaxis did not differ in cases and controls; prophylaxis was used < 1/3 of hospital days in 52% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: VT was common among medical inpatients. Of the risk factors identified, elevated platelet count has not been previously reported. Only one of three published risk scores was associated with risk of inpatient VT. Future study should improve upon risk prediction models for in-hospital VT among medical patients.     

Smoking and venous thromboembolism: a Danish follow-up study

Summary.  Background:  Large-scale prospective studies are needed to assess whether smoking is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) (i.e. deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) independently of established risk factors. Objective:  To investigate the association between smoking and the risk of VTE among middle-aged men and women. Methods:  From 1993 to 1997, 27 178 men and 29 875 women, aged 50–64 years and born in Denmark, were recruited into the Danish prospective study 'Diet, Cancer and Health'. During follow-up, VTE cases were identified in the Danish National Patient Registry. Medical records were reviewed and only verified VTE cases were included in the study. Baseline data on smoking and potential confounders were included in gender stratified Cox proportional hazard models to asses the association between smoking and the risk of VTE. The analyses were adjusted for alcohol intake, body mass index, physical activity, and in women also for use of hormone replacement therapy. Results:  During follow-up, 641 incident cases of VTE were verified. We found a positive association between current smoking and VTE, with a hazard ratio of 1.52 (95% CI, 1.15–2.00) for smoking women and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.00–1.74) for smoking men, and a positive dose-response relationship. Former smokers had the same hazard as never smokers. Conclusions:  Smoking was an independent risk factor for VTE among middle-aged men and women. Former smokers have the same risk of VTE as never smokers, indicating acute effects of smoking, and underscoring the potential benefits of smoking cessation.     

Effect of a public awareness campaign on the incidence of symptomatic objectively confirmed deep vein thrombosis: a controlled study

Summary. Background: Although there have been attempts to raise public awareness about deep vein thrombosis (DVT), their influence on identifying confirmed cases is unknown. Objective: To determine the effect and its duration of a public awareness campaign about venous thromboembolism. Patients/Methods: A campaign to raise public awareness of DVT was conducted during one year in an urban population of approximately 100 000 (pop A). A comparison urban population of approximately 1 574 000 (pop B) was not exposed to this campaign. Patients symptomatic for DVT in both populations were referred by general practitioners for a standardized compression ultrasound (CUS) of the whole leg at no charge. Positive CUS examinations documented by photographs were analyzed by an independent adjudication committee blinded to the population. Pop A was followed for 8 months after the information campaign ended. Results and Conclusions: Symptomatic objectively confirmed DVT was found in 48 of 800 subjects tested in pop A and 226 of 2384 tested in pop B. The 1‐year incidence of confirmed DVT (proximal and distal) was 46/100 000 (95% CI, 33–59) in A and 14/100 000 (95% CI, 12–16) in B (P < 0.001). The increase in pop A was due to distal DVT (36/100 000 vs. 5/100 000 in pop B, P < 0.001). The DVT rate for pop A in an 8‐month follow‐up period was 12/100 000, significantly lower than in the first 8 months of the study period (34/100 000/8 months) (P = 0.001). The public awareness campaign significantly increased the diagnosis of distal DVT. When the campaign ended, DVT rates returned to community baseline.     

Psychosocial factors and venous thromboembolism: a long-term follow-up study of Swedish men

Summary.  Background:  The link between psychosocial factors and coronary heart disease is well established, but although effects on coagulation and fibrinolysis variables may be implicated, no population-based study has sought to determine whether venous thromboembolism is similarly related to psychosocial factors. Objective:  To determine whether venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) is related to psychosocial factors. Patients/methods:   A stress questionnaire was filled in by 6958 men at baseline from 1970 to 1973, participants in a cardiovascular intervention trial. Their occupation was used to determine socio-economic status. Results:  After a maximum follow-up of 28.8 years, 358 cases of deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism were identified through the Swedish hospital discharge and cause-specific death registries. In comparison with men who, at baseline, had no or moderate stress, men with persistent stress had increased risk of pulmonary embolism [hazard ratio (HR)=1.80, 95% CI: 1.21–2.67]. After multivariable adjustment, the HR decreased slightly to 1.66 (95% CI: 1.12–2.48). When compared with manual workers, men with white-collar jobs at intermediate or high level and professionals showed an inverse relationship between occupational class and pulmonary embolism (multiple-adjusted HR=0.57, 95% CI: 0.39–0.83). Deep vein thrombosis was not significantly related to either stress or occupational class. Conclusion:  Both persistent stress and low occupational class were independently related to future pulmonary embolism. The mechanisms are unknown, but effects on coagulation and fibrinolytic factors are likely.     

Safety and sensitivity of two ultrasound strategies in patients with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis: a prospective management study

Summary. Background: It remains unclear whether a single complete ultrasound examination, which detects calf vein thrombosis, is as safe as a baseline rapid ultrasound examination, repeated after 1 week when negative, which examines the veins in the groin and the knee. Therefore, we compared the safety and feasibility of two diagnostic ultrasound strategies, involving rapid and complete compression ultrasound (CUS) examination. Methods: Consecutive patients with suspected deep vein thrombosis (DVT) underwent clinical probability assessment. In patients with an unlikely clinical probability and a normal D‐dimer finding, DVT was considered to be excluded. All others were randomized to undergo a rapid or a single complete CUS examination. Patients in whom DVT was excluded were followed for 3 months to assess the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Results: A total of 1002 patients were included. A clinical decision rule indicating DVT to be unlikely and a normal D‐dimer finding occurred in 481 patients (48%), with a VTE incidence of 0.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.05–1.5%] during follow‐up. DVT was confirmed in 59 of the 257 patients (23%) who underwent rapid CUS examination, and in 99 of the 264 patients (38%) who underwent complete CUS examination. VTE during follow‐up occurred in four patients (2.0%; 95% CI 0.6–5.1%) in the rapid CUS arm, and in two patients (1.2%; 95% CI 0.2–4.3%) in the complete CUS arm. Conclusions: A diagnostic strategy with a clinical decision rule, a D‐dimer test and a CUS examination is safe and efficient. Both the rapid and the complete CUS test are comparable and efficient strategies, with differing advantages and disadvantages.     

胸腹腔镜术后下肢静脉血栓形成及肺动脉栓塞

目的研究胸腹腔镜术后下肢深静脉血栓形成及肺动脉栓塞的发生原因及防治方法。方法回顾总结2001年3月-2003年6月收治的胸腹腔镜术后8例，胸腔镜术后4例下肢深静脉血栓形成及其中2例肺动脉栓塞的病人资料。结果12例病人诊为深静脉血栓形成后均予卧床休息，抬高患肢，使用肝素、尿激酶抗凝、溶栓。2例肺栓塞行2h溶栓，1例发生肺栓塞后出现心跳、呼吸骤停，予心肺复苏、溶栓抢救成功。全组病例均痊愈出院。结论胸腹腔镜术后下肢深静脉血栓形成有一定的发病率，要尽早抗凝、溶栓治疗，其中部分病人可能发生大面积肺动脉栓塞，要及时予以大剂量尿激酶溶栓，才能挽救病人生命。高危病人术前可植入腔静脉滤器防治致死性肺动脉栓塞。