关节镜下逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨中下段或髁上骨折

目的评价关节镜监视下逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨中下段及髁上骨折的疗效。方法关节镜监视下采用逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨中下段及髁上骨折共22例,术后应用CPM早期功能锻炼。结果骨折均复位满意,无骨不连发生,所有患者屈膝术后2周内达90°以上,3个月恢复正常。结论本方法结合了关节镜和逆行交锁髓内钉的优点,操作简单、锁定准确,术后能早期应用CPM锻炼,最大限度的减少膝关节的人为损伤,同时提供了坚强固定,有利于骨折的愈合和膝关节功能的恢复。     

逆行交锁髓内钉结合CPM治疗股骨远端骨折24例

目的：总结应用逆行交锁髓内钉内固定结合CPM治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效及经验。方法：应用逆行交锁髓内钉固定股骨远端骨折,术后配合CPM行患肢膝关节功能锻炼。结果：24例术后随访5～20个月,平均10个月。骨折愈合时间为3～5个月。膝关节功能恢复良好,优良率83.3％,无畸行愈合、不愈合、断钉、感染等并发症。结论：采用逆行交锁髓内钉结合CPM治疗股骨远端骨折,固定坚强并发症少,利于骨折愈合及关节功能恢复,是理想的治疗方法。     

GSH钉治疗股骨远端骨折（附57例报告）

目的 总结临床采用GSH钉(股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉)技术治疗股骨远端骨折的经验。方法 应用GSH钉及术后不用外固定，早期麻醉镇痛下膝关节CPM功能锻炼治疗57例股骨远端骨折。结果 X线片显示41例骨折达到解剖或接近解剖复位，膝关节功能评分优25例，良19例，可11例，差2例，优良率为77．2％。结论 GSH钉具有操作简便、固定可靠、手术创伤小等优点，与膝关节CPM功能锻炼相结合治疗股骨远端骨折疗效确切。     

GSH钉治疗股骨远端骨折(附57例报告)

目的　总结临床采用GSH钉 (股骨髁上逆行交锁髓内钉 )技术治疗股骨远端骨折的经验。方法　应用GSH钉及术后不用外固定 ,早期麻醉镇痛下膝关节CPM功能锻炼治疗 5 7例股骨远端骨折。结果　X线片显示 4 1例骨折达到解剖或接近解剖复位 ,膝关节功能评分优 2 5例 ,良 19例 ,可 11例 ,差 2例 ,优良率为 77 2 %。结论　GSH钉具有操作简便、固定可靠、手术创伤小等优点 ,与膝关节CPM功能锻炼相结合治疗股骨远端骨折疗效确切。     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折

目的 总结逆行交锁髓内钉内固定结合CPM治疗股骨远端骨折的临床效果。方法 采用逆行交锁髓内钉内固定治疗30例股骨远端骨折，术后早期进行伤肢CPM锻炼。结果 30例随访6～18个月，平均10个月，骨折住6～8个月内愈合，膝关节功能恢复良好．优良率93％。结论 逆行交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨远端骨折具有稳定性高、固定牢靠、操作简单安全的特点：术后早期可进行伤肢CPM锻炼，骨折愈合快，并发症少，是一种治疗股骨远端骨折比较理想的方法，     

逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折21例

目的：探讨GSH逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效。方法：2000年2月～2004年12月应用GSH逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折21例,按AO分型,其中A型15例、C型6例,男性18例、女性3例,2例为开放性骨折,术后用CPM功能锻炼,随访时间6～24个月。结果：1例发生延迟愈合,术后6个月进行植骨,其余均获得骨性愈合,平均愈合时间5个月。根据Kolment膝关节功能评分标准：优15例,良2例,可3例,差1例,优良率为80．9％。结论：逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折,创伤小,内固定坚强,町早期活动负重,术后早期用CPM功能锻炼,膝关节功能满意。     

微创技术治疗股骨远端骨折

目的探讨利用关节镜及经皮复位逆行交锁髓内钉技术微创治疗股骨远端骨折的疗效。方法2000年6月～2004年6月采用闭合复位、关节镜监视下应用逆行交锁髓内钉固定治疗47例股骨远端骨折患者。在关节镜监视下置入逆行交锁髓内钉,术后不辅以其它外固定,第2天起即开始不负重关节功能锻炼。6～8周后,根据骨痂生长情况考虑逐渐负重直至弃拐。结果所有患者获7～21个月(平均9个月)随访。所有伤口均甲级愈合,无关节感染。骨折临床愈合时间为11～18周,平均13.2周。根据HSS膝关节临床功能评分标准:优23例,良17例,可7例,优良率为85.1%。结论关节镜监视下应用逆行交锁髓内钉固定股骨远端骨折可最大限度减少对关节的干扰,使骨折治疗达到微创化。     

切开直视与关节镜监视下逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端A型骨折疗效对比

目的比较关节镜监视下和切开直视下逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端A型骨折的不同疗效,探讨关节镜监视下逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端A型骨折的优越性。方法2000年6月～2003年12月我院共收治股骨远端骨折患者40例,其中28例采用关节镜监视下逆行带锁髓内钉内固定,12例采用切开直视下逆行带锁髓内钉内固定。结果40例患者术后随访6～50月,平均16个月。膝关节功能按Kolment评定标准,关节镜组优良率89.2%,切开组优良率58.3%;两组在手术时间、术中出血、住院时间、关节功能恢复时间及功能评价有显著性差异(P<0.01);而在抗炎治疗和骨折完全愈合时间上差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论关节镜引导股骨逆行带锁髓内钉手术时间短、出血少,最大程度地保留了关节部位解剖与功能的完整性,不仅对膝关节损伤小,并可同时发现及处理膝关节内的损伤或病变,值得提倡。     

逆行交锁髓内钉结合CPM治疗股骨远端骨折

目的总结应用逆行交锁髓内钉结合CPM治疗股骨远端骨折的经验。方法62例(A型42例,C型20例)股骨远端骨折采用逆行交锁髓内钉治疗,术后24h内使用CPM锻炼,按Merchan膝关节功能评分对结果评估。结果随访62例,随访时间10~18个月,平均14个月,骨折愈合时间平均为4个月。按Merchan膝关节功能评分,优38例,良21例,可3例,优良率达95%。结论逆行交锁髓内钉具有固定牢靠、创伤小、利于膝关节早期功能锻炼等优点,适用于股骨远端骨折。     

逆行交锁髓内钉结合CPM治疗股骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的 总结逆行交锁髓内钉内固定结合CPM治疗股骨远端粉碎性骨折临床效果。方法 采用逆行交锁髓内钉内固定股骨远端粉碎性骨折，术后结合使用CPM锻炼。结果 12例随访6－20个月，平均11个月。骨折愈合时间为4－8个月。膝关节功能恢复良好，优良率10／12。结论 逆行交锁髓内钉具有高度稳定性，术后24h内即可使用CPM机，操作简单安全，并发症少，适用于治疗股骨远端粉碎性骨折。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.