Risk of hepatitis B transmission after amniocentesis in chronic hepatitis B carriers

OBJECTIVE: To measure the risk of perinatal transmission of HBV in chronic carriers who undergo amniocentesis. METHODS: This was a prospective, longitudinal study from 1990 to 1995 of women who were HBV carriers and underwent amniocentesis. The infants of these women were followed from birth to one year of age. Maternal data examined included HBV antigen and antibody status, liver function tests (LFTs) and the amniocentesis report. RESULTS: Twenty-eight women were identified. Two of 28 neonates were stillborn unrelated to hepatitis. Five infants were lost to follow-up leaving 21 mother-child pairs to evaluate. All 21 women were chronic HBV carriers at the time of amniocentesis for delivery. No mother had abnormal LFTs, and only one of 21 women was positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). Thirteen amniocenteses were for advanced maternal age, and four were for abnormal maternal serum alphafetoprotein (MSAFP) screening. None of the amniocenteses were recorded as bloody, and the placenta was anterior in 6 of 21 procedures. None of the 21 infants (95% CI: 0-16.8%) were positive for HbsAg during the first month of life or at 12 months of age. All infants received HBV vaccine and HBIG immunoprophylaxis. CONCLUSION: The risk of transmission of HBV to the fetus after amniocentesis in women who are HBV carriers is low. Immunoprophylaxis in these infants was successful.     

联合免疫后乙肝病毒携带产妇母乳喂养安全性的探讨

目的:探讨主被动联合免疫后乙肝病毒(HBV)携带产妇的婴儿接受母乳喂养的安全性。方法:前瞻性追踪115例孕晚期注射高效价乙肝免疫球蛋白(HB IG)的HBV携带产妇乳汁中HBV感染性标志物(HBVM)、HBV-DNA和新生儿外周血HBVM情况,以及接受联合免疫后母乳或人工喂养7月龄婴儿血HBVM情况。其中母乳喂养组婴儿70例,人工喂养组45例。结果:2组新生儿HBV感染率分别为11.4%和13.3%,2组婴儿母亲外周血HBeAg阳性率分别为31.4%和31.1%,差异均无统计学意义。母乳喂养组和人工喂养组产妇初乳中HBsAg阳性率分别为34.3%和40.0%,HBeAg阳性率分别为28.6%和26.7%,2组产妇初乳中HBsAg阳性率、HBeAg阳性率和HBV-DNA滴度比较,差异均无统计学意义。母乳喂养组和人工喂养组7月龄婴儿HBV感染率分别为5.7%和8.9%,抗HBs阳性率分别为85.7%和84.4%,2组比较差异均无统计学意义。结论:在进行多重联合免疫干预后,HBV携带产妇母乳喂养并不增加HBV母婴传播的风险。     

Pregnancy outcomes among chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus

Objective

To compare pregnancy outcomes of women with chronic HBV infection with those of HBV-negative women.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to analyze singleton pregnancies of women without medical/surgical disease and with known HBsAg status. Pregnancy outcome measures were compared among the control group, women with positive HBsAg status (case group), and those with positive HBeAg status.

Results

Among 26 350 enrolled pregnant women, 21 812 in the control group and 1446 in the case group were compared. Only the proportion of preterm births was significantly higher among pregnancies with positive HBsAg status (RR 1.013 [95% CI, 1.001–1.025]). Among women with positive HBsAg status who had been screened for HBeAg, GDM was significantly higher among women with positive HBeAg status (RR 1.434 [95% CI, 0.999–2.057]). Preterm births and low birth weight were also significantly higher among women with positive HBeAg status (RR 1.250 [95% CI, 1.000–1.563] and 1.258 [95% CI, 1.053–1.505], respectively).

Conclusion

Chronic carriers of HBV had a minimally increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight but the risk was more pronounced in women with positive HBeAg status. Women with positive HBeAg status also had an increased risk of GDM.     

Risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Jordan

OBJECTIVES: To determine the risk of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Jordan. METHODS: Plasma samples from 1000 pregnant Jordanian women were screened by ELISA for HBV markers (HBsAg, HBeAg, anti-HBe, anti-HBc and anti-HBs). RESULTS: HBsAg and HBeAg were detected in 4.3% and 0.1% of the pregnant women, respectively. The overall prevalence of antibodies was 6%, 11.1% and 7.5% for anti-HBe, anti-HBc and anti-HBs, respectively. Women were assigned to four groups according to the serological patterns of HBV markers: susceptible (85.9%), with acute infection (2.9%), with chronic infection (1.4%) and previously infected (9.8%). Most women were at the third trimester of pregnancy, therefore women with acute and chronic hepatitis at this gestational age were at risk of transmitting HBV infection to their newborns. Women who belonged to the low socio-economic class were at higher risk of HBV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results, we recommend screening women for HBV during pregnancy in order to identify HBV carriers. All newborns born to carriers should be vaccinated immediately after birth, both passively and actively. Also vaccination of HBV seronegative pregnant women is recommended.     

乙型肝炎疫苗和乙肝免疫球蛋白阻断乙肝病毒母婴传播的效果

目的:调查实际应用中免疫预防阻断乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)母婴传播的效果,观察孕期注射乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)能否减少HBV母婴感染。方法:对2006年1月至2010年12月在镇江市妇幼保健院分娩的224例乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性母亲以及250例儿童,结合住院病历,进行回顾性调查,记录母亲孕期HBIG使用情况、子女出生后HBIG和乙型肝炎疫苗接种资料,并采血检测HBV血清标志物及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)。其中69例儿童出生后免疫预防前采外周血检测HBV血清标志物。结果:250例HBsAg阳性孕妇的子女随访时年龄(3.3±1.6)岁,出生时检测HBV标志物的69例中,4例HB-sAg阳性,其中2例随访时HBsAg仍阳性,乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)也阳性,说明慢性感染,另外2例HBsAg转阴;1例出生时HBsAg阴性,但随访时转为阳性。另1例出生时未检测,随访时HBsAg阳性。因此共4例(1.6%)慢性感染HBV,其母亲均为HBeAg阳性。4例感染儿童中,2例出生时未注射HBIG,且未正规接种疫苗。随访的224例母亲中,215例明确孕期使用HBIG的情况;76例子女的母亲孕期注射了HBIG,1例(1.3%)HBsAg阳性,142例子女的139例母亲孕期未使用HBIG,3例(2.1%)HBsAg阳性(P>0.05)。结论:HBsAg阳性孕妇的子女经正规免疫预防后,HBV母婴阻断效果良好,部分预防失败是由于未实施正规预防。新生儿出生时HBV血清标志物不能作为诊断是否感染HBV的指标。孕晚期使用HBIG对阻断母婴感染无效。     

乙型肝炎病毒父婴垂直传播的危险因素分析

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)父婴垂直传播的危险因素及HBV DNA载量对HBV父婴垂直传播的影响.方法 选择2007年9月-2008年12月在福建省妇幼保健院行产前初诊检查的161例HBsAg阴性而丈夫HBsAg阳性的孕妇,以HBsAg阳性丈夫及其新生儿作为研究对象.观察指标包括一般情况、HBV携带时间、父亲乙型肝炎一级家族史、HBV标志物、HBV DNA载量、孕妇HBsAb状态、新生儿临床结局.分娩时收集新生儿脐带血进行HBV DNA定量检测,以脐带血HBVDNA载量≥1.0×103 copy/ml为病例组,脐带血HBV DNA＜1.0×103 copy/ml为对照组.结果 (1)HBV父婴垂直传播率:161例父亲HBsAg阳性的新生儿中,有36例脐带血HBV DNA检测呈阳性,即HBV父婴垂直传播率为22.4%(36/161),其中父亲乙型肝炎e抗原(HBeAg)阳性的传播率为32.0%(23/72),父亲HBeAg阴性的传播率为14.6%(13/89).(2)单因素分析结果:父亲HBeAg阳性、父亲HBV DNA阳性、父亲有乙型肝炎一级家族史及父亲HBV携带时间为父婴垂直传播的危险因素,X2值及OR值分别为6.892及2.7、29.916及5.2、29.499及8.3、23.821及1.4,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(3)多因素分析结果:父亲血清HBV DNA阳性及父亲有乙型肝炎一级家族史是HBV父婴垂直传播的危险因素,OR值及95%Cl值分别为11.1及4.6～27.1、17.1及3.5～82.6.(4)父亲血清HBV DNA载量与HBV父婴垂直传播的关系:随着父亲血清HBV DNA载量的升高,新生儿脐带血HBV DNA阳性率也逐渐升高,父亲血清HBV DNA载量＜1.0×104 copy/ml时,新生儿脐带血HBVDNA阳性率为0;载量≥1.0×108 copy/ml时,新生儿阳性率为100%.两者呈剂量反应关系.(5)新生儿临床结局:两组新生儿平均出生体重均为(3.3±0.4)kg.两组新生儿分娩方式、分娩孕周、身长、1分钟Apgar评分、新生儿病理性黄疽及合并其他内外科疾病情况进行比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),HBV父婴垂直传播与新生儿临床结局无相关性(P＞0.05).结论 父亲血清HBV DNA载量及乙型肝炎一级家族史是HBV父婴垂直传播的危险因素;当父亲HBV DNA载量≥1.0×107 copy/ml时,HBV父婴垂直传播率增加.     

Prevention of vertical hepatitis B transmission by hepatitis B immunoglobulin in the third trimester of pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible efficacy of using hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) during the third trimester of pregnancy to prevent intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV). METHODS: Of 469 pregnant women testing positive for hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg), 126 had hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and 343 did not. RESULTS: There were women who declined to be treated with HBIG in these 2 groups. Among infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers, the rates of those testing positive for HBsAg at birth and at the 6-month visit were significantly lower when the mothers had been treated with HBIG (P<0.05). Among infants born to HBeAg-negative mothers, however, no significant differences were found whether the mothers had been treated or not. Furthermore, all newborns received HBIG treatment and the first dose of a vaccination schedule within 12 h of birth. At the 6-month visit the protective anti-HBs rates were only 32.3% among infants whose mothers were HBeAg-positive and 56.2% among those whose mothers were HBeAg-negative when their mothers had not been treated with HBIG during pregnancy, whereas the corresponding rates were as high as 75.8% and 88.7% when the mothers had been treated. CONCLUSION: Maternal administration of HBIG is effective in preventing intrauterine fetal HBV infection in HBsAg-positive, HBeAg-positive pregnant women and in improving immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBV carriers.     

Prevention of hepatitis B infection in infants born to hepatitis B carrier mothers: low dosage vaccination

Two groups of newborn infants born to HBeAg positive carrier mothers were given HBIG (200 IU) immediately after birth. Subsequently, at age 2 days and at 1, 2 and 12 months, the first group received 5 microgram and the second group 2 microgram of HBV vaccines. There was no significant difference in the anti-HBs seroconversion rate (SR), and the protective efficacy rate (PER) at the age of 13 months in either group. The SR and PER of group 1 were 91.7% and 90.18%, and group II were 92.9% and 91.01%, respectively. Although the significant differences were observed in the geometric mean titers of anti-HBs in group I (526.3 mIU/ml) and group II (371.4 mIU/ml), both were above the protective level. The immune responses to the reduced dosage of HBV vaccines are satisfactory in preventing HBV in the newborn infants of HBeAg positive carrier mothers.     

Hepatitis B vaccine inhibiting vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus]

A survey of hepatitis B virus infection was carried out among 1,947 pregnant women. The results showed that 215 women were HBsAg positive, a rate of 10.7%. Among the 38 serum samples reexamined, 10 were positive both for HBsAg and HBeAg (26.3%). In order to evaluate the effect of hepatitis B vaccine on inhibiting vertical transmission, all infants of the 38 women positive for HBsAg were given hepatitis B vaccine 40 micrograms. by injection 7 months after the immunization, HBsAg was found absent in 31 of them, but all the infants had produced anti-HBsAg antibody. The positive rate of anti-HBsAg antibody in infants whose mothers had both positive HBsAg and HBeAg was 50%, whereas in infants whose mothers had only positive HBsAg it was 92.9% (chi 2 = 6.38 P less than 0.05).     

胎盘乙型肝炎病毒感染与宫内传播的关系

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）宫内传播的危险因素,并追踪ＨＢＶ经胎盘传播的途径和胎儿宫内感染的时间,方法 共收集了乙型肝炎表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）携带孕妇１３１例,其中孕早期人工流产胎盘２４例,孕中期引产胎盘和胎儿各６例,足月分娩胎盘和新生儿各１０１例。孕妇和新生儿血清ＨＢｓＡｇ和ＨＢＶ ＤＮＡ检测分别采用酶联免疫吸附试验和聚酶链反应法。     

母源性抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原抗体对婴儿乙型肝炎疫苗接种的影响

目的 了解母源性抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原抗体(anti-hepatitis B surface antigen antibody,抗-HBs抗体)对婴儿乙型肝炎疫苗接种后抗体应答的影响.方法 2006年10月至2007年1月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院产前检查并住院分娩的单胎足月妊娠妇女中,选择抗-HBs抗体阳性孕妇43例(阳性组)和阴性孕妇29例(阴性组),其足月儿出生时和出生后1个月分别接种乙型肝炎疫苗.定量检测孕妇分娩前、脐动脉血及婴儿1月龄和3.5月龄的抗-HBs抗体水平.结果 阳性组43例新生儿脐血抗-HBs抗体也为阳性,与母血清抗体水平的相关系数r=0.98(t=39.05,P<0.01);1月龄时,42例抗体仍阳性.阴性组29例新生儿脐血和1月龄时抗-HBs抗体均阴性.3.5月龄时,两组抗-HBs抗体阳性率均为100%,但阴性组平均抗-HBs抗体浓度高于阳性组[(466.9±86.7)mIU/ml和(151.2±23.1)mIU/ml,t=2.72,P=0.011].母源性抗-HBs抗体>1000 mIU/ml的5例婴儿中,3例在接种2次疫苗后没有产生主动抗体应答.结论 母源性抗-HBs抗体可抑制乙型肝炎疫苗前2次接种后的抗体应答.     

母源性抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原抗体对婴儿乙型肝炎疫苗接种的影响

Objective To investigate whether maternal antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs)in infants may interfere with the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine. Methods Infants from singleton pregnant mothers,who delivered at full term at the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from October 2006 to January 2007,were divided into two groups based on their mothers'status of anti-HBs(43 positive and 29 negative).All infants were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine at birth and one month thereafter.Serum anti-HBs were quantitatively determined for the mothers before delivery and for infants in cord blood at delivery and in serum at the age of 1 and 3.5 months. Results Anti-HBs of all 43 newborns in the positive group were positive in cord blood with the coefficiency of 0.98 to the maternal serum anti-HBs level(t=39.05,P<0.01).Forty-two out of the 43 infants remained anti-HBs positive at the age of 1 month.Anti-HBs was negative both at birth and 1 month old in infants of the negative group.However,all infants in both groups were anti-HBs positive at 3.5 months of age,while the average concentration of anti-HBs in infants of the negative group was significantly higher than that of the positive group [(466.9±86.7)mIU/ml vs(151.2±23.1)mIU/ml,t=2.72,P=0.011].Among the 5 infants whose maternal anti-HBs level>1000 mIU/ml,3 did not produce active antibodies against two doses of hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusions Passively acquired maternal anti-HBs in infants can inhibit the active antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine,and the extent of this effect is associated with maternal anti-HBs level.     

母源性抗乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原抗体对婴儿乙型肝炎疫苗接种的影响

Objective To investigate whether maternal antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs)in infants may interfere with the antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine. Methods Infants from singleton pregnant mothers,who delivered at full term at the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School from October 2006 to January 2007,were divided into two groups based on their mothers'status of anti-HBs(43 positive and 29 negative).All infants were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine at birth and one month thereafter.Serum anti-HBs were quantitatively determined for the mothers before delivery and for infants in cord blood at delivery and in serum at the age of 1 and 3.5 months. Results Anti-HBs of all 43 newborns in the positive group were positive in cord blood with the coefficiency of 0.98 to the maternal serum anti-HBs level(t=39.05,P<0.01).Forty-two out of the 43 infants remained anti-HBs positive at the age of 1 month.Anti-HBs was negative both at birth and 1 month old in infants of the negative group.However,all infants in both groups were anti-HBs positive at 3.5 months of age,while the average concentration of anti-HBs in infants of the negative group was significantly higher than that of the positive group [(466.9±86.7)mIU/ml vs(151.2±23.1)mIU/ml,t=2.72,P=0.011].Among the 5 infants whose maternal anti-HBs level>1000 mIU/ml,3 did not produce active antibodies against two doses of hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusions Passively acquired maternal anti-HBs in infants can inhibit the active antibody response to hepatitis B vaccine,and the extent of this effect is associated with maternal anti-HBs level.     

Relationship between viral load and pregnancy outcomes among hepatitis B carriers

ObjectivePregnant hepatitis B carriers may have a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Current evidences are conflicting regarding the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and various pregnancy complications, owing to the inclusion of women with different viral activity. This study is to evaluate the relationship between hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status/HBV DNA level and pregnancy outcomes among pregnant hepatitis B carriers in Hong Kong.Materials and methodsThis was a retrospective analysis of a prospective multicenter observational study carried out in Hong Kong between 2014 and 2016. Pregnant HBV carriers were recruited. HBeAg was tested. HBV DNA level was quantified at 28–30 weeks of gestation. The rates of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM), preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), macrosomia and mode of delivery were recorded.Results679 pregnancies were analyzed. 23.3% of women were seropositive for HBeAg. The mean viral load (SD) at 28–30 weeks of gestation was 3.6 (2.5) log₁₀IU/ml. No statistically significant differences were found in the rates of GDM, gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, PPROM, preterm birth, LBW, macrosomia and mode of delivery among women with different viral load levels (≤2 log₁₀IU/ml, 2.01–6 log₁₀IU/ml and >6 log₁₀IU/ml). Positive maternal HBeAg status was not associated with pregnancy complications compared to seronegative women.ConclusionSeropositive HBeAg status or a higher level of HBV DNA during pregnancy did not pose a significant negative impact to the pregnancy outcomes.     

酵母重组基因工程乙型肝炎疫苗与血源疫苗对新生儿的保护作？…

目的 评价酵母重组基因工程乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗对乙肝表面抗原（ＨＢｓＡｇ）及ｅ抗原阳性（双阳）母亲分娩的新生儿的保护效果及副反应,并与血源乙肝疫苗比较。方法 将１１７例双阳母亲分娩的新生儿,分为试验组７６例,注射酵母重组基因工程乙肝疫苗５μｇ,对照组４１注射血源乙肝疫苗３０Ｕ,均于出生后２４小时、１个月、６个月注射,每次注射前扩及出生９个月时抽取静脉血,检查乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸片段（ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ     

拉米夫定对乙型肝炎病毒阳性孕妇母婴垂直传播的影响

目的 探讨拉米夫定干预孕期乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA载量变化对HBV母婴垂直传播的影响.方法 40例HBV DNA阳性孕妇采用双盲对照法分为观察组(20例)及对照组(20例),孕28周起至产后1周,观察组每日1次口服拉米夫定(片剂)100 mg,对照组则口服与拉米夫定相同形状的食物片剂(安慰剂)1粒.分别于孕28周和40周时检测两组孕妇血清HBV DNA定量.新生儿出生后按乙型肝炎免疫程序接种重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗,追踪随访婴儿12个月并检测其血清HBV DNA和HBsAg、HBeAg、抗-HBs定量.结果 (1)孕28周时血清HBV DNA载量:观察组为(3.6±2.5)copy/ml,对照组为(2.9±2.0)copy/ml.两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)孕40周时血清HBV DNA载量:观察组为(1.8±1.1)copy/ml,对照组为(3.6±1.8)copy/ml.两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).观察组孕28周与40周(即用药前后)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);对照组孕28周与40周比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(3)两组孕妇共分娩41例新生儿,其中观察组20例,对照组21例.随访婴儿12个月结束时,有2例失访(5%,2/41).39例婴儿中感染HBV 4例(10%,4/39),其中观察组2例(10%,2/20),对照组2例(11%,2/19)(P＞0.05).(4)4例感染HBV婴儿的母亲在孕28、40周时,血清HBV DNA定量分别为(3.1±3.4)、(3.1±3.2)copy/ml,未感染HBV婴儿的母亲在孕28、40周时分别为(3.4±2.2)、(2.6±1.5)copy/ml.(5)观察组抗-HBs平均为(594±416)U/L,对照组平均为(458±398)U/L,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在孕期给予拉米夫定进行干预,孕妇血清HBV DNA载量可明显下降,但拉米夫定并没有降低乙型肝炎感染例数.     

Prenatal transmission of hepatitis B virus to neonates born to serum hepatitis B virus DNA-positive mothers.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was detected by in vitro enzymatic DNA amplification techniques in 66.7% (six of nine) of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and in 21.1% (7 of 33) of HBsAg-negative pregnant women. Five of the HBV DNA and HBsAg-positive women and one HBV DNA-positive but HBsAg-negative woman gave birth to infants positive for serum HBV DNA at time of birth. These results suggest that HBsAg-negative pregnant women are potentially capable of transmitting HBV DNA to their infants.