Coronary artery disease in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus estimated by electron beam computed tomography and electron beam computed tomography angiography

Objective To assess the prevalence and risk of coronary artery disease(CAD) in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) using electron beam computed tomography(EBCT) and EBCT angiography(EBCTA) . Methods:Ninety-four cases were enrolled in this study including diabetes(n=28) ,impaired glucose tolerance(IGT,n=30) ,coronary heart disease(CHD,n=11) ,and control(n=25) . Cardiac EBCT plain scanning and EBCTA were performed on all of these subjects to evaluate coronary artery calcifica-tion(CAC) scores,and number of segments of stenosed coronary arteries. Both CAC and/or coronary artery stenosis were defined as patients with coronary artery lesions(CAL) . Results CAC scores were not different with the control,diabetes,IGT,or CHD(P>0.05) groups. Compared to control(0.520±1.295) ,more stenosed coronary arteries segments(P<0.05) were detected in diabetes(2.964± 1.915) ,IGT(2.200±2.024) ,and CHD(2.273±1.679) . Number of stenosed artery segments were correlated with age(r=0.215,P=0.019) ,postprandial glucose(r=0.224,P=0.015) ,total cholesterol(r=0.323,P=0.000) ,and duration of diabetes(r=0.208,P=0.004) . The incidences of CAL in diabetes(96.43%) ,IGT(93.33%) ,and CHD(90.91%) was substantially higher than that in normal control(56.00%,P<0.01) . The odds ratio of CAL associated with having diabetes was estimated to be 7.514(95% CI:1.885-63.778) . Conclusions Coronary artery lesions are prevalent in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes,implying a high CAD risk. EBCTA holds potential in depicting the details of CAL and can be used to track the progression of CAD in diabetes patients.     

Comparison of 64-slice multi-detector computed tomography coronary angiography between asymptomatic, type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance patients

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the most frequent cause of death and disability for diabetic patients, and patients with diabetes are more likely to have silent ischemia. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) allows non-invasive assessment of coronary artery stenosis and plaque properties. In this study, we investigated whether 64-slice MDCT can non-invasively identify significant coronary artery stenosis in asymptomatic, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study population consisted of 154 consecutive asymptomatic patients [IGT (n=93), T2DM (n=61)]. All patients underwent contrast-enhanced 64-slice MDCT. The number of diseased coronary segments was classified as showing obstructive (>/=50% luminal narrowing) disease or not. Significant coronary stenosis was detected in 43 (27.9%) of 154 enrolled patients. Patients with T2DM showed significantly more coronary stenosis than patients with IGT (41% vs. 19.4%; p<0.01). Twenty-three patients [14.9%; IGT (n=9), T2DM (n=14)] underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for severe stenosis. Patients with T2DM showed significantly more calcified plaque than IGT (47.5% vs. 29%; p<0.05), but not significantly more soft plaque (19.7% vs. 15.1%; ns), or significantly different remodeling index (1.05+/-0.18 vs. 1.04+/-0.21; ns), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 64-Slice MDCT can non-invasively identify significant coronary artery stenosis in asymptomatic, T2DM and IGT patients.     

糖耐量异常或糖尿病合并冠心病患者冠脉病变的特点分析

目的 探讨对糖尿量异常（IGT）或者糖尿病（DM）合并冠心病患者的冠脉病变特点进行探究.方法 将该院2010年2月-2013年2月接收治疗的24例DM合并冠心病患者（A组）、35例IGT合并冠心病患者（B组）以及65例冠心病患者（C组）作为临床研究对象.结果 A组和B组患者的脂代谢紊乱和糖代谢紊乱不同,A组患者的血脂、血糖水平高于B组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;A组患者的单支血管病变比例高于B组和C组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;B组患者的2支血管病变比例高于A组和C组,差异有统计学意义（P如.05）.结论 与冠心病患者相比,DM或者IGT患者的冠脉病变特点较为复杂和严重.     

Value of electrocardiographic and ankle-brachial index abnormalities for prediction of coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk, in part due to accelerated subclinical atherosclerosis. Electrocardiographic (ECG) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) abnormalities are used to screen for cardiovascular risk in the clinic. However, their capacity to identify patients with type 2 DM with nonobstructive subclinical atherosclerosis is unknown. Associations of ECG and ABI abnormalities with coronary artery calcium (CAC), a measure of coronary atherosclerosis, were examined using multivariable ordinal regression modeling in 589 asymptomatic patients with type 2 DM. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were determined. CAC was prevalent (44% CAC>00; 32% CAC>5th percentile score) despite normal electrocardiograms (64%) and ABIs (97%) in most subjects. Neither ECG nor ABI changes predicted CAC after adjusting for age, gender, and race. ECG abnormalities were neither sensitive nor specific for detection of CAC>100, >400, or>75th percentile (sensitivities 0.43, 0.45, and 0.34; specificities 0.69, 0.66, and 0.63, respectively). ABI abnormalities were not sensitive (0.03, 0.04, and 0.03) but had high specificity (0.98, 0.98, and 0.98). In subjects with normal electrocardiograms and ABIs, extensive CAC was remarkably prevalent (CAC>00 in 24%). In conclusion, ECG and ABI abnormalities failed to detect patients with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis and therefore may be of limited value in identifying many asymptomatic patients with type 2 DM at increased risk of cardiovascular disease.     

Comparison of coronary calcium and stress myocardial perfusion imaging in apparently healthy siblings of individuals with premature coronary artery disease

Detection of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis is possible using exercise myocardial perfusion imaging for inducible ischemia or multidetector computed tomography for coronary artery calcium (CAC), which is used to detect subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. The extent to which these screening tests converge in an asymptomatic population that is at increased risk for coronary artery disease remains unknown. We compared the concordance of findings in 260 asymptomatic middle-age siblings of hospitalized index patients <60 years of age with documented coronary artery disease. All subjects underwent maximal exercise testing with postexercise and delayed attenuation-corrected thallium single-photon emission computed tomography and multidetector computed tomography for CAC. An abnormal exercise single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) result occurred in >50% of subjects with a CAC score >100, but also in 12% with no CAC, 9% with CAC scores of 1 to 10, and 20% with CAC scores of 11 to 100. In subjects with an abnormal exercise SPECT result, 59% had CAC scores < or =100. Overall, there was only a modest agreement between an abnormal exercise SPECT result and high CAC scores. In conclusion, although moderate or severe CAC is often associated with inducible ischemia, the absence of CAC or the presence of only mild CAC by no means precludes inducible myocardial ischemia. These screening tests may reflect different aspects or stages of coronary disease in an asymptomatic middle-age population.     

Progression of coronary artery calcium in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Coronary artery calcium (CAC) has been previously associated with atherosclerotic plaque disease and coronary events. Thus, identifying predictors of CAC progression may provide new insights for early risk-factor intervention and subsequent reduction of the rates of more severe atherosclerotic disease. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for CAC progression and evaluate whether risk-factor change was related to CAC progression in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Participants in the Pittsburgh EDC Study, a prospective investigation of childhood-onset type 1 DM, who underwent 2 electron beam tomographic screenings 4 years apart were selected for study (n = 222). CAC was calculated using the Agatston method of scoring, and progression was defined as an increase >2.5 in the square root-transformed CAC score. Adjusting for DM duration and initial CAC score, body mass index (BMI; odds ratio [OR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.26), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.003 to 1.03), and albumin excretion rate (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.63) were associated with CAC progression. When considering change in risk factors, an increase in BMI (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.72) was also associated with CAC progression after adjustment. In conclusion, in this cohort with type 1 DM, in addition to baseline BMI, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, albumin excretion rate, and all known coronary artery disease risk factors, weight gain further added to the prediction of CAC progression. Thus, weight control, in addition to lipid and renal management, may help retard atherosclerosis progression in persons with type 1 DM.     

Risk stratification in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes: prospective evaluation of the combined use of coronary artery calcium imaging and selective myocardial perfusion scintigraphy.

AIMS: To determine the prevalence and clinical predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis and myocardial ischaemia in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes and assess their relationship to short-term outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Established risk factors and coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores were prospectively measured in 510 asymptomatic type 2 diabetic subjects (mean age 53+/-8 years, 61% males) without prior cardiovascular disease. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) was performed in all subjects with CAC > 100 Agatston units (AU) (n=127), and a random sample of the remaining patients with CAC < or = 100 AU (n=53). Significant CAC (> 10 AU) was found in 46.3%. Twenty events occurred (two coronary deaths, nine non-fatal myocardial infarctions, three acute coronary syndromes, three non-haemorrhagic strokes, and three late revascularisations) during a median follow-up of 2.2 years (25th-75th percentile = 1.9-2.5 years). The age, systolic blood pressure, the duration of diabetes, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study risk score, CAC score, and extent of myocardial perfusion abnormality were significant predictors of time to cardiovascular events in a univariable Cox proportional hazard model. No cardiac events or perfusion abnormalities occurred in subjects with CAC < or = 10 AU up until 2 years of follow-up. CAC and MPS findings were synergistic for the prediction of short-term cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: Subclinical atherosclerosis, measured by CAC imaging, is superior to the established cardiovascular risk factors for predicting silent myocardial ischaemia and short-term outcome. Further studies evaluating the impact of CAC imaging on clinical outcomes and its cost effectiveness are warranted.     

A head-to-head comparison of the coronary calcium score by computed tomography with myocardial perfusion imaging in predicting coronary artery disease

Objective The coronary artery calcium (CAC) score has been shown to predict future cardiac events. However the extent to which the added value of a CAC score to the diagnostic performance of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation between CAC score and SPECT in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. Methods A retrospective review of the CAC scores by use of the Agatston calcium scoring method and cardiac SPECT diagnostic reports was conducted in 48 patients, who underwent both coronary computed tomography (CT) and SPECT examinations due to suspected coronary artery disease. A Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relation between CAC scores and MPI-SPECT assessments with regard to the evaluation of the extent of disease. Results Forty-seven percent of the patients had CAC scores more than 100, while 42% of these patients demonstrated abnormal, or probably abnormal, MPI-SPECT. Of the 23% of patients with a zero CAC score, only 7% had normal MPI-SPECT findings. No significant correlation was found between the CAC scores and MPI- SPECT assessments (r value ranged from 0.012 to 0.080), regardless of the degree of coronary calcification. Conclusions There is a lack of correlation between the CAC scores and the MPI-SPECT findings in the assessment of the extent of coronary artery disease. CAC scores and MPI-SPECT should be considered complementary approaches in the evaluation of patients with suspected coronary artery disease.     

Vascular Function Measured by Fingertip Thermal Reactivity Is Impaired in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes Mellitus

Digital thermal monitoring (DTM) of vascular function has already been shown to correlate well with coronary artery calcium (CAC) score and coronary artery disease. To determine its utility in the metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes mellitus (DM), 233 asymptomatic patients with DM/MS but without coronary artery disease underwent DTM during and after 5 minutes of supra-systolic arm cuff inflation, as well as CAC. Post-cuff deflation adjusted temperature rebound (aTR) was lower in MS and DM compared with the normal group. The odds ratio of lowest vs upper 2 tertiles of aTR was 2.3 for MS and 3.5 for DM compared with the normal group, independent of age, sex, and risk factors. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to predict CAC ≥100 was 0.69 for metabolic status (DM/MS), 0.79 for aTR, and 0.87 for both. This study demonstrates that vascular dysfunction measured by DTM is associated with DM/MS and could potentially be used to detect asymptomatic individuals with increased subclinical atherosclerosis.     

急性冠脉综合征糖代谢异常与冠脉病变程度和近期预后的关系

目的:探讨急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者的糖代谢异常与冠脉病变程度和近期预后的相关性。方法:入选ACS并行冠脉造影患者450例,对其冠脉病变进行Gensini评分。根据糖尿病病史和口服糖耐量试验结果分为4组:血糖正常组140例;空腹血糖受损(IFG)组90例;糖耐量受损(IGT)组95例;糖尿病(DM)组125例。观察1个月内各组临床事件发生情况。结果:IGT组和DM组的Gensini评分(63.63±29.43和65.63±28.41)显著高于血糖正常组(47.76±26.54),但IFG组(50.34±27.43)与血糖正常组无差异。口服糖耐量试验2h血糖水平与Gensini评分正相关(r=0.367,P=0.046)。与血糖正常组相比,DM组和IGT组的临床事件(34.3%对60.8%和64.2%,P均<0.01)和全因死亡发生率(6.43%对15.2%和15.78%,P均<0.05)显著增高,但与IFG组无差异。结论:与DM相似,ACS患者合并IGT可能与冠脉病变程度有关,且近期预后较差。     

糖耐量低减的老年非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征临床分析

目的:探讨糖耐量低减(IGT)的老年急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)非ST段抬高病人临床特点。方法:96例ACS患者根据血糖和口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)被分为:糖尿病(DM)组(32例).糖耐量减低(IGT)组(32例)和糖耐量正常(NGT)组(32例)。所有病人检测血糖,血脂,心电图和作冠状动脉(冠脉)造影,并进行各组间相互比较。结果:DM组和IGT组的血糖、甘油三酯水平比NGT组高(P<0.05～<0.01),而。DM组的血糖水平比IGT组升高更为明显(P<0.05～<0.01)。DM组和IGT组的心电图缺血和冠状动脉造影显示的狭窄比NGT 组重。P<0.01。结论:IGT组和DM组的血脂代谢异常,心肌缺血和血管狭窄程度均明显较NGT组重。故对IGT 的老年病人应警惕冠心病病变。     

Determinants of progression of coronary artery calcification in type 2 diabetes role of glycemic control and inflammatory/vascular calcification markers.

OBJECTIVES: This study prospectively evaluated the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors, selected biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP], interleukin [IL]-6, and osteoprotegerin [OPG]), and the progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in type 2 diabetic subjects. BACKGROUND: Coronary artery calcification is pathognomonic of coronary atherosclerosis. Osteoprotegerin is a signaling molecule involved in bone remodeling that has been implicated in the regulation of vascular calcification and atherogenesis. METHODS: Three hundred ninety-eight type 2 diabetic subjects without prior coronary disease or symptoms (age 52 +/- 8 years, 61% male, glycated hemoglobin [HbA(1)c] 8 +/- 1.5) were evaluated serially by CAC imaging (mean follow-up 2.5 +/- 0.4 years). Progression/regression of CAC was defined as a change > or =2.5 between the square root transformed values of baseline and follow-up volumetric CAC scores. Demographic data, risk factors, glycemic control, medication use, serum hs-CRP, IL-6, and plasma OPG levels were measured at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS: Two hundred eleven patients (53%) had CAC at baseline. One hundred eighteen patients (29.6%) had CAC progression, whereas 3 patients (0.8%) had regression. Age, male gender, hypertension, baseline CAC, HbA(1)c >7, waist-hip ratio, IL-6, OPG, use of beta-blockers, calcium channel antagonists, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, statins, and Framingham/UKPDS (United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study) risk scores were univariable predictors of CAC progression. In the multivariate model, baseline CAC (odds ratio [OR] for CAC >400 = 6.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.63 to 15.5, p < 0.001), HbA(1)c >7 (OR 1.95, CI 1.08 to 3.52, p = 0.03), and statin use (OR 2.27, CI 1.38 to 3.73, p = 0.001) were independent predictors of CAC progression. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline CAC severity and suboptimal glycemic control are strong risk factors for CAC progression in type 2 diabetic subjects.     

Impact of abnormal glucose tolerance, hypertension and other risk factors on coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: The degree to which abnormal glucose tolerance contributes to the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) has not been clarified in Japanese. The relationship between abnormal glucose tolerance and severity of coronary artery stenosis, as well as the contributions of hypertension, diabetes and other risk factors for CAD to recurrence of the disease, were investigated in the present study. METHODS AND RESULTS: The subjects were 474 consecutive patients (mean age: 63.8+/-11.3 years) with suspected CAD who were admitted to Sapporo Medical University Hospital during April 1, 1997 to March 31, 2004. The coronary index and stenosis score were higher in subjects with diabetes mellitus (DM) and in subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) than in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Ischemic episodes recurred during the observation period (mean 2.5 years) in 61 of 341 patients diagnosed as having CAD. In the follow-up subjects, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the recurrence group than in the non-recurrence group, and SBP was a significant variable in logistic regression analysis after adjustment for age, gender, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, body mass index, smoking history, family history and stenosis score. The relative risk of recurrence became 1.7-fold higher with a rise in SBP of 10 mmHg (95% confidence interval: 1.252-2.250). Analysis of the relationship between glucose tolerance and recurrence showed that the rate of recurrence was higher in patients with IFG+IGT+DM than in those with NGT. CONCLUSIONS: CAD progresses not only in patients with DM but also in those with IGT. The rate of recurrence of ischemic episodes increases in individuals with IGT or DM, and suggesting that hypertension is a risk factor for recurrence of ischemic episodes. Management of glucose tolerance and blood pressure is therefore important for prevention of CAD in Japanese.     

Early Atherosclerosis Detection in Asymptomatic Patients: A Comparison of Carotid Ultrasound,Coronary Artery Calcium Score,and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography

Background

Detailed multimodality assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic subjects referred for risk stratification has not been performed. We analyzed the detection of early atherosclerosis using 3 imaging modalities: coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring, carotid ultrasound (US), and coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).

Methods

Asymptomatic subjects free of known vascular disease scheduled to undergo a carotid US for risk stratification were invited to undergo CCTA/CAC. Subjects taking lipid-lowering medication were excluded. All images were assessed by experienced core laboratory personnel. Carotid intima media thickness ≥ 75th percentile for age and sex, CAC > 0, and detection of either carotid or coronary artery plaque were indicators of atherosclerosis.

Results

Fifty patients were included with a median age of 53 years. Atherosclerosis was observed in 28%, 78%, and 90% of subjects using CAC, CCTA, and carotid US, respectively. All subjects showed atherosclerosis on at least 1 modality. In 36 patients with a CAC score = 0, 69% and 86% had atherosclerosis on CCTA and carotid US, respectively.

Conclusions

In this detailed analysis, all subjects identified to warrant further risk stratification had subclinical atherosclerosis on at least 1 imaging modality. Concordance between modalities was highly variable, dependent on the specific definition of atherosclerosis used. Carotid US and CCTA detection of plaque were significantly more sensitive than CAC > 0 in this middle-aged population. Considering the prevalence of subclinical disease on carotid US and CCTA, the threshold at which to treat warrants further research.     

Elevated Serum Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Coronary Artery Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased coronary artery disease (CAD) and coronary artery calcification. We hypothesized that the osteogenic factor, bone morphogenetic protein-4 (sBMP-4), is elevated in subjects with both CKD and CAD. Serum was collected from 79 subjects undergoing diagnostic angiography and stratified according to CAD and CKD status. Subjects with both CAD and CKD had significantly elevated sBMP-4 compared to those with only one or no disease. sBMP-4 continued to be associated with the presence of both diseases after adjustment for other risk factors. To determine if sBMP-4 is associated with coronary artery calcification, we compared coronary artery calcium scores (CAC) to sBMP-4 in 22 subjects. A positive correlation between CAC and sBMP-4 was seen. In conclusion, sBMP-4 is elevated in patients with both CAD and CKD and positively correlates with CAC, suggesting a role for sBMP-4 in the increased CAD seen in CKD patients.     

急性冠脉综合征并糖耐量异常临床特征及冠脉病变特点

急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)包括不稳定型心绞痛、非ST段抬高性心肌梗死和ST段抬高性心肌梗死,是老年人中的常见病。流行病学资料表明,美国>65岁老年人占总人口的12·6%,但是,占急性心肌梗死住院病人的60%以上,其病死者中80%以上为>65岁老年人[1]。增龄是急性     

Relation of coronary artery calcium to cardiovascular risk in patients with combined diabetes mellitus and systemic hypertension

Certain patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) do not have increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. The aim of the present study was to stratify hypertensive adults with DM into those with low or high CV risk according to the absence or presence of coronary artery calcium (CAC). The study group included 423 patients, a subgroup of the 544 participants in the calcification side arm of the International Nifedipine Study: Intervention as Goal for Hypertension Therapy. All underwent a baseline computed tomography scan with an unenhanced dual-detector spiral computed tomography scan for CAC measurements. All were free of CV disease and completed 3 years (short-term) of follow-up. A total of 268 patients were included in the 15-year (long-term) follow-up period. The study group was divided into 4 subgroups according to the presence or absence of DM and CAC and was analyzed for a first CV event. Of the 423 patients, 164 (39%) had DM. Cardiovascular events occurred in 41 patients during the first 3 years and in 111 of 268 patients during the long-term follow-up. The rate of CV events was greater in the patients with DM with CAC than in those without (15% vs 7% after 3 years and 52% vs 32% after 15 years). Compared to those without DM without CAC, the short-term adjusted hazard ratio for CV event in those with DM with and without CAC was 6.6 (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 30.5) and 3.9 (95% confidence interval 0.7 to 22.6), respectively. A similar trend was seen in the long-term follow-up study. In conclusion, patients with hypertension and DM can be stratified into a lower CV risk in the absence of CAC.     

冠心病合并糖调节受损或2型糖尿病患者冠状动脉特点及介入术后的观察

目的对比分析冠心病（CHD）合并糖调节受损（IGR）或2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者冠状动脉特点及介入术后观察。方法选择CHD患者1212例,按WHO诊断标准分为血糖正常（NGT）组、空腹血糖受损（IFG）组、糖耐量受损（配T）组及T2DM组,比较各组间冠状动脉病变程度及介入术后支架内再狭窄和晚期血栓的发生率。结果糖代谢异常各组在冠状动脉狭窄程度、病变范围、病变性质等方面的积分显著高于NGT组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。糖代谢异常患者支架内再狭窄率及T2DM患者晚期血栓形成率均显著增高（P〈0．01）。结论CHD合并IGR或T2DM患者,多个CHD危险因素并存,冠状动脉多支病变多见,病变程度严重、弥漫,且支架内再狭窄率及晚期支架内血栓形成率高。     

Coronary Artery Calcium Score directed risk stratification of patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus

Background and aimsThis study aimed to review the available data on the role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring as the preferred adjunct modality to improve risk prediction and reduce the incidence of major adverse cardiac events and mortality in T2DM patients.MethodsWe reviewed the findings of 21 studies.ResultsThis study revealed that the CAC scoring system could enhance cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk stratification and positively affect the medical management of patients with T2DM.ConclusionA CAC scoring approach is necessary to reduce the incidence and prevalence of preventable CVD events in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

螺旋CT检测冠状动脉钙化的临床应用

目的：研究螺旋CT检测冠状动脉钙化(CAC)在冠心病诊断中的应用价值。方法：27例既往确诊为冠心病或经心电图负荷试验和／或冠状动脉造影临床确诊的冠心病患(冠心病组)和35例非冠心病患(对照组)分别进行螺旋CT检查。结果：受检随着年龄的增长钙化率逐渐增高，冠心病组冠状动脉钙化率比对照组明显增高，但随年龄的增长冠心病组钙化的特异性降低(降至11．12％)。钙化血管以累及一支血管最常见，多为左前降支(LAD)，三支血管钙化主要见于60岁以上。结论：螺旋CT检测冠状动脉钙化对早期诊断冠心病和预测冠心病事件有与病理相符的临床价值。